Zero-Carbon Energy Kyoto 2009: Proceedings of the First International Symposium of Global COE Program "Energy Science in the Age of Global Warming - ... Energy System" (Green Energy and Technology)

Emissions of CO 2 have come to be regarded as the main factor in climate change in recent years, and how to control them has become a pressing issue. The problem cannot simply be labeled a technological one, however, because it is deeply involved with social and economic issues. Since 2008, the Global Center of Excellence (COE) program titled “Energy Science in the Age of Global Warming―Toward a CO 2 Zero-Emission Energy System” has been held at Kyoto University, Japan. The program aims to establish an international education and research platform to foster educators, researchers, and policy makers who can develop technologies and propose policies toward a zero-emission society by the year 2100. Setting out a zero-emission technology roadmap, Global COE promotes socioeconomic studies of energy, the study of new technologies for renewable energies, and research in advanced nuclear energy. A compilation of the lectures and presentations from the first symposium of Global COE held at Kyoto University, this book is intended to provide the impetus for the establishment of low carbon energy science to bring about harmony between mankind and the environment. ZeroCarbon_FM_O.pdf ZeroCarbon_Ch01_O.pdf What Can We Learn from Photosynthesis About How to Convert Solar Energy into Fuels? 1 Introduction 2 What Is Photosynthesis? 3 Concept of the Artificial Leaf 4 Outlook for the Future References ZeroCarbon_Ch02_O.pdf Renaissance of Nuclear Energy in the USA: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Research Needs 1 Introduction 2 Opportunities and Challenges for Nuclear Energy in the USA 2.1 Financial Challenges 3 Future Needs 3.1 Nuclear Engineering Education 4 Summary References ZeroCarbon_Ch03_O.pdf Eco-Friendly Production of Biodiesel by Utilizing Solid Base Catalysis of Calcium Oxide for Reaction to Convert Vegetable Oil 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Catalytic Activity 3.2 Mechanism on the Catalytic Reaction 3.3 Performance of the Practical Catalyst 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch04_O.pdf g -Ferric Oxide / Carbon Composite Synthesized by Aqueous Solution Method as a Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization 3.2 Electrochemical Measurements 3.3 Structural Change Induced by Li Insertion 3.4 Rapid Discharge and Charge Property References ZeroCarbon_Ch05_O.pdf Morphology Control of TiO2-Based Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications 1 Introduction 2 TiO2 Aerogel / TiO2 Nanowire Composite 3 N-Doped TiO2 by Plasma Processing for Visible-Light Sensitive Photocatalysts 4 Titanate Nanowire Thin-Film (Spray LbL Process) 5 Further Studies on Various TiO2-Based Nanomaterials References ZeroCarbon_Ch06_O.pdf New Material Processing and Evaluation for TiO2 by Microwave and Mid-Infrared Light Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Carbon-Modified TiO2 by Microwave Irradiation Technique 3 Surface Reduced TiO2 by MW Atomic Oxygen Plasma Technique 4 Further Studies of the Development of Material Evaluation System by MIR-FEL References ZeroCarbon_Ch07_O.pdf Construction of the Functional Biomolecules with the Ribonucleopeptide Complexes 1 Introduction 2 Results and Discussion 3 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch08_O.pdf High-Pr Heat Transfer in Viscoelastic Drag-Reducing Turbulent Channel Flow 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Condition and DNS Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Drag Reduction 3.2 Heat Transfer Reduction 3.3 Comparison of Drag and Heat Transfer Reduction 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch09_O.pdf Current Status of Accelerator-Driven System with High-Energy Protons in Kyoto University Critical Assembly 1 Introduction 2 Accelerator-Driven System with 100 Mev Protons 2.1 First Proton Injection Experiment 2.2 Reaction Rate Distribution Comparison 3 Concluding Remarks References ZeroCarbon_Ch10_O.pdf Toward Education for Collaboration Between Different Fields: An Experiment of Facilitation Viewpoints Utilization for Reflectin 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Experiment 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch11_O.pdf The Impact of Wind Power Generation on Wholesale Electricity Price at Peak Time Demand in Korea 1 Introduction 2 A Methodology 3 Result 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch12_O.pdf An Analysis of Eco-Efficiency in Korean Fossil-Fueled Power Plants Using DEA 1 Introduction 2 Eco-Efficiency 3 A CCR Model of DEA 4 Methodology and Data 5 Result of Evaluation 6 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch13_O.pdf An Analysis of Energy Efficiency Using DEA: A Comparison of Korean and Japanese Economic Regions 1 Introduction 2 Methodology and Data Description 3 