World Heritage Patinas: Actions, Alerts and Risks (The Latin American Studies Book Series)

This book presents studies on the management of the Brazilian world heritage and its international counterparts, relating its preservationist practices to the risks and alerts that run its maintenance in the face of so many challenges in the contemporary world. The book has encouraged scholars from a wide variety of disciplines to contribute their valuable knowledge to research on the management and risks of Brazil's world heritage. It is a bold initiative that brings together contemporary studies on management, alerts and risks of the Brazilian world heritage and some international examples. It stands out not only for its interdisciplinary approach, but above all for compiling a wide range of approaches that analyze various dimensions of world heritage management. Unique experience in the management of world heritage allocated to Brazilian territory, this book was written by prominent academics and heritage management professionals and includes national and international case studies. It is a comprehensive academic book in Brazilian world heritage management literature and can therefore be used as an authoritative reference source as well as a significant teaching tool. Acknowledgments Presentation Contents Action of National Preservation Organizations The Brazilian Experience of UNESCO World Heritage Sites 1 Brazil and UNESCO 2 World Heritage in Brazil 3 Conclusion References Preservation Actors: Challenges and Risks of Managing World Heritage Cities 1 By Way of Introduction 2 By Way of Analysis 3 By Way of Conclusion References Current Challenges and Risks for Preservation of the Historic Center of Salvador 1 Introduction 2 Deterioration and Patrimonialization of the Historic Center of Salvador 3 Michel Parent’s Mission and the Pelourinho Project: Tourism and Social Exclusion 4 The Historic Cities Program (PCH) 5 Interinstitutional Articulation and Inscription of CHS on the World Heritage List 6 Lina Bo Bardi and the Special Program for the Recovery of Historic Sites 7 The Recovery Plan for the Historic Center of Salvador (PRCHS) 8 The 7th Stage of the PRCHS and Social Housing in the CHS 9 The Late 2000s: Political Changes and New Programs and Plans for the CHS 10 The Private Initiative and the “Discovery” of the Todos os Santos Bay 11 Recent Interventions in Ladeira da Montanha 12 Final Considerations References World Heritage in Brazil: Reflection and Criticism 1 The Heritage Experience in Brazil 2 Brazil on the World Heritage List 3 Heritage as a Communicative Act: What Does It Communicate? 4 Final Considerations: Decolonizing Heritage and Memory References When Sensitive Memories Sites Become Heritage: The Case of the Valongo Wharf in Rio de Janeiro 1 The Slave Complex of Valongo and Its Spaces 2 Black Territory 3 Erasure and Resistance 4 Historical Site of Sensitive Memory References Afro-Brazilian Religions and Protected Urban Areas: The Cases of Laranjeiras and São Cristóvão, Sergipe 1 São Cristóvão and Laranjeiras: From Emergence to Stagnation, Always with the Contribution of Afro-Brazilians 2 The Monumentalization of Historic Centers and the Framing of Memory in São Cristóvão and Laranjeiras 3 Demands of Terreiro Communities in São Cristóvão and Laranjeiras: From the Right to Memory to Other Historically Neglected Social Rights 4 Conclusion References The Pampulha Modern Ensemble: Reflections on the Complexities and Contradictions for the Management of a World Heritage Cultural Landscape 1 Brief Contextualization About the Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Urban Centers, the Concept of Cultural Landscape and the Management Issue 2 The Cultural Landscape in the Context of the World Heritage—UNESCO 3 The Nomination Process of the Pampulha Modern Ensemble—2012 to 2016 3.1 The ICOMOS Technical Evaluation Mission in 2015 3.2 The Result of the Technical Evaluation Mission and ICOMOS Reports 3.3 The 40th World Heritage Committee Session in Istanbul, Turkey 3.4 The Consequences of the Inscription of the Pampulha Modern Ensemble as a Cultural Landscape on the UNESCO World Heritage List 4 The Historic Urban Landscape—HUL Recommendation 5 How to Preserve Cultural Landscapes in the Contemporary Urban Context? 