Wonders lost and found : a celebration of the archaeological work of Professor Michael Vickers

Wonders Lost and Found: A celebration of the archaeological work of Professor Michael Vickers comprises, in all, twenty-one contributions, all on archaeological themes, written by friends and colleagues of Professor Michael Vickers, commemorating his contribution to archaeology. The contributions, reflecting the wide interests of Professor Vickers, range chronologically from the Aegean Bronze Age, to the use made of archaeology by dictators of the 19th and 20th centuries. Seven contributions are related to the archaeology of Georgia, where the Professor has worked most recently, and has made his home. Table of Contents Early Cycladic? Lead model boats in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford – Susan Sherratt Two Cushions, a Bes, a boar and a bead. New ‘discoveries’ in the Aegean collection at the Ashmolean – Helen Hughes-Brock Ancient Colchis and the origins of iron: interim results from recent field survey work in Guria, Western Georgia – Brian Gilmour, Marc Cox, Nathaniel Erb-Satullo, Nana Khakhutaishvili and Mark Pollard The structure and function of ancient metrology – John Neal The second stage of the Grakliani Culture – Vakhtang Licheli Owl skyphoi around the Adriatic – Branko Kirigin Gyenus on stage: civic foundation and the comedy of Aristophanes’ Birds – David Braund New archaeological finds at Pichvnari (November-December 2010) – Amiran Kakhidze A double-sided glass relief pinhead from ancient Colchis – the Pichvnari ‘Heracles – Sujatha Chandrasekaran Gold jewellery from Kavtiskhevi – Darejan Kacharava Palynological analysis of organic materials from Pichvnari (including the earliest silk in Georgia) – Eliso Kvavadze and Maia Chichinadze Mercurial metrics – Kenneth Lapatin The Erechtheion glass gems: classical innovation or Roman addition? – Despina Ignatiadou Carp from the Danube delta? Notes on an unusual gold-glass in the Wilshere Collection – Susan Walker Mediterranean drinking habits in Roman Britain: celery-flavoured wine prepared in an Iron Age bronze strainer – Eberhard W. Sauer, Mark Robinson and Graham Morgan From an offshore island: classical art and the Britons in Late Antiquity – Martin Henig The siege-drill (trypanon): new archaeological evidence from Georgia – Nicholas Sekunda An emphatic statement: the Undley-A gold bracteate and its message in fifth-century East Anglia – Daphne Nash Briggs The Levant Company and British collecting – Arthur MacGregor Cryptography and vasology: J.D. Beazley and Winifred Lamb in Room 40 – David W.J. Gill Dictators and Antiquity – Clive Foss Wonders Lost and Found: A celebration of the archaeological work of Professor Michael Vickers comprises, in all, twenty-one contributions, all on archaeological themes, written by friends and colleagues of Professor Michael Vickers, commemorating his contribution to archaeology. The contributions, reflecting the wide interests of Professor Vickers, range chronologically from the Aegean Bronze Age, to the use made of archaeology by dictators of the 19th and 20th centuries. Seven contributions are related to the archaeology of Georgia, where Professor has worked most recently, and has made his home. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright page 4 Contents Page 5 Preface 7 Early Cycladic? Lead model boats in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford 9 Susan Sherratt 9 All illustrations courtesy of the Department of Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum. 10 Figure 1. Ashmolean Museum 1929.26, gift of R.M. Dawkins. 10 Figure 2. Ashmolean Museum 1938.725, gift of A.J. Evans. 10 Figure 3. Ashmolean Museum 1938.726, gift of A.J. Evans. 10 Figure 4. Ashmolean Museum 1929.26. Drawing by Keith Bennett. 10 Figure 5. Ashmolean Museum 1938.725. Drawing by Keith Bennett. 