Women with Epilepsy in Child-bearing Age: Diagnosis and Treatment

This book aims to collect research findings and provide insightful recommendations on various aspects of female epilepsy patients of childbearing age. This book discusses multidisciplinary effort of brain science, reproductive medicine, endocrinology, drug metabolism, genetics, maternal and infant medicine, etc. This book is written by a multidisciplinary team of researchers who had a passion for improving the quality of life of women with epilepsy, to demonstrate the latest scientific discoveries and precise management strategies for women with epilepsy in child-bearing age. Foreword Introduction to Torbjörn Tomson Editorial Board Contents 1: Disease Burden of Women with Epilepsy 1.1 The Uniqueness of Diagnosis and Treatment in Women with Epilepsy 1.2 Disease Burden and Quality of Life in Women with Epilepsy 1.2.1 Epidemiological Data on Epilepsy Disease Burden by Sex 1.2.1.1 Global Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality of Epilepsy 1.2.1.2 Comparison of the Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality of Epilepsy in Men and Women 1.2.1.3 Characteristics of Epidemiological Data on Epilepsy in Women 1.2.2 Social Psychology of Women with Epilepsy 1.2.2.1 Stigma 1.2.2.2 Mental Health 1.2.2.3 Sexual Dysfunction 1.2.2.4 Quality of Life 1.2.2.5 Quality of Life Characteristics in Adolescents, Women of Childbearing Age, and Menopausal Women with Epilepsy 1.2.2.5.1 Quality of Life in Adolescents 1.2.2.5.2 Quality of Life in Women of Childbearing Age 1.2.2.5.3 Quality of Life in Menopausal Women 1.2.2.6 Principles and Components of Social and Psychological Care for Female Patients with Epilepsy 1.3 Overview of Global Cohort Studies of Women with Epilepsy 1.3.1 Clinical Cohort Studies: Designs and Methodologies References Suggested Readings 2: Diagnosis and Treatment of Women with Epilepsy 2.1 Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Epilepsy 2.1.1 Epilepsy: Related Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria 2.1.2 Treatment of Epilepsy 2.1.2.1 Drug Therapy 2.1.2.2 Surgical Treatment 2.1.2.3 Ketogenic Diet Therapy 2.1.2.4 Neurostimulation Treatment 2.1.2.4.1 Vagus Nerve Stimulation 2.1.2.4.2 Deep Brain Stimulation 2.1.2.4.3 Responsive Neurostimulation 2.1.2.4.4 tDCS/tACS 2.1.2.4.5 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Epilepsy 2.1.2.4.6 Ultrasound Stimulation 2.1.2.4.7 Sensory Stimulation for Epilepsy 2.1.2.4.8 Future Directions 2.1.2.5 Stem Cell Therapy (Experimental Treatment) 2.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment of Epilepsy 2.2.1 The Historical Understanding of Epilepsy in Traditional Chinese Medicine 2.2.2 Insights on Epilepsy in Traditional Chinese Medicine 2.2.3 TCM Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Epilepsy 2.2.3.1 Epileptic Phase 2.2.3.2 Epileptic Interval 2.2.4 Progress of TCM Research in Epilepsy 2.3 Practice of Epilepsy Management in Women with Epilepsy of Childbearing Age 2.3.1 Challenges and Practices in Epilepsy Management for Women of Childbearing Age 2.3.2 Explorations of Novel Mechanisms of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy from Extracerebral Systems 2.3.2.1 Relationship Between Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) and Epilepsy 2.3.2.2 Relationship Between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Epilepsy 2.3.2.3 Relationship Between Gastrointestinal Function and Epilepsy 2.3.3 Innovative Strategies for ASM Management During Pregnancy 2.3.3.1 Risk Assessments of ASM Use in Pregnancy 2.3.3.2 Monitoring of ASM Concentrations in Pregnancy 2.3.4 Innovative Technologies for Epilepsy Monitoring and Prediction 2.3.4.1 Establishment of a Remote Seizure Monitoring and Alert System 2.3.4.2 Development of Seizure Warning Urine Protein and Metabolomics Kits 2.3.4.3 Establishment of an Out-of-Hospital Smart Visualized System for Epilepsy Emergency Follow-Up and Treatment References Suggested Readings 3: The Relationship Between Epilepsy, Antiseizure Medication, and Sex Hormones 3.1 Seizures and Sex Hormones 3.2 Antiseizure Medications and Sex Hormones 3.3 Catamenial Epilepsy 3.3.1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Catamenial Epilepsy 3.3.1.1 Concept and Classification of Catamenial Epilepsy 3.3.1.2 Diagnosis of Catamenial Epilepsy 3.3.2 The Role of Sex Hormones in Catamenial