Wordly Wise, Grade 5, Student Book Answer Key (4th Edition)

The field’s essential standard for more than three decades, __Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer__ offers a systematic introduction to transport phenomena and rate processes. Thorough coverage of central principles helps students build a foundational knowledge base while developing vital analysis and problem solving skills. Momentum, heat, and mass transfer are introduced sequentially for clarity of concept and logical organization of processes, while examples of modern applications illustrate real-world practices and strengthen student comprehension. Designed to keep the focus on concept over content, this text uses accessible language and efficient pedagogy to streamline student mastery and facilitate further exploration. Abundant examples, practice problems, and illustrations reinforce basic principles, while extensive tables simplify comparisons of the various states of matter. Detailed coverage of topics including dimensional analysis, viscous flow, conduction, convection, and molecular diffusion provide broadly-relevant guidance for undergraduates at the sophomore or junior level, with special significance to students of chemical, mechanical, environmental, and biochemical engineering. COVER TITLE PAGE COPYRIGHT PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MOMENTUM TRANSFER 1.1 FLUIDS AND THE CONTINUUM 1.2 PROPERTIES AT A POINT 1.3 POINT-TO-POINT VARIATION OF PROPERTIES IN A FLUID 1.4 UNITS 1.5 COMPRESSIBILITY 1.6 SURFACE TENSION CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 2 FLUID STATICS 2.1 PRESSURE VARIATION IN A STATIC FLUID 2.2 UNIFORM RECTILINEAR ACCELERATION 2.3 FORCES ON SUBMERGED SURFACES 2.4 BUOYANCY 2.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF A FLUID IN MOTION 3.1 FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL LAWS 3.2 FLUID-FLOW FIELDS: LAGRANGIAN AND EULERIAN REPRESENTATIONS 3.3 STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOWS 3.4 STREAMLINES 3.5 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 4 CONSERVATION OF MASS: CONTROL-VOLUME APPROACH 4.1 INTEGRAL RELATION 4.2 SPECIFIC FORMS OF THE INTEGRAL EXPRESSION 4.3 CLOSURE CHAPTER 5 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 5 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION: CONTROL-VOLUME APPROACH 5.1 INTEGRAL RELATION FOR LINEAR MOMENTUM 5.2 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL EXPRESSION FOR LINEAR MOMENTUM 5.3 INTEGRAL RELATION FOR MOMENT OF MOMENTUM 5.4 APPLICATIONS TO PUMPS AND TURBINES 5.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 6 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: CONTROL-VOLUME APPROACH 6.1 INTEGRAL RELATION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 6.2 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL EXPRESSION 6.3 THE BERNOULLI EQUATION 6.4 CLOSURE CHAPTER 7 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 7 SHEAR STRESS IN LAMINAR FLOW 7.1 NEWTON’S VISCOSITY RELATION 7.2 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS THE NO-SLIP CONDITION 7.3 VISCOSITY UNITS OF VISCOSITY 7.4SHEAR STRESS IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL LAMINAR FLOWS OF A NEWTONIAN FLUID SHEAR STRESS RATE OF SHEAR STRAIN STOKES’S VISCOSITY RELATION 7.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 8 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF A DIFFERENTIAL FLUID ELEMENT IN LAMINAR FLOW 8.1 FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW IN A CIRCULAR CONDUIT OF CONSTANT CROSS SECTION 8.2 LAMINAR FLOW OF A NEWTONIAN FLUID DOWN AN INCLINED-PLANE SURFACE 8.3 CLOSURE CHAPTER 9 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FLUID FLOW 9.1 THE DIFFERENTIAL CONTINUITY EQUATION 9.2 NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS 9.3 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION 9.4 SPHERICAL COORDINATE FORMS OF THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS 9.