6 Final Considerations References Reflections on Tourism in Jesuitic-Guarani Missions 1 Heritage Relations with Cultural Tourism and Sustainability 2 The Missionary Legacy Today 3 Proposal for Guiding Principles in Relation to Cultural Tourism References International Preservation Experiences of World Heritage “Which Egypt Will Answer”? 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 References The Experience of Managing the City of Porto as a World Heritage Site: How to Teach and How to Learn? 1 Introduction or About the Management Principles 2 Pedagogical Framework or About Creating Management Labs 3 Porto World Heritage, Exhibition at Google Arts and Culture 4 Porto de Virtudes, a Cultural Management Program 5 Conclusion or About the Outcomes References World Heritage Sites in Latin America: Conservation and Management Under a Value-Based Approach 1 General Context of World Heritage Sites in Latin America 2 Conservation and Sustainable Management of World Heritage Sites in Latin America 2.1 Role of Cultural and Natural Heritage in Sustainable Development 2.2 Conservation and Management of Latin American World Heritage Properties 3 Toward the Diversity and Greater Representation of the Sites 4 Paradigm Shift in the Management of World Heritage Sites 4.1 Structure of a Conservational and Management Model 5 Final Balance and Conclusions References Immaterial Heritage and The Risk of “Forgetting”: A Case Study of the Hidden Christian Sites in Nagasaki, Japan 1 Historical Contextualization and Aspects of Nomination 1.1 Arrival of the Portuguese and the First Christians (1549–1614) 1.2 Period of Persecution and Formation of hidden Christian communities (1614–1873) 1.3 End of Prohibition and Religious Freedom (1873–Current) 2 The First Nomination Proposal 3 The Second Nomination Proposal 3.1 Project Description and Evaluation by the International Committee 3.2 Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Risk of Forgetfulness 4 Conclusions References Environmental History and Cultural Landscape in Israel (2003–2020) 1 Israel, State and National Identity 2 The White City of Tel Aviv 3 Incense Route 4 Politics and Culture, Antipodes of Heritage? References World Heritage Risks and Threats Brazil on the Circuit of International Cultural Relations: Return and Devolution of Ethnographic Goods 1 Brazil at the Center of the Debate: The Return of Cultural Goods as a Political Action 2 The Sacred Ax Kaàjré, the Krahô Indigenous People, and the Paulista Museum, 1986 3 The Jurupixuna Masks, the Tukuna Indigenous People, and the Coimbra Science Museum, 1997 4 Cloak Tupinambá, the Tupinambá De Olivença, and the National Museum of Denmark, 2000 5 Bororo Objects, Don Bosco Museum of Cultures and Colle Don Bosco Museum 6 Bororo Objects, the Don Bosco Museum of Cultures and the Vienna Ethnology Museum, 2008 7 Ka'apor Objects, the Emílio Goeldi Museum, and the Leiden National Museum of Ethnology 8 By Way of Conclusions References World Heritage in Danger: Case Studies About Some of the Factors that Threaten Cultural Sites 1 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 1.1 UNESCO World Heritage List 1.2 UNESCO’s List of World Heritage in Danger 1.3 UNESCO’s List of Factors Affecting the Properties 2 Risks for the World Heritage Sites—Cases of Study 2.1 Extraction of Physical Resources—City of Potosí (Bolivia) 2.2 Other Human Activities: Cultural Landscape of the Bamiyan Valley (Afghanistan) 2.3 Sudden Events: Notre-Dame Cathedral at the Banks of the Seine in Paris (France) 3 Critical Conclusions 3.1 A Retrospective Analysis to UNESCO 3.2 What Future to Endangered Sites? References The Risk of Fire in Twin Buildings of the Ouro Preto Historic Center: World Heritage 1 The Concept of Fire 2 Fires in Brazil and Worldwide 3 The Vulnerability of the City of Ouro Preto, in Relation to the Fire Situation 4 Preservation and Combat Movements 5 Conclusion and New Possibilities References Plunderers of Devotional