10 New ‘discoveries’ in the Aegean collection at the Ashmolean 16 Two Cushions, a Bes, a boar and a bead 16 Helen Hughes-Brock 16 Figure 1 a and b Loop or stalk signet AN1952.107. Black steatite. Possibly Bes 17 Figure 2 a, b and c. Cushion- shaped seal AN2014.1. Agate. Boar. 18 Figure 3. Bead AE 312g. Transparent quartz. 20 Figure 4. Entries in the Ashmolean register for AE 306 and AE 308-311; two pots and three terracotta figurines found together with AE 312a-g in a chamber tomb at Kará on Mt Hymettus. 21 Figure 5. Entry in the register for AE 312a-g 22 Ancient Colchis and the origins of iron: 26 interim results from recent field survey work in Guria, Western Georgia 26 interim results from recent field survey work in Guria, Western Georgia 26 Brian Gilmour, Marc Cox, Nathaniel Erb-Satullo, Nana Khakhutaishvili and Mark Pollard 26 Figure 1. Location map showing the approximate extent of ancient Colchis, with the location of the survey. 27 Figure 2. Location map of known/suspected prehistoric smelting sites in western Georgia and north eastern Turkey (reproduced from Khakhutaishvili 2009 [1987]: 20). 28 Figure 3. Google earth view southwestern Georgia with the field survey area outlined in red, lying just south of the Supsa River. Note the position of the survey area in an intermediate zone between the Colchian lowlands and the large Rioni river basin to 30 Figure 4. Map of the Supsa-Gubazeuli copper smelting sites area overlaid onto the 1:50,000 Soviet military map of this area. One site (Site 34/Vakijvari I) was located about 10 km to the south of the main cluster and is not shown on this map. 31 Figure 5. View looking north-west across the abandoned tea plantations south-west of Mziani village. Site 5/Askana V occupies the centre of the low hill in the middle distance, towards the left. The partially exposed site of Site 1/Askana I is just out of 32 Figure 6. Magnetic susceptibility contour map of the area to the north-west of the nearby village Mziani (but still mainly within the district of Askana) showing the areas of two smelting sites as concentrations of magnetically active particles in the top 33 Figure 7. Overall results of the magnetometry survey over the first three areas covered, showing (a) a relatively featureless (except for a modern land-drain) meadow to the west and two former iron smelting areas to the north-east (a and b) and south-east 34 Figure 8. Site 5/Askana V (a) Remains of the furnace after the removal of the brown silty accumulation (visible in the top section here looking east) over the abandoned furnace. (b) Detail of the same view showing the remains of two periods of furnace use 35 Figure 9. Site 46/Askana XXVII, two views of the furnace after removal of post-abandonment backfill debris showing the largely intact (possibly primary) sandstone packing of the lower shaft, plus some surviving clay packing, uppermost here, of a secondary 36 Table 1 38 The structure and function of ancient metrology 41 John Neal 41 Table 1 43 Figure 1. A probable market trading standard from Tlemcen dated AD 1328. Said to be 47cm, its calculated value would be 47.026cm 44 Figure 2. Main bar of the George and Pilgrim Hotel, Glastonbury 45 Figure 3. Station stone rectangle based upon Petrie’s inner sarsen measurement. Note that there are three plethra lengths in one design 46 Figure 4. Geoid radius lengths and their ratios from the structure of metrology Polar 63,356.45kmmean 6,370.9kmequatorial 6,378.12km 48 Figure 5. Diagram showing the increases in the geographic feet towards the north and the fractions by which they increase 49 Figure 6. Boundary stele of Sesostris from Semna located at 21.5o N. (Altes Museum, Berlin) 52 The second stage of the Grakliani Culture 56 Vakhtang Licheli 56 Figure 1. Location of Grakliani Gora: aerial photo. 56 Figure 2. Grakliani Gora. Damaged Temple, plan and section. 