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 10 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 10 INVISCID FLUID FLOW 10.1 FLUID ROTATION AT A POINT 10.2 THE STREAM FUNCTION 10.3 INVISCID, IRROTATIONAL FLOW ABOUT AN INFINITE CYLINDER 10.4 IRROTATIONAL FLOW, THE VELOCITY POTENTIAL 10.5 TOTAL HEAD IN IRROTATIONAL FLOW 10.6 UTILIZATION OF POTENTIAL FLOW 10.7 POTENTIAL FLOW ANALYSIS—SIMPLE PLANE FLOW CASES 10.8 POTENTIAL FLOW ANALYSIS—SUPERPOSITION 10.9 CLOSURE CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 11 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSISAND SIMILITUDE 11.1 DIMENSIONS 11.2 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 11.3 THE BUCKINGHAM METHOD 11.4 GEOMETRIC, KINEMATIC, AND DYNAMIC SIMILARITY 11.5 MODEL THEORY 11.6 CLOSURE CHAPTER 12 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 12 VISCOUS FLOW 12.1 REYNOLDS’S EXPERIMENT 12.2 DRAG REGIME 1 REGIME 2 REGIME 3 REGIME 4 12.3 THE BOUNDARY-LAYER CONCEPT 12.4 THE BOUNDARY-LAYER EQUATIONS 12.5 BLASIUS’S SOLUTION FOR THE LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE 12.6 FLOW WITH A PRESSURE GRADIENT 12.7 VON KÁRMÁN MOMENTUM INTEGRAL ANALYSIS 12.8 DESCRIPTION OF TURBULENCE 12.9 TURBULENT SHEARING STRESSES 12.10 THE MIXING-LENGTH HYPOTHESIS 12.11 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION FROM THE MIXING-LENGTH THEORY 12.12 THE UNIVERSAL VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION 12.13 FURTHER EMPIRICAL RELATIONS FOR TURBULENT FLOW 12.14 THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE 12.15 FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRANSITION FROM LAMINAR TO TURBULENT FLOW 12.16 CLOSURE CHAPTER 13 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 13 FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS 13.1 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONDUIT FLOW 13.2 FRICTION FACTORS FOR FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR, TURBULENT, AND TRANSITION FLOW IN CIRCULAR CONDUITS LAMINAR FLOW TURBULENT FLOW 13.3 FRICTION FACTOR AND HEAD-LOSS DETERMINATION FOR PIPE FLOW FRICTION FACTOR HEAD LOSSES DUE TO FITTINGS EQUIVALENT DIAMETER 13.4 PIPE-FLOW ANALYSIS 13.5 FRICTION FACTORS FOR FLOW IN THE ENTRANCE TO A CIRCULAR CONDUIT 13.6 CLOSURE CHAPTER 14 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 14 FLUID MACHINERY 14.1 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS PUMP PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD COMBINED PUMP AND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 14.2 SCALING LAWS FOR PUMPS AND FANS 14.3 AXIAL- AND MIXED-FLOW PUMP CONFIGURATIONS 14.4 TURBINES 14.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 15 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 15 FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT TRANSFER 15.1 CONDUCTION 15.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 15.3 CONVECTION 15.4 RADIATION 15.5 COMBINED MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER 15.6 CLOSURE CHAPTER 16 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 16 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONSOF HEAT TRANSFER 16.1 THE GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR ENERGY TRANSFER 16.2 SPECIAL FORMS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY EQUATION 16.3 COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 16.4 CLOSURE CHAPTER 17 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION 17.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTION 17.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTION WITH INTERNAL GENERATION OF ENERGY 17.3 HEAT TRANSFER FROM EXTENDED SURFACES 17.4 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS SHAPE FACTORS FOR COMMON CONFIGURATIONS NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS 17.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 18 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 18 UNSTEADY-STATE CONDUCTION 18.1 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS LUMPED PARAMETER ANALYSIS—SYSTEMS WITH NEGLIGIBLE INTERNAL RESISTANCE 18.2 TEMPERATURE-TIME CHARTS FOR SIMPLE GEOMETRIC SHAPES 18.3 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR TRANSIENT CONDUCTION ANALYSIS 18.4 AN INTEGRAL METHOD FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY CONDUCTION 18.