اقیانوس‌های جهان: یک راهنمای مرجع (مسائل معاصر جهانی)

World Oceans: A Reference Handbook offers an in-depth discussion of the world's oceans. It discusses the marine life that is dependent on the sea as well as the problems threatening the health of the ocean and its wildlife. World Oceans: A Reference Handbook opens with an overview of the history of human knowledge and understanding of the oceans and cryosphere, along with related scientific, technological, social, political, and other factors. The second chapter presents and discusses about a dozen major problems facing the Earth's oceans today, along with possible solutions. The third chapter provides interested individuals with an opportunity to express their thoughts and ideas on today's ocean issues, and remaining chapters provide additional resources, such as a bibliography, a chronology, and a glossary, to assist the reader in her or his further study of the issue. Where most books for young adults learning about world oceans take a purely expository treatment, this book provides readers with additional information as well as resources, allowing them to learn more and inform further study of the subject. Provides readers with the basic background they need about the oceans and cryosphere in order to understand current problems Includes additional readings, a comprehensive chronology, a glossary, and other additional features to aid students' understanding of current issues and to guide them in designing and conducting their own research on more detailed aspects of the topic Offers ideas for additional research from a list of important individuals and organizations Rounds out the author's expertise in perspectives essays that show readers a diversity of viewpoints Cover 1 Title Page 6 Copyright 7 Contents 8 Preface 14 1. History and Background 20 Origin and Evolution of the Oceans 21 Today’s Oceans 24 Ocean Exploration 43 Origin and Evolution of the Cryosphere 53 Marine Life 56 Conclusion 60 References 61 2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 76 Climate Change 76 Fishing Issues 86 Pollution 91 Aquaculture 106 Coral Reef Die-Off 110 Deep-Sea Mining 114 Noise 116 Invasive Species 120 Crime on the Seas 122 Conclusion 127 References 127 3. Perspectives 156 Introduction 156 Plenty of Fish in the Sea? 156 Coral Reef Bleaching: Is There Hope? 159 Loggerhead Sea Turtles of Anna Maria Island 163 Small Island Nations at Risk 166 An International Solution 170 One Fish, Two Fish, Free Fish, Farm Fish 174 Reef Grief 177 Resiliency 181 4. Profiles 186 Sylvia Earle (1935–) 186 Greenpeace 189 Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806–73) 191 Charles J. Moore (dates unavailable) 194 Sir John Murray 195 Ocean Conservancy 198 Oceana 199 Arvid Pardo (1914–99) 201 Prince Henry the Navigator (1394–1460) 203 Roger Revelle (1909–91) and Hans Suess (1909–93) 206 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 210 Boyan Slat (1994–) 213 Henry Melson Stommel (1920–92) 214 Surfrider Foundation 217 5. Data and Documents 220 Data 220 Documents 228 6. Resources 266 Books 267 Articles 275 Reports 293 Internet 298 7. Chronology 314 Glossary 328 Index 338 About the Author 356 "World Oceans: A Reference Handbook offers answers to essential questions about world oceans that are accessible to high school students, undergraduate students, general readers, and individuals interested in the topic"-- Provided by publisher Background and history -- Problems, controversies, and solutions -- Perspectives -- Profiles -- Data and documents