Empirical Results 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch14_O.pdf The Role of Nuclear Power in Energy Security and Climate Change in Vietnam 1 Introduction 2 The Challenge of Sustainable Energy Supply 3 Plan for Nuclear Power Development and Identification of Barriers to Vietnam’s Nuclear Power Development 4 Korean Experiences 5 Implications and Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch15_O.pdf Opportunities and Challenges of Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation Promotion for Rural Electrification in Indonesia 1 Introduction 2 Opportunities of Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation 3 Challenges of Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation 4 Concluding Remarks References ZeroCarbon_Ch16_O.pdf Wind Power Generation’s Impact on Peak Time Demand and on Future Power Mix 1 Introduction 2 Simulation for Analyzing the Impact of Wind Power Generation on Peak Time Power Supply and SCM 2.1 Assumptions for Simulation 2.2 Analyzing Peak Time Impact of Wind Power 2.3 Analyzing the Impact of Wind Power on Power Mix Using SCM 3 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch17_O.pdf Development of LiPb–SiC High Temperature Blanket 1 Introduction 2 Measurement Method 2.1 A Model to Design LiPb Route 2.2 MHD Tests at LiPb Loop 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 The Design and MHD by Shape of Blanket 3.2 MHD at the Test Section 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch18_O.pdf Lipid-Domain-Selective Assembly of Photosynthetic Membrane Proteins into Solid-Supported Membranes 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Liposome Preparation 2.3 Microscopic Analyses 2.4 Formation of Planar Lipid Bilayer on a Coverslip 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Reconstitution of Photosynthetic Membrane Proteins into Liposomes 3.2 Formation of the Continuous Planar Membrane Supported on an APS-Modified Coverglass 3.3 Lipid-Domain-Selective Assembly of LH2 and LH1-RC 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch19_O.pdf Light-Induced Transmembrane Electron Transfer Catalyzed by Phospholipid-Linked Zn Chlorophyll Derivatives on Electrodes 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Section 2.1 Materials 2.2 Synthesis of PE-Cn-ZnPChlide a 2.3 Preparation of PE-Cn-ZnPChlide a on an Electrode Modified with Lipid Bilayers 2.4 Photocurrent Measurement 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Synthesis of PE-Cn-ZnPChlide a 3.2 Light-Induced Electron Transfer of PE-Cn-ZnPChlide a in Egg PC Bilayers on ITO Electrodes 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch20_O.pdf Raman Spectroscopic Studies on Silicon Electrodeposition in a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Raman Spectroscopy of SiCl4-TMHATFSA Electrolytes 3.2 In situ Raman Spectroscopy 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch21_O.pdf DC Connected Hybrid Offshore-Wind and Tidal Turbine Generation System 1 Introduction 2 Wind Turbine and Result 3 Tidal Turbine and Result 4 HOTT System 5 Control System 6 HOTT Advantage 7 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch22_O.pdf Primary Pyrolysis and Secondary Reaction Behaviors as Compared Between Japanese Cedar and Japanese Beech Wood in an Ampoule Re 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Gas, Tar, Char and Water Formation Behaviors 3.2 Polysaccharide- and Lignin-Derived Tar Analysis 3.3 Gas Analysis 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch23_O.pdf Some Low-Temperature Phenomena of Cellulose Pyrolysis 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Preparation of Alcohol-Treated Cellulose as a Model with Less Number of Reducing Ends 3.2 Color Formation 3.3 Weight-Loss Behavior 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch24_O.pdf Rotational Temperature Measurementsin a Molecular Beam with High-Order Harmonic Generation References ZeroCarbon_Ch25_O.pdf Chemical Conversion of Lignocellulosics as Treated by Two-Step Hot-Compressed Water 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Treatment Temperatures on Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 3.2 Two-Step Semi-Flow Hot-Compressed Water Treatment 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch26_O.pdf Method for Improving Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Temperature and Antioxidant Concentration on Oxidation Stability 3.2 Kinetics on Oxidation of Biodiesel as Stabilized with Propyl Gallate 3.3 Improvement of the Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel as Prepared by Supercritical Methanol Method with Lignin 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch27_O.pdf Construction of the Artificial Enzyme for Using Solar Energy 1 Introduction 2 The Secondary Structure Analyses of An16/Rev Complex 3 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch28_O.pdf Development of Fluorescent Ribonucleopeptide-Based Sensors for Biologically Active Amines 1 