Xenophobia, Nativism and Pan-Africanism in 21st Century Africa : History, Concepts, Practice and Case Study

This edited volume systematically analyzes the connection between xenophobia, nativism, and Pan-Africanism. It situates attacks on black Africans by fellow black Africans within the context of ideals such as Pan-Africanism and Ubuntu, which emphasize unity. The book straddles a range of social science perspectives to explain why attacks on foreign nationals in Africa usually entail attacks on black foreign nationals. Written by an international and interdisciplinary team of scholars, the book is divided into four sections that each explain a different facet of this complicated relationship. Section One discusses the history of colonialism and apartheid and their relationship to xenophobia. Section Two critically evaluates Pan-Africanism as a concept and as a practice in 21 st century Africa. Section Three presents case studies on xenophobia in contemporary Africa. Section Four similarly discusses cases of nativism. Addressing a complex issue in contemporary African politics, this volume will be of use to students and scholars interested in African studies, African politics, human rights, migration, history, law, and development economics. Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Contents Abbreviations About the Editors About the Contributors Contributors Part I: Pan-Africanism Then and Now Chapter 1: The Utility of Pan-Africanism in Africa and the African Diaspora Introduction On the Question of Definitions Pan-Africanism: Where We Are African Renaissance, Pan-Africanism, and the African Condition Brief Survey of Xenophobia and Nativism in Africa Xenophobia and Nativism in Latin America and the Caribbean Xenophobia and Nativism in the United States The Black World: A Hopeful Future? Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 2: How Relevant Are Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism in the Twenty-First Century? Introduction Origins of Black Nationalism First Black Nationalist Movement 1850–1861 Second Black Nationalist Movement Third Black Nationalist Movement Fourth Black Nationalist Movement? Black Nationalism in the Twenty-First Century Origins of Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism Professionalized African Connection Origins of African Xenophobia African Xenophobia in the Twentieth Century Pan-Africanism in the Twenty-First Century Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 3: Xeno-Afrophobia and Pan-Africanism: What Lies Beneath the Mask of an Identity? Introduction Acculturation What Identity? How Do I View Myself? Garveyism as Collective or Individual Identity The 1884–1885 Berlin Conference and Pan-Africanism Identity Clusters Xenophobia Afrophobia Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 4: South Africa’s Segue from Apartheid to Xenophobia: An Analysis Using René Dumont’s False Start in Africa and Frantz Fanon’s Pitfalls of National Consciousness Introduction Xenophobia in the New Millennium: Four Main Claims Analytical Frameworks Frantz Fanon’s Pitfalls of National Consciousness René Dumont’s False Start in Africa South Africa Under Apartheid (1948–1994): A Socio-political and Economic Injustice Post-apartheid South Africa 1994–2021 Affirmative Action Economic Conditions Among the Previously Disadvantaged Trends in African Migration to South Africa Since 1994 Basis of Attacks of Foreign Nationals: Analysis Using Dumont and Fanon Conclusion Bibliography Part II: History in Colonial and Apartheid Eras Chapter 5: Pan-Africanism and Its Contradictions: Rethinking the Nativist Idea of Egyptology in Ayi Kwei Armah’s KMT Introduction: Interrogating the Xenophobic Economy of Nativism and Egyptology Tracing the Pan-Africanist Vision of Egyptology: Diop’s Influence on Armah The Remembering of Ancient Egyptian Values in KMT and Its Pan-Africanist Contradictions Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 6: Colonial Xenophobia and Fear of “Foreign” Politics in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony: Implications for Analyzing Borderless Politics Today Introduction Patterns of Xenophobia in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony Directions for Analysis of Xenophobic Politics Bibliography Chapter 7: Apartheid Segregation Laws as an Underlying Instigator of Xenophobia in Democratic South Africa: A Critical Reflection Introduction South Africa and Xenophobia Theoretical Perspective Scapegoating Isolation Bio-cultural Hypothesis Xenophobia and Its Implications for South Africa Apartheid and Xenophobia: The Hate Nexus Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 8: South Africa and Xenophobic Violence: A Critical Analysis of the Post-colonial State Introduction A Brief Overview of Xenophobia in South Africa Defining Xenophobia and Its Causes Which Are Possible Sources of Violence The Post-colonial State The South African Post-colonial Position Rethinking Xenophobic Violence in the Context of the Post-colonial State Conclusion Bibliography Part III: Xenophobia in Contemporary Africa Chapter 9: African Responses to Xenophobic Attacks in South Africa in the Context of Pan-Africanism Introduction South Africa and Pan-Africanism Xenophobic Attacks in South Africa African Responses South African Reactions in 2019 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 10: Xenophobic Attacks on Nigerians in South Africa: Counting the Human and Economic Costs Introduction Perspectives on Xenophobia: A Global View Xenophobic Attacks in South Africa: Nature, Causes, and the Dimension Xenophobic Attacks on Nigerians in South: The Human and Economic Cost and Its Impact on Nigeria-South Africa Relations Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 11: Xenophobia and Regional Integration in Central Africa Introduction Contextual Background Regional Integration and Pan-Africanism Regional Groupings in Central Africa and the State of Regional Integration Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) Economic Community of Great Lake Countries (ECGLC) Why Regional Integration in Central Africa Has Lagged Behind A Plurality of Integration and Cooperation Schemes Lack of Political Will and Commitment to Regional Institutions Political Instability and Insecurity Lack of Democratic Development Socioeconomic Constraints Historical and External Factors Xenophobia and Regional Integration in Central Africa Case Studies Gabon: From a Country of Immigrants to One of Xenophobia Inventing Xenophobia in Equatorial Guinea Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 12: Xenophobia in Historical Perspective: Causation, Consequences, and Conquest Introduction Historical Analysis of Xenophobia Causes Consequence Conquest Conclusion Bibliography Part IV: Nativism in Africa Chapter 13: Three Times a State, Never a Nation: Indians in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe Introduction Background The Politics of Race A Rhodesian Past and a Zimbabwean Future Isolation and Insularity Three Times a State, Never a Nation Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 14: Social Media and Nationalistic Influence on Xenophobia in Africa Introduction Nativism and Nationalism Nationalism as A Political Slogan Versus Economic Nationalism The Concept of Xenophobia The Concept of Social Media Versus Mainstream Media Social Media and Xenophobia The Concept of Fake News and Its Forms Bibliography Chapter 15: Nativism in Nigeria: The Struggle for Ownership and Control of Resources Introduction Nativism: The Conceptual Framework Origin of Nativism in Nigeria Consequences of Nativism Steps Taken by the Government Conclusion Strategy for Reducing Nativism Bibliography Chapter 16: The Politics of Race and Color in Southern Africa Introduction The Theoretical Perspectives Apartheid and Racism International Pressure on South Africa to End Apartheid Twenty-Five Years After Apartheid Zimbabwe’s Experience with the Politics of Race and Color Racial Relations in Independent Zimbabwe Lessons Learned Over the Years Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 17: Concluding Remarks: The Specter of Identity Politics Against a Pan-African Backdrop Introduction Pan-Africanism: An Ideal in Abeyance Xenophobia, Nativism, and Pan-Africanism in Twenty-First-Century Africa References Index