57 Figure 3. Limestone capital. 58 Figure 4. Oven on the 3rd terrace, in Room III A. 59 Figure 5. Masterplan of the 3rd and 4th terraces 59 Figure 6. A Zoroastrian open fire altar discovered on the 4th terrace. 60 Figure 7. A kiln on the 2nd terrace. 61 Figure 9. Zoroastrian altar, 3rd terrace, BIII-C. 62 Figure 10. The ‘family mill’ in the building N IV-6 (5th-4th centuries BC) 62 Figure 8. Boat-shaped grinding stones. 62 Figure 11. Oven in the building N IV -1 with pottery in situ. 63 Figure 12. Shrine of the 10th century BC. 63 Figure 13. Inscription in the 10th century BC shrine. 64 Owl skyphoi around the Adriatic 66 Branko Kirigin 66 (numbers correspond with site numbers in the list of sites) 66 Figure 1. Map of the Adriatic from Google Earth with sites where owls have been found 66 Figure 2. Palagruža. Sherd with legs of a bird. (Photo B. Kirigin). 67 Figure 3. Vilina špilja. Painted pottery sherds (after Perkić 2010) 68 Figure 4. Čitluci. Front side (left) and handle side (right) of the Attic owl skyphos (photos by Ivo Dragičević) 69 Figure 5. Pharos. Owl skyphoi (after Katić 1999/2000) 70 Figure 6. Issa. Detail from the front side (left) and handle side (right) of Gnathia style oinochoe (photos T. Sesar) 71 Figure 10. Palagruža. Sherds of owl skyphoi. Inv. No. 72352, 72340 and 72341. (Photo B. Kirigin). 72 Figure 11. Palagruža. Seven sherds of owl skyphoi. From left to right. Upper row: Inv. Nos. 72350, 72345, 72346, 72351; lower row: 72347 (seemingly a palmette), 72348, 72349 (Photo B. Kirigin). 72 Figure 7. Palagruža. Sherd of an owl skyphos. Inv. No. 40216. (Photo B. Kirigin) 72 Figure 8. Palagruža. Two sherds of an owl skyphos. Inv. Nos. 72344 and 72343. (Photo B. Kirigin) 72 Figure 9. Palagruža. Sherd of an owl skyphos. Inv. No. 64509. (Photo B. Kirigin) 72 Figure 12. Nesactium. Reconstruction drawing of the owl skyphos (after Mihovilić 2004) and the 73 sherd showing a part of an owl shown on the left (Photo courtesy of Kristina Mihovilić). 73 Figure 13. Most na Soči. Attic owl skyphos. (After Mlinar 2002) 74 Gyenus on stage: civic foundation and the comedy of Aristophanes’ Birds 78 David Braund 78 New archaeological finds at Pichvnari (November-December 2010) 90 Amiran Kakhidze 90 Figure 1. Sand dunes, an overview 90 Figure 2. Terracotta dog’s head 91 Figure 3. Altar fragments with horn-shaped finials 91 Figure 4. Tile fragments 92 Figure 5. Spout-handled jug 94 Figure 6. Jug decorated with sun disc and moon 94 Figures 7-8. Attic ‘West Slope’ phiale 94 Figure 10. Silver earring 95 Figure 9. Gold and glass earrings 95 Figure 11. Polychrome glass head beads 96 Figure 12. Bronze fish hooks 96 A double-sided glass relief pinhead from ancient Colchis 98 – the Pichvnari ‘Heracles’ 98 Sujatha Chandrasekaran 98 Figure 1. The Hellenistic necropolis of Pichvnari. (Photograph S. Chandrasekaran) 98 Figure 2, a-c. A decorative pinhead from Pichvnari with double-sided relief depiction of ‘Heracles’. (After photographs by M. Vickers and T. Vashakidze) 99 Figure 3. Map with find sites of double-sided relief pendants and ornamental pinheads. (S. Chandrasekaran using AMWC Map Tiles – www.amwc.unc.edu [© CC BY-NC 3.0]) 100 Figure 4. A glass face mask from Carthage, 350-200 BC. Warsaw National Museum, Inv. no. 142640. (After Filarska 1962, pl. 1.3) 103 Gold jewellery from Kavtiskhevi 106 Darejan Kacharava 106 Gold jewellery from Kavtiskhevi 106 Darejan Kacharava 106 Figure 1. Pendant from Kavtiskhevi, Georgian National Museum, inv. no. 103-984:6. 106 Figure 2. Earrings from Kavtiskhevi, Georgian National Museum, inv. no. 103-984:5. 106 (including the earliest silk in Georgia) 110 Eliso Kvavadze and Maia Chichinadze 110 Palynological analysis of organic materials from Pichvnari 110 (including the earliest silk in Georgia) 110 Eliso Kvavadze and Maia Chichinadze 110 Figure 1. Pichvnari, Tomb. Large iron nail with wooden remains and textile attached. 