World of wonders : the work of Adbhutarasa in the Mahābhārata and the Harivaṃśa

In World of Wonders , Alf Hiltebeitel addresses the Mahabharata and its supplement, the Harivamsa, as a single literary composition. Looking at the work through the critical lens of the Indian aesthetic theory of rasa, "juice, essence, or taste," he argues that the dominant rasa of these two texts is adbhutarasa, the "mood of wonder." While the Mahabharata signposts whole units of the text as "wondrous" in its table of contents, the Harivamsa foregrounds a stepped-up term for wonder (ascarya) that drives home the point that Vishnu and Krishna are one. Two scholars of the 9th and 10th centuries, Anandavardhana and Abhinavagupta, identified the Mahabharata's dominant rasa as santarasa, the "mood of peace." This has traditionally been received as the only serious contestant for a rasic interpretation of the epic. Hiltebeitel disputes both the positive claim that the santarasa interpretation is correct and the negative claim that adbhutarasa is a frivolous rasa that cannot sustain a major work. The heart of his argument is that the Mahabharata and Harivamsa both deploy the terms for "wonder" and "surprise" (vismaya) in significant numbers that extend into every facet of these heterogeneous texts, showing how adbhutarasa is at work in the rich and contrasting textual strategies which are integral to the structure of the two texts. "This is the first book in over a thousand years to approach the Mahābhārata and the Harivaṃśa via rasa theory. It argues that both texts put adbhutarasa, the "mood of wonder," to work as their dominant rasa, in a way that takes readers from their heroes' rollicking adventures to the text's profoundest moments. Two Kashmiris, Ānandavardhana (9th century) and Abhinavagupta (10th century), launched such inquiry, claiming that the Mahābhārata's dominant rasa was śāntarasa, the "mood of peace." Both worked the Harivaṃśa as a related text into their argument, which emphasized peace along with dispassion and the quest for liberation. Although they used some textual highjinks to make their case, their argument prevailed, and has remained the only serious contestant for rasic interpretation. This book disputes their claim, and can expect controversy. Some may continue to favor śāntarasa. Some may cite the two Kashmiris' view that adbhuta cannot sustain a major work. This book contests that by putting "the work of adbhutarasa" into its title and arguing for the hard work it does. Some may also be uncomfortable with a temporal incongruity the book poses in that the Mahābhārata and Harivaṃśa are probably four or five centuries earlier than the first text to explore rasas, the Nāṭyaśātra. Śāntarasa faced the same problem but Ānandavardhana and Abhinavagupta, lacking a modern sense of the relative dates, overlooked it. The answer here goes to the heart of this book's argument: our texts deploy the "proper terms" adbhuta, "wonder" and vismaya, "surprise," to work adbhutarasa through rich and contrasting textual strategies. They must have worked out their program with these terms before the śāstra"-- Provided by publisher Cover World of Wonders Copyright Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Śāntarasa, Vīrarasa, and the Mahābhārata’s Two Recensions 2. Rasas and Sthāyibhāvas, Wonders and Surprises 3. Adbhutam Clusters in the Mahābhārata: Book 1 to Yudhiṣṭhira’s Coronation 4. Adbhutarasa and Hyperbole: Gleaning, Ahiṃsā, and Bhakti through Bhīṣma’s Postwar Oration 5. The Āśvamedhika-​ and Āśrāmavāsikaparvans: The Two Postwar Books Called “Wondrous” in the Parvasaṃgraha 6. The Mahābhārata’s Last Three Books: From the Submergence of Dvārakā to Janamejaya’s Last Surprise 7. The Harivaṃśa as a Supplement to the Mahābhārata’s World of Wonders References Index