Introduction 2 Result and Discussion 3 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch29_O.pdf Light Energy Induced Fluorescence Switching Based on Novel Photochromic Nucleosides 1 Introduction 2 Results and Discussion 3 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch30_O.pdf Development of Nanocrystalline Co–Cu Alloys for Energy Applications 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch31_O.pdf Investigation of SI-CI Combustion with Low Octane Number Fuels and Hydrogen using a Rapid Compression/Expansion Machine 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch32_O.pdf Comparison Between the Hexaboride Materials as Thermionic Cathode in the RF Guns for a Compact MIR-FEL Driver 1 Introduction 2 Back-Bombardment Electrons 3 Cathode Materials and Calculation Method 3.1 Hexaboride Materials 3.2 Thermionic Emission Properties 3.3 The Range and Stopping Power 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch33_O.pdf Indicators for Evaluating Phase Stability During Mechanical Milling 1 Introduction 2 Candidate Indicators 3 Evaluation of Indicators 4 Summary References ZeroCarbon_Ch34_O.pdf The Study of CO2 Fixation in Spent Oil Sand Under the Different Temperature and Pressure 1 Introduction 2 Experiment Methods 2.1 Investigation on Physical Properties and Pretreatment in Spent Oil Sand 2.2 CO2 Fixation Experiments Dependent on Temperature and Pressure Change 3 Experimental Result and Consideration 3.1 Basic Properties of Spent Oil Sand 3.2 Carbonation Reactivity of Spent Oil Sand Dependent on Temperature Change 3.3 Carbonation Reactivity of Spent Oil Sand Under the Change of Pressure 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch35_O.pdf The Study on Characteristics Upgraded Low Rank Coal (Lignite-IBC) by Changed Temperature and Particle Size 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Result 3.1 Effect on Dewatering Dependent on Temperature 3.2 Effect on Dewatering Dependent on Drying Time 3.3 Effect on Dewatering Dependent on Particle Size 3.4 Effect on Dewatering Pore Structure 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch36_O.pdf Energy Efficiency of Combined Heat and Power Systems 1 Introduction 2 Analytical Framework 3 Results of the Energy Efficiency Analysis 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch37_O.pdf Behavior of a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode in Molten Chlorides Containing Oxide Ion 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Oxygen Gas Evolution on the BDD Electrode in Molten Chlorides 3.2 Electrochemical Stability of the BDD Electrode in a LiCl–KCl Eutectic Melt 3.3 Dependence of the Stability on the Melt Composition 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch38_O.pdf An Algorithm for Automatic Generation of Fault Tree from MFM Model 1 Introduction 2 Translation Algorithm 3 Application and Analysis 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch39_O.pdf A Method of Generating GO-Flow Models from MFM Models 1 Introduction 2 Conversion Method 3 Application and Analysis 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch40_O.pdf Functional Modeling of Perspectives on the Example of Electric Energy Systems 1 Introduction 2 Functional Modeling with MFM 2.1 Underlying MFM Concepts 2.1.1 Actions, Roles and Functions 2.1.2 Flow Structures and Control Structures 2.1.3 Perspectives and Views 3 MFM Model of Energy System Balancing 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch41_O.pdf Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of SiC/SiC Composites Fabricated for Erosion Component 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Procedures 3 Result and Discussion 4 Concluding Remarks References ZeroCarbon_Ch42_O.pdf Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten to Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steel F82H Using a Titanium Interlayer 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Procedures 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Interfacial Microstructure Analysis 3.2 Shear Strength Evaluation and Fracture Surface Observation 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch43_O.pdf The Simulation of Corium Dispersion in Direct Containment Heating Accidents 1 Introduction 2 Model and Calculation Method 2.1 Description of the Model 2.2 The Improvement of the Model 2.3 Calculation Method 3 Calculation Results 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch44_O.pdf Study on Three-Dimensional Thermal Hydraulic Simulation of Reactor Core Based on THEATRe Code 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Model and Node Dividing 3 Simulation Results 3.1 Evaluation of the Coupling Module of Core Regions and NSSS Region 3.2 Flow Distribution 3.3 3D Distributions of Parameters 3.4 Transient Process of the Simulation System 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch45_O.pdf Study on Turbine System of Nuclear Power Plant Based on RELAP5/MOD3.4 Code 1 Introduction 2 