110 Figure 2. Textile remains were found on a small bronze bell. 110 Figure 3. Pichvnari, Tomb. Arboreal pollen found in the organic remains of wood attached to the nail: 1, 2: Pinus; 3: Pterocarya pterocarpa; 4: Juglans regia; 5: Carpinus caucasica; 6: Alnus; 7: Polypodiaceae. 111 Figure 4. Pichvnari, Tomb. Pollen of cultivated landscapes found in the organic remains of wood attached to the nail, 1-6: Vitis vinifera; 7: Triticum; 8: undiff. Cerealia; 9: Artemisia; 10: Xanthium 112 Figure 5. Pichvnari, Tomb. Fibres of flax textile (Linum) taken from organic remains of the nail. 112 Figure 6. Pichvnari, Tomb. 1: fibre of wool textile; 2-6: fibre of silk from the organic remains of the nail. 112 Figure 7. Pichvnari, Tomb.1: twisted flax fibre; 2, 3: fibre of cotton (Gossipium). 113 Figure 8. Pichvnari. Funerary platform. Tracheal cells of pine wood (Pinus). 113 Figure 9. Pichvnari. Funerary platform. 1-4: bone salt crystals: 5-feather of bird. 114 Figure 10. Pichvnari. Bronze bell. Pollen taken from organic remains: 1: Abies nordmanniana; 2, 3: Pinus; 4: Picea; 5: Juglans regia; 6: Alnus; 7: Ulmus; 8: Carpinus caucasica; 9: Pteridium aquilinum; 10: Poaceae. 115 Figure 11. Pichvnari. Bronze bell. Flax fibres taken from organic remains of the bell. 115 Palynological analysis of organic materials from Pichvnari 110 Mercurial metrics 116 Kenneth Lapatin 116 Figure 1. The entire Berthouville Treasure 117 Figure 2. Dedications of Quintus Domitius Tutus 117 Figure 3. X-ray of skyphos BnF 56.6 revealing inscription 118 Figure 4. Hunting plate BnF 56.15 118 Figure 5. Hunting plate BnF 56.15, weight inscription on reverse 119 Figure 6. Large Mercury statue BnF 56.1 120 Figure 7. Germanissa plate BnF 56.24 121 Figure 8. Germanissa bowl BnF 56.25 121 Figure 10. Bowl with satyr head BnF 56.31 122 Figure 9. Dedications of Creticus BnF 56.226-28 122 Figure 11. Dichterbecher BnF 56.13 123 Figure 12. Dichterbecher BnF 56.14 123 The Erechtheion glass gems: classical innovation or Roman addition? 125 Despina Ignatiadou 125 Figure 1. Drawing of the Erechtheion guilloche and gems by von Hallerstein 1811 (after Stern 1985, pl. 96.2). 125 Figure 2. Ionic capital from the North Portico, Erechtheion, late 5th century BC (after Brouskari 1996, fig. 122). 126 Figure 3. Glass gems of the Graeco-Roman period (after Arveiller-Dulong, Nenna 2011, cat. no. 558). 127 Figure 4. Ceramic flask with glass gems, 2nd century AD (Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. no 17.194.1891). 128 Figure 5. Polychrome capital in the Macedonian Tomb of Euridice, third quarter of the 4th century BC (after Drougou, Saatsoglou-Paliadeli 2006, 185). 129 Figure 6. Faience pyxis from Thessaloniki with gold studded guilloche, third quarter of the 4th century BC. 130 Figure 7. Ionic capital from the temple of Rome and Augustus, late 1st century BC. 131 Figure 8. Door of the North Portico, Erechtheion; the door jambs are late 5th century BC, the lintel is late 1st century BC (after Brouskari 1996, fig. 125). 131 Carp from the Danube delta? Notes on an unusual gold-glass in the Wilshere Collection 133 Susan Walker 133 Figure 1. AN2007.23. The gold-leaf decoration seen from below, with the letters reversed. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. 134 Figure 2. AN2007.23. The weathered upper surface of the fragment, with repair (right). Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. 134 Figure 3. Backlit view of the fragment from above, showing triple layers of glass and the gold-leaf net appearing lower left. Dana Norris, Department of Conservation, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. 134 Figure 4. Manganese (horizontal axis) and antimony XRF readings for AN2007.23, shown as blue lozenges within red circles. Andrew Shortland, Cranfield University. 