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 19 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 19 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER 19.1 FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER 19.2 SIGNIFICANT PARAMETERS IN CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER 19.3 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIVE ENERGY TRANSFER 19.4 EXACT ANALYSIS OF THE LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER 19.5 APPROXIMATE INTEGRAL ANALYSIS OF THE THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER 19.6 ENERGY- AND MOMENTUM-TRANSFER ANALOGIES 19.7 TURBULENT FLOW CONSIDERATIONS 19.8 CLOSURE CHAPTER 20 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 20 CONVECTIVE HEAT-TRANSFER CORRELATIONS 20.2 FORCED CONVECTION FOR INTERNAL FLOW 20.3 FORCED CONVECTION FOR EXTERNAL FLOW 20.4 CLOSURE CHAPTER 21 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 21 BOILING AND CONDENSATION 21.1 BOILING 21.2 CONDENSATION 21.3 CLOSURE CHAPTER 22 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 22 HEAT-TRANSFER EQUIPMENT 22.1 TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS 22.2 SINGLE-PASS HEAT-EXCHANGER ANALYSIS: THE LOG-MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE 22.3 CROSSFLOW AND SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT-EXCHANGER ANALYSIS 22.4 THE NUMBER-OF-TRANSFER-UNITS (NTU) METHOD OF HEAT-EXCHANGER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 22.5 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN HEAT-EXCHANGER DESIGN 22.6 CLOSURE CHAPTER 23 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 23 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 23.1 NATURE OF RADIATION 23.2 THERMAL RADIATION 23.3 THE INTENSITY OF RADIATION 23.4 PLANCK’S LAW OF RADIATION 23.5 STEFAN–BOLTZMANN LAW 23.6 EMISSIVITY AND ABSORPTIVITY OF SOLID SURFACES 23.7 RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN BLACK BODIES VIEW-FACTOR ALGEBRA 23.8 RADIANT EXCHANGE IN BLACK ENCLOSURES 23.9 RADIANT EXCHANGE WITH RERADIATING SURFACES PRESENT 23.10 RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN GRAY SURFACES 23.11 RADIATION FROM GASES 23.12 THE RADIATION HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 23.13 CLOSURE CHAPTER 24 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 24 FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSFER 24.1 MOLECULAR MASS TRANSFER THE FICK RATE EQUATION RELATED TYPES OF MOLECULAR MASS TRANSFER 24.2 THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT GAS MASS DIFFUSIVITY LIQUID-MASS DIFFUSIVITY PORE DIFFUSIVITY SOLID MASS DIFFUSIVITY 24.3 CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER 24.4 CLOSURE CHAPTER 25 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 25 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF MASS TRANSFER 25.1 THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR MASS TRANSFER 25.2 SPECIAL FORMS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL MASS-TRANSFE REQUATION 25.3 COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 25.4STEPS FOR MODELING PROCESSES INVOLVING MOLECULAR DIFFUSION 25.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 26 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 26 STEADY-STATE MOLECULAR DIFFUSION 26.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MASS TRANSFER INDEPENDENT OF CHEMICAL REACTION PSEUDO-STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION EQUIMOLAR COUNTERDIFFUSION 26.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CHEMICAL REACTION SIMULTANEOUS DIFFUSION AND HETEROGENEOUS, FIRST-ORDER CHEMICAL REACTION: DIFFUSION WITH VARYING AREA DIFFUSION WITH A HOMOGENEOUS, FIRST-ORDER CHEMICAL REACTION 26.3 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS 26.4 SIMULTANEOUS MOMENTUM, HEAT, AND MASS TRANSFER SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER SIMULTANEOUS MOMENTUM AND MASS TRANSFER 26.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 27 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 27 UNSTEADY-STATE MOLECULAR DIFFUSION 27.1 UNSTEADY-STATE DIFFUSION AND FICK’S SECOND LAW 27.2 TRANSIENT DIFFUSION IN A SEMI-INFINITE MEDIUM 27.3 TRANSIENT DIFFUSION IN A FINITE-DIMENSIONAL MEDIUM UNDER CONDITIONS OF NEGLIGIBLE SURFACE RESISTANCE 27.4 CONCENTRATION–TIME CHARTS FOR SIMPLE GEOMETRIC SHAPES 27.5 CLOSURE CHAPTER 28 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 28 CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER 28.1 FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER 28.2 SIGNIFICANT PARAMETERS IN CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER 28.3 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER TRANSFER INTO A STREAM FLOWING UNDER FORCED CONVECTION TRANSFER INTO A PHASE WHOSE MOTION IS DUE TO NATURAL CONVECTION 