Introduction of the Model and Node Dividing 2.1 Steam Turbine 2.2 Condenser 2.3 Condensate Pump 3 Transient Analyses 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch46_O.pdf Analysis of Instability in Narrow Annular Multi-channel System Based on RELAP5 Code 1 Introduction 2 Influence Factors for the Flow Instability 2.1 Research Method 2.2 Qualification of the Nodalization 2.3 Influence of Number of Heated Channels 3 Results for the Twin-Channel System 3.1 Effect of Inlet and Outlet Throttling 3.2 The Influence of Inlet and Rising Sections 3.3 Effect of System Pressure 3.4 Effects of Inlet Subcooling 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch47_O.pdf Development of Ultrafast Pulse X-ray Source in Ambient Pressure with a Millijoule High Repetition Rate Femtosecond Laser 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch48_O.pdf Development of Small Specimen Technique to Evaluate Ductile–Brittle Transition Behavior of a Welded Reactor Pressure Vessel St 1 Introduction 2 Experiments 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effects of Specimen Size on the Impact Properties 3.2 Effects of Notch Location on the Impact Properties 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch49_O.pdf Research on Distributed Monitoring and Prediction System for Nuclear Power Plant 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Distributed Strategy 2.2 Elman Recurrent Networks 3 Design Functions and Contents of Monitoring and Prediction System 3.1 System Structure 3.2 Neural Network for Prediction 4 Performance Testing 5 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch50_O.pdf Multiple Scale Nonlinear Phenomena in Nature: From High Confinement in Fusion Plasma to Climate Anomalies 1 Introduction 2 Nonlinear Anomalies of the Climate Change 3 Nonlinearities in High Temperature Plasmas 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch51_O.pdf The Electric Properties of InSb Crystals for Radiation Detector 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch52_O.pdf Kinetic Transport Simulation of ICRF Heating in Tokamak Plasmas 1 Introduction 2 Model of Fokker–Planck Analysis 3 Calculation Results 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch53_O.pdf Electrochemical Study of Neodymium Ions in Molten Chlorides 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Reduction Process of Nd3+ 3.2 Diffusion Coefficient of Nd3+ 3.3 The Formal Potentials of Redox Couples References ZeroCarbon_Ch54_O.pdf A New Numerical Approach of Kinetic Simulation for Complex Plasma Dynamics: Application to Fusion and Astrophysical Plasmas 1 Introduction 2 Calculation Model and Applied New Algorism 3 Local Entropy Production and Associated Zonal Flows Formation 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch55_O.pdf Relationship Between Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Transient Liquid Phase Bonded ODS Steel 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Microstructures of the Joint Region 3.2 Tensile Property of the Joint 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch56_O.pdf Nondestructive Testing of NITE-SiC Ceramics for Fusion Reactor Application 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Method 2.1 Specimens and Inspection Direction 2.2 Apparatus and C-Scan Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch57_O.pdf Numerical Simulation on Subcooled Pool Boiling 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Simulations 3 Improvements of Phase-Change Model 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch58_O.pdf Framework of a Risk Monitor System for Nuclear Power Plant 1 Introduction 2 Multilevel Flow Models 3 Framework of Risk Monitor System 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch59_O.pdf Dynamic Reliability Analysis by GO-FLOW for ECCS System of PWR Nuclear Power Plant 1 Introduction 2 Modelling ECCS by GO-FLOW 3 Reliability Analysis of ECCS Under LOCA Accident 3.1 Time Point Settings 3.2 Reliability Analysis 4 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch60_O.pdf Prior Evaluation Method of User Interface Design 1 Introduction 2 Functional Simulation Method 3 Evaluation Algorithm 4 Instance of Prior Evaluation Method 5 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Ch61_O.pdf Consideration of Alumina Coating Fabricated by Sol–Gel Method for PbLi Flow 1 Introduction 2 Al2O3 Coating by Sol–Gel Method 3 Electrical Insulating Test of Al2O3 Coating 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References ZeroCarbon_Ch62_O.pdf Feasibility Study on Introducing Building Integrated Photovoltaic System in China and Analysis of the Promotion Policies 1 Introduction 2 Current Status of PV System Adoption in China 3 Evaluation Method and Case Study 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Economic Analysis of PV Adoption 4.2 Effect of Government Subsidies 4.3 Effect of Electricity Buy-back 5 Conclusions References ZeroCarbon_Index_O.pdf ZeroCarbon_KW Index_O.pdf