135 Figure 5. Cyprinus carpio (carp) recorded in 1879, compared with the fish depicted on AN2007.23. Wikimedia Commons and Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. 136 Figure 6. Detail of the fishing contest, right end of the third mosaic panel from the bath suite of the Villa of the Nile (Tripoli Museum). Photo: Philip Kenrick. 137 Figure 7. AN2007.39: two fish swim around a text. Department of Antiquities archive, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. 137 Figure 8. AN2007.40. Fragment of the base of a large, oval dish: four fish swim in a pool below the feet of people probably shown at prayer. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. 138 Mediterranean drinking habits in Roman Britain: 142 celery-flavoured wine prepared in an Iron Age bronze strainer 142 Eberhard W. Sauer, Mark Robinson and Graham Morgan1 142 Figure 1. Alchester in the military era. 143 Figure 2. Trench 32 with military-period features and the findspot of the wine strainer. 144 Figure 3. The fish-head spout. 144 Figure 4. The fish-head spout in profile. 144 Figure 5. Side view of the strainer with position of potential lid, drawn by Vanda Morton (scale: 1:2). 145 Figure 6. Front view of the strainer, drawn by Vanda Morton (scale: 1:2). 145 Figure 7. Back view of the spout with fragments of the sieve that would have covered all of the spout, drawn by Vanda Morton (scale: 1:2). 145 Figure 8. The strainer seen from above, drawn by Vanda Morton (scale: 1:2). 146 Figure 9. The strainer seen from below, drawn by Vanda Morton (scale: 1:2). Note that the one of the three pelta-shaped feet has been lost in antiquity prior to deposition, but traces of solder used to attach it to the bowl and the incised lines have enab 147 Figure 10. Waterlogged celery seeds from the wine strainer, near the sieve, photo by Mark Robinson. 149 From an offshore island: classical art and the Britons in Late Antiquity 154 Martin Henig 154 Figure 1. Love and Duty: the love-making of Dido and Aeneas. Mosaic from Low Ham, Somerset. 156 Figure 2. Aeneas plucks the Golden Bough. Mosaic from Frampton, Dorset. (engraving in S. Lysons, Reliquiae Britannico-Romanae 1, 1813). 156 Figure 3. Frieze of wild animals from the Orpheus mosaic at Woodchester, Gloucestershire. 157 Figure 4. Dedication to Mars Nodens and sea monsters on the cella mosaic in the temple at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire (engraving from W.H. Bathurst, Roman Antiquities at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire 1879). 158 Figure 5. Hermes Trismegistos with bird head, protecting the soul from evil forces. Mosaic from Brading Roman Villa, Isle of Wight. 158 Figure 6. Aratus, the astronomer. Mosaic from Brading Roman Villa. 159 Figure 7. Fluted bowl for hand-washing, from the villa at Blunsdon Ridge, Swindon, Wiltshire. 160 The siege-drill (trypanon): new archaeological evidence from Georgia 163 Nicholas Sekunda 163 Figure 1. Illustration accompanying the Parangelmata Poliorcetica (Vat. Gr. 1605, folio 14v) showing two variants of the siege-drill in operation (Sullivan 2000: pl. 9). 164 Figure 2. Manuscript illustration in Athenaeus Mechanicus illustrating the drill of Diades (after Schneider 1912: pl. 1). 165 Fig. 3: The Vani Drill-Head (after Lordkipanidzé 1986: Figure 224). 166 An emphatic statement: the Undley-A gold bracteate 168 and its message in fifth-century East Anglia 168 Daphne Nash Briggs 168 Figure 1. 1.1–3 Undley bracteate rotated to view Roman and runic halves; 1.5 Bronze nummus, house of Constantine I, AD 324–330, Trier mint, first officina, Urbs Roma type (Priv.coll.). 1.6, 8–9, Iceni silver units, c.50 BC–AD 10 (ABC 1498, 1501, 1495). 1. 188 Photos: 1.5 © Lynda Sayce. 1.6, 8–9 © Chris Rudd (66.44, 60.41, 100.25). Line drawings © D Nash Briggs. 188 Figure 2. 