Heritage 1 Sacred Works of the State of Minas Gerais 2 Missing Works 3 Specialized Gang 4 Final Considerations References From Works Aimed at Favoring Tourism to Attacks Against Cultural Heritage: A Story About Corruption and Modernity in the Cusco Case 1 Approach to the History of the Management of Archaeological Heritage in Peru: The “Discovery” of Machu Picchu to the West 2 On Tourism in Cusco and the Inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites of Its Historic Center and the Citadel of Machu Picchu 3 Two Works to Promote Tourism that Threatens the Cultural Heritage of Cusco 4 Final Considerations References Modernity, Huacas and Heritage Depredation on the Peruvian Coast. The Specific Case of Chan Chan, World Heritage (1986–2020) 1 The Influence of European Modernity in Peru 2 Chan Chan and the Creole Identity Avatars 3 Final Considerations References Memory of Slavery as Material and Intangible Heritage: The Case of Valongo Wharf and the Passados Presentes Project References Legislation and Ethnography for the Preservation of World Heritage Sites Control of Movable Property Circulation and Network Performance: Perspectives for the Supervision of Cultural Heritage 1 Control of the Circulation of Movable Heritage: Horizontality 2 IPHAN Amid the Network for Controlling the Circulation of Movable Heritage 3 Consultation Service on the Existence of Legal Restrictions on the Exit of Cultural Properties 4 Database of Wanted Cultural Properties—BCP 5 Technical Specification on the Object of Work 6 Creation and Publication of Performance Criteria 7 Sharing Accumulated Experiences and Knowledge Between Different Agents Involved 8 Final Considerations References Legislation on the Protection of Cultural Goods: A Compared Study Between Brazil and Italy 1 Legislation 2 Codification of Laws 3 Ministries 4 Restoration: Regulations and Professional Recognition 5 Conclusion References IPHAN Looking Out: International Relations in Preserving National Heritage 1 The Preservation of Heritage in Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s 2 Renato Soeiro, Heritage and International Relations 3 Heritage as Soft Power 4 Final Considerations References Indigenous Culture as a Heritage of Humanity. Safeguarding Immaterial Heritage Through the Experience of the Guarani Mbya of the Indigenous Land of Ribeirão Silveira (SP) 1 The Daily Routine at the Health Center: “Wiping Ice” 2 “Disease that White People Brought, White People Have to Cure”: Indigenous Intangible Heritage and Its Relations with Public Health Policies 3 Policies and Discourses to Safeguard Intangible Heritage and Its Connections with Reality 4 Final Considerations References World Heritage of Minas Gerais—Disputes of Power and Memories World Heritage of Minas Gerais: Challenges and Opportunities for Its Management 1 Historic Center of Ouro Preto 2 Sanctuary of Bom Jesus Do Congonhas 3 Historical Center of Diamantina 4 Modern Architectural Ensemble of Pampulha 5 The Management Plan as the Key to the Preservation of Heritage Assets References Dispute Over the Social Imaginary in the City of Prophets: Conflicts, Environment and Heritage in Congonhas (1985–2020) 1 Final Considerations References “Past Festivities, Responsibilities”: Urbanistic Conflicts in Ouro Preto After the Seal of World Heritage 1 The Daily Life of Preservation 2 Ouro Preto and Olinda: Preservation and Conflict 3 Conclusion References Pampulha Modern Ensemble: Reflections on the Complexities and Contradictions for the Management of a World Heritage Cultural Landscape 1 The Modern Set of Pampulha as Presented in the Dossier 2 The Participation of UNESCO Consultants 3 The Recognition of the Whole as a World Heritage Site and UNESCO Comments and Recommendations 4 Conclusion References Ouro Preto: World Heritage 1 Brief History 2 Problems and Conservation Actions 3 Conclusion References World Heritage and Living Monument 1 Urban Training and Institutional Protection: Synthesis 2 Architectural and Urban Transformations of the Historical Site in the Twentieth Century 3 Living Old Town 4 Diamantina World Heritage Site—1999 5 Conclusion