28.4 EXACT ANALYSIS OF THE LAMINAR CONCENTRATION BOUNDARY LAYER 28.5APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCENTRATION BOUNDARY LAYER 28.6 MASS-, ENERGY-, AND MOMENTUM-TRANSFER ANALOGIES REYNOLDS ANALOGY TURBULENT-FLOW CONSIDERATIONS THE PRANDTL AND VON KÁRMÁN ANALOGIES CHILTON–COLBURN ANALOGY 28.7 MODELS FOR CONVECTIVE MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS 28.8 CLOSURE CHAPTER 29 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 29 CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN PHASES 29.1 EQUILIBRIUM 29.2 TWO-RESISTANCE THEORY INDIVIDUAL FILM MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS OVERALL MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS 29.3 CLOSURE CHAPTER 30 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 30 CONVECTIVE MASS-TRANSFER CORRELATIONS 30.1 MASS TRANSFER TO PLATES, SPHERES, AND CYLINDERS FLAT PLATE SINGLE SPHERE SPHERICAL BUBBLES SINGLE CYLINDER 30.2 MASS TRANSFER INVOLVING FLOW THROUGH PIPES 30.3 MASS TRANSFER IN WETTED-WALL COLUMNS 30.4 MASS TRANSFER IN PACKED AND FLUIDIZED BEDS 30.5 GAS–LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IN BUBBLE COLUMNS AND STIRRED TANKS 30.6 CAPACITY COEFFICIENTS FOR PACKED TOWERS 30.7 STEPS FOR MODELING MASS-TRANSFER PROCESSES INVOLVING CONVECTION 30.8 CLOSURE CHAPTER 31 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 31 MASS-TRANSFER EQUIPMENT 31.1 TYPES OF MASS-TRANSFER EQUIPMENT 31.2 GAS–LIQUID MASS-TRANSFER OPERATIONS IN WELL-MIXED TANKS 31.3 MASS BALANCES FOR CONTINUOUS-CONTACT TOWERS: OPERATING-LINE EQUATIONS COUNTERCURRENT FLOW COCURRENT FLOW 31.4 ENTHALPY BALANCES FOR CONTINUOUS-CONTACTS TOWERS 31.5 MASS-TRANSFER CAPACITY COEFFICIENTS 31.6 CONTINUOUS-CONTACT EQUIPMENT ANALYSIS CONSTANT OVERALL CAPACITY COEFFICIENT VARIABLE OVERALL CAPACITY COEFFICIENT: ALLOWANCE FOR RESISTANCE IN BOTH GAS AND LIQUID PHASE LOGARITHMIC-MEAN DRIVING FORCE PACKED-TOWER DIAMETER 31.7 CLOSURE NOMENCLATURE APPENDIX A TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE OPERATORS ∇ AND ∇2 TO CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES THE OPERATOR ∇ IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES THE OPERATOR ∇2 IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES APPENDIX B SUMMARY OF DIFFERENTIAL VECTOR OPERATIONS IN VARIOUS COORDINATE SYSTEMS CARTESIAN COORDINATES CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES SPHERICAL COORDINATES APPENDIX C SYMMETRY OF THE STRESS TENSOR APPENDIX D THE VISCOUS CONTRIBUTION TO THE NORMAL STRESS APPENDIX E THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS FOR CONSTANT Ρ AND Μ IN CARTESIAN, CYLINDRICAL, AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES CARTESIAN COORDINATES CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES SPHERICAL COORDINATES APPENDIX F CHARTS FOR SOLUTION OF UNSTEADY TRANSPORT PROBLEMS APPENDIX G PROPERTIES OF THE STANDARD ATMOSPHERE APPENDIX H PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS APPENDIX I PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS APPENDIX J MASS-TRANSFER DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN BINARY SYSTEMS APPENDIX K LENNARD–JONES CONSTANTS APPENDIX L THE ERROR FUNCTION APPENDIX M STANDARD PIPE SIZES APPENDIX N STANDARD TUBING GAGES INDEX EULA "Momentum transfer in a fluid involves the study of the motion of fluids and the forces that produce these motions. From Newton's second law of motion it is known that force is directly related to the time rate of change of momentum of a system. Excluding action-at-a-distance forces, such as gravity, the forces acting on a fuid, such as those resulting from pressure and shear stress, may be shown to be the result of microscopic (molecular) transfer of momentum. Thus, the subject under consideration, which is historically fluid mechanics, may equally be termed momentum transfer. The history of fluid mechanics shows the skillful blending of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century analytical work in hydrodynamics with the empirical knowledge in hydraulics that man has collected over the ages. The mating of these separately developed disciplines was started by Ludwig Prandtl in 1904 with his boundary-layer theory, which was verifed by experiment. Modern fluid mechanics, or momentum transfer, is both analytical and experimental"-- Provided by publisher