2.1 The Undley bracteate; 2.2 bird detail from helmet in ‘Roman’ position; 2.3 Wading bird silver toothpick, Hoxne treasure 146, AD 408+ (after Johns 2010: 136); 2.4 Iceni ‘Norfolk Wolf’ gold stater c. 56–50 BC (ABC 1396: arrow indicates composi 189 Photos © Chris Rudd (58.33, 50.39, 78.37, 53.51, 126.34, 82.33, 50.31). Line drawings © D Nash Briggs. 189 Figure 3. 3.2 Gold finger ring 10, Thetford treasure, c. AD 380–412 (after Johns and Potter 1983: 87); 3.3 Gold finger ring 8, Hoxne treasure, c. AD 408+, found with ring 9 (similar) threaded on a gold chain (after Johns 2010: 213); 3.4 Adjustable bronze 190 Line drawings © D Nash Briggs; photo 3.5 © Lynda Sayce. 190 The Levant Company and British collecting 193 Arthur MacGregor 193 Figure 1. Sir Thomas Roe, Kt., the frontispiece to Roe’s Negotiations of Sir T. Roe in his Embassy to the Ottoman Porte from the year 1621 to 1628 (1741). Engraving by George Vertue, perhaps after Michiel Janszoon Mierevelt. © Trustees of the British Muse 194 Figure 2. The Parian Marble, third-century BC; height 56.5 cm, width 81.2 cm. The inscribed slab – the earliest extant example of a Greek chronological table – was acquired in Smyrna by William Petty in 1626. A smaller fragment of it was discovered on Par 195 Figure 3. Edward Pocock, D.D., Professor of ye Hebrew & Arabick Tongues in ye University of Oxford & Canon of Christ Church, the frontispiece to his Works (1740). Engraving by François Morellon de la Cave, after W. Green. © Trustees of the British Museum 196 Figure 4. Alexander Russell, MD, FRS, author of the Natural History of Aleppo (1756); illustration from an unidentified publication. The vignette of flowers is labelled ‘Scammonia’. Etching by Thomas Trotter after Nathaniel Dance. © Trustees of the Britis 198 Figure 5. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin. Etching by Stephen James Ferris after a drawing by George Perfect Harding from a painting by Anton Graff. © Trustees of the British Museum. Inv. no. 1893,0315.5. 198 Figure 6. Remains of the Parthenon, or Temple of Minerva at Athens, with some of the fragments brought over to England by Lord Elgin. Etching by Thomas Dixon after a painting by William Marshall Craig. © Trustees of the British Museum. Inv. no. 1871,0812. 199 Figure 7. Screen-shot of the front page of the Burgon Archive Project, established 2004 by Michael Vickers. © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/amulets/burgonarchive/ 200 Cryptography and vasology: J.D. Beazley and Winifred Lamb in Room 40 202 David W.J. Gill 202 Figure 1. Athenian black-figured amphora depicting Theseus and the Minotaur. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum inv. AN 1918.64. Courtesy: The Ashmolean Museum. 204 Dictators and Antiquity 207 Clive Foss 207 Figure 1. A Roman temple for the glory of the Grand Army 210 Figure 2. Napoleon and Friends. The Emperor, wearing correct Roman dress, is flanked by History recording his deeds and Victory who crowns him, while Paris and a bound captive kneel at his feet and Fame flies above. 211 Figure 3. What the Führer Saw. Mosaic pavement of Rome’s Ostiense station of Augustus with the map of the Roman Empire in the background. 214 Figure 4. It All Leads to Mussolini. The building history of Rome from Romulus and Augustus culminates in the Duce on horseback. 214 Figure 5. A World Capital. The grandiose boulevard of Hitler’s Berlin/Germania as designed by Albert Speer. 218 Figure 6. Modern Persia in Ancient Dress. Reza Shah’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, rich in Achaemenid motifs. 221 Figure 7: The world watches the glory of Iran as Cyrus’s army marches to celebrate the 2500th birthday of the monarchy. 222 Figure 8: When Turks Civilized the World. The rays radiating from Central Asia represent the migrations of the Turks as they brought higher culture to Eurasia. 225 Back cover 230 Michael,Vickers,Aegean Bronze Age,archaeology of Georgia