Zinc in Human Health: Volume 76 Biomedical and Health Research

This comprehensive book provides a stateoftheart overview of the role of zinc as an essential trace element in human diet and its effect on human health. Since no storage system for zinc exists in the body, humans depend on daily intake and severe zinc deficiency is a problem in the developing world, whilst marginal zinc deficiency is a problem of developed countries. The first three chapters are an introduction to zinc research and its significance in human health. Six chapters follow on the role of zinc in cellular and molecular processes, their significance for an understanding of zinc biology and the measurement of zinc within these systems. The main section of the book, on zinc in health and disease, consists of 18 chapters on the specific role of zinc in different organ systems and connected diseases and the relevance of zinc in pregnancy, development and aging. Zinc in Human Health ends with conclusions from transporter mutations for zinc physiology and a perspective on the future of zinc research. All of these contributions have been written by leaders in their respective fields. This is the first book to cover the subject comprehensively for 20 years.IOS Press is an international science, technical and medical publisher of high-quality books for academics, scientists, and professionals in all fields. Some of the areas we publish in: -Biomedicine -Oncology -Artificial intelligence -Databases and information systems -Maritime engineering -Nanotechnology -Geoengineering -All aspects of physics -E-governance -E-commerce -The knowledge economy -Urban studies -Arms control -Understanding and responding to terrorism -Medical informatics -Computer Sciences Title Page ......Page 4 Foreword......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 Introduction and Physiological Background......Page 16 Introduction - Why Investigate Zinc?......Page 18 Discovery of Human Zinc Deficiency......Page 22 Chronology of Other Observations......Page 26 Clinical Effects of Zinc Deficiency......Page 27 Diagnostic Criteria for Zinc Deficiency......Page 35 Therapeutic Impact of Zinc......Page 36 Toxicity of Zinc......Page 40 Diet Zinc......Page 44 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 54 Human Zinc Biochemistry......Page 60 Zinc Coordination Chemistry in Proteins......Page 62 The Zinc Proteome and Metallome......Page 64 Zinc Enzymes: Catalytic Functions of Zinc......Page 65 Zinc in Protein Structure......Page 67 Regulatory Zinc Sites in Proteins......Page 69 The Metabolic and Molecular Zinc/Redox Links......Page 73 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 74 Zinc in Mammalian Cell Cycle and Cell Death......Page 78 Concept of Labile Zinc and its Relevance to Tissue Homeostasis......Page 79 Zn and Cell Cycle......Page 80 Zn and Cell Death......Page 88 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 100 Zinc Signaling......Page 109 Measurement of Free Zinc......Page 110 Investigation of Zinc Signals......Page 112 Molecular Targets of Zinc Signaling......Page 117 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 124 Zinc Modulation of Ion Channels......Page 133 Monovalent Channels......Page 134 Divalent Channels......Page 140 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 144 Zinc Transporter Families......Page 151 ZnT (SLC30) Family......Page 152 ZIP (SLC39) Family......Page 159 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 167 Measurement and Imaging of Free and Total Zinc in Biological Specimens......Page 178 Identification and Visualization of Zinc in Secretory Granules (Histochemically-Reactive Zinc)......Page 179 Determination of Macromolecule Zinc Ion Affinity......Page 182 Determination of Free Zinc in Specimens by Fluorescence in the Stoichiometric Regime......Page 186 Imaging Free Zinc in Cells with Small Molecule Indicators (Probes)......Page 188 Imaging Free Zinc in Cells by Fluorescence Excitation Ratio Using a Carbonic Anhydrase-Based Indicator: Expressed and Expressible......Page 191 Fiber Optic Zinc Sensors for Measuring Remote or Meso-Volume Specimens......Page 195 X-Ray Fluorescence for Imaging Total Zn (and Other Metals) in situ......Page 198 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 201 Zinc in Health and Disease......Page 208 Immunobiology and Hematology of Zinc......Page 210 Zinc and Hematopoiesis......Page 211 Zinc and General Immune Function......Page 217 Zinc and the Innate Immunity......Page 218 Zinc and the Adaptive Immune System......Page 227 Impact of Zinc in Immune Regulation......Page 235 Conclusion and Future Perspectives......Page 239 Zinc and Infectious Diseases......Page 249 Diarrhea......Page 250 Respiratory Infections......Page 255 Malaria......Page 260 HIV/AIDS......Page 261 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 262 Zinc in Critical Illness and Sepsis......Page 269 Nutrition, Zinc, and Critical Illness......Page 270 Sepsis and Zinc Metabolism......Page 271 Zinc Metabolism, Sepsis, and Immune Function......Page 274 Practical Considerations for Zinc Replacement......Page 277 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 279 Zinc in Allergy, Autoimmune, and Hard and Connective Tissue Diseases......Page 283 Zinc's Role in Mast Cell Function and Allergic Response......Page 284 Zinc's Role in T Cell-Mediated Immunity......Page 286 The Role of Zinc Homeostasis in Hard and Connective Tissues......Page 290 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 292 Zinc and Cancer......Page 298 The LIV-1 Family of ZIP Transporters......Page 299 Zinc Handling in Cells by Zinc Transporters......Page 300 Zinc Status in Cancer......Page 302 Role of Zinc Transporters in Cancer......Page 304 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 313 Zinc in Pregnancy......Page 320 Adaptive Response to Zinc Utilization in Pregnancy......Page 321 Zinc in Human Milk......Page 322 Zinc Deficiency......Page 323 Zinc Transporters......Page 324 Ontogeny of the Zinc Binding Protein Metallothionein During Pregnancy......Page 325 Implication of an Inappropriate Induction of Metallothionein in Pregnancy......Page 326 Zinc Supplementation......Page 331 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 333 Zinc and Ageing......Page 340 Causes of Zinc Deficiencies......Page 341 Zinc Status of the Elderly......Page 346 Zinc-Metallothionein (MT) Gene Interaction in Inflammatory/Immune Response and Ageing......Page 347 Rationale for Zinc Supplementation in Ageing: "in Vitro" Studies......Page 349 Effect of Zinc Supplementation upon Inflammatory/Immune Response in Ageing......Page 350 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 355 Zinc and Atherosclerosis: Clinical Observations and Potential Mechanisms......Page 362 Zinc Deficiency......Page 363 Zinc Status and Atherogenesis......Page 364 Potential Mechanisms......Page 375 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 381 Zinc Homeostasis and Signaling in the Brain......Page 388 Zinc Transport in the Brain......Page 389 Major Stores of Zinc......Page 392 Zinc in Epilepsy......Page 393 Zinc Homeostasis and Signaling in Glia......Page 395 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 398 Zinc Homeostasis Within the Brain......Page 404 Synaptic Zinc......Page 406 Zinc and Synaptic Plasticity......Page 407 Synaptic Zinc and Cortical Plasticity......Page 408 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 413 Zinc and Mental Health......Page 418 Zinc and Depression......Page 419 Zinc and ADHD......Page 424 Zinc and Schizophrenia......Page 426 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 427 Zinc and Alzheimer's Disease......Page 432 Altered Zinc Levels in Alzheimer's Disease......Page 433 The Role of Zinc in the Metabolism of A beta and Tau......Page 435 The Effect of Zinc on Other AD-Related Pathways......Page 438 Zinc as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease......Page 439 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 440 Zinc and Stroke......Page 447 Sources of Intracellular Zn2+ Accumulation......Page 448 Cellular Mechanisms of Zn2+ Neurotoxicity......Page 450 What Happens in vivo: Clues from Slice Models......Page 454 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 457 Zinc and the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 463 Systemic Zinc Homeostasis: Regulation by the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 464 Mechanisms of Absorption and Secretion of Zn2+ in the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 465 Zinc in Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 476 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 479 General Aspects on the Interaction Between Zinc and the Liver......Page 488 Zinc Deficiency and Liver Disease......Page 489 Zinc in Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections......Page 495 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 501 Zinc and Diabetes......Page 508 Zinc and Insulin Interactions......Page 510 Zinc Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus......Page 515 Zinc and Type I Diabetes......Page 518 Zinc and Type II Diabetes......Page 520 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 522 Zinc and Skin......Page 529 Zinc and Wound Healing......Page 530 Anti-Bacterial Effects of Zinc......Page 536 Zinc and Skin Disorders......Page 537 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 540 Zinc and Eye Diseases......Page 545 Consequences of Zinc Deficiency and Overload in the Eye......Page 546 Distribution of Zinc in the Eye......Page 547 Distribution of Zinc Transporters in the Eye......Page 552 Zinc and Age-Related Macular Degeneration......Page 556 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 558 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 570 Conclusions from Zinc Transporter Mutations for Zinc Physiology......Page 572 Mutations in Zip (Slc39a) Family Members......Page 573 Mutations in ZnT (Slc30a) Family Members......Page 576 Where We Are and Where to Go in Zinc Research?......Page 583 Subject Index......Page 586 Author Index......Page 592 Since no storage system for zinc exists in the body, humans depend on daily intake and severe zinc deficiency is a problem in the developing world, whilst marginal zinc deficiency is a problem of developed countries. This title provides an overview of the role of zinc as an essential trace element in human diet and its effect on human health.