Epilepsy 3.3.2.1 General Drug Treatment of Catamenial Epilepsy 3.3.2.2 Research Progress on the Role of Sex Hormones in Catamenial Epilepsy 3.4 Hormone Therapy in Epilepsy 3.4.1 Estrogen 3.4.2 Progesterone 3.4.3 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and Its Synthetic Analogues 3.4.4 Testosterone 3.4.5 Experience of Hormone Therapy in Epilepsy References Suggested Readings 4: Preconception Management of Women with Epilepsy 4.1 Contraception in Women with Epilepsy 4.1.1 Pregnancy Status and Contraception in Women with Epilepsy 4.1.2 Contraceptive Risks in Women with Epilepsy 4.1.2.1 Interplay Between Hormonal Contraception and ASMs 4.1.2.2 Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on Specific ASMs 4.1.2.3 Effects of Contraceptive Pills on Seizure Control 4.1.3 Contraceptive Methods for Women with Epilepsy 4.2 Epilepsy and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 4.2.1 The Relationship Between Epilepsy, Antiseizure Medications, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 4.2.1.1 Overview of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 4.2.1.2 PCOS and Epilepsy 4.2.1.3 PCOS and Antiseizure Medications 4.2.2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Epilepsy with Comorbid PCOS 4.2.2.1 Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations of PCOS with Epilepsy 4.2.2.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment of Epileptic Comorbidity PCOS 4.3 Pre-pregnancy Counseling for Women with Epilepsy 4.3.1 Counseling for Pregnancy Preparation 4.3.1.1 Pre-pregnancy Medication Management 4.3.1.2 Degree of Pre-pregnancy Epilepsy Control 4.3.1.3 Other Management Before Pregnancy 4.3.2 Genetic Counseling References Suggested Readings 5: Perinatal Management of Women with Epilepsy 5.1 Management of Epilepsy During Pregnancy 5.2 Monitoring and Early Warning of Seizures 5.2.1 Electroencephalogram 5.2.2 Artificial Intelligence Monitoring of Seizures 5.2.3 Wearable Seizure Monitoring Devices 5.2.4 Advances in Monitoring and Early Warning of Seizures 5.3 Prevention and Management of Pregnancy Complications 5.3.1 Obstetric Complications in Women with Epilepsy 5.3.2 Measures for the Management of Pregnancy Complications in Women with Epilepsy 5.4 Choice of Anesthesia and Mode of Delivery 5.4.1 Choice of Birth Mode for Female Patients with Epilepsy 5.4.2 Prevention and Management of Epileptic Seizures During Delivery in Women with Epilepsy 5.4.3 Mode of Anesthesia for Women with Epilepsy 5.5 Antiseizure Medications in Pregnancy 5.5.1 Changes in the Concentration of Different Antiseizure Medications During Pregnancy 5.5.2 Causes of Concentration Changes of Antiseizure Medications in Pregnancy 5.5.3 Current Status and Development Trends of Antiseizure Medication Concentration Monitoring 5.5.4 Monitoring of ASM Concentration and Population Analysis of Drug Effects 5.5.5 ASMs Concentration Monitoring and Model-Based Precision Medicine 5.5.6 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiseizure Medications 5.6 Maternal and Fetal Risks with Seizures During Pregnancy 5.7 Perinatal Counseling for Women with Epilepsy References Suggested Readings 6: Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy 6.1 Recommendations for Folic Acid Supplementation in Current National Guidelines 6.2 Benefits and Potential Harms of Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy in Women with Epilepsy 6.2.1 Benefits of Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy in Women with Epilepsy 6.2.2 Potential Harms of Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy in Women with Epilepsy 6.2.3 Interactions Between Folic Acid and Antiseizure Medications 6.2.4 Other Potential Adverse Risks of Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy References Suggested Readings 7: Postpartum Management for Women with Epilepsy 7.1 Postpartum Complications 7.1.1 The Frequency for Postpartum Depression in Women with Epilepsy 7.1.2 The Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression in Women with Epilepsy 7.1.3 The Neurobiological and Psychological Mechanisms for Postpartum Depression in Women with Epilepsy 7.1.4 Recommendations for the Management of Postpartum Depression in Women with Epilepsy 7.2 Breastfeeding in Women with Epilepsy 7.2.1 Safety of Breastfeeding for Women with Epilepsy 7.2.2 Considerations for Breastfeeding 7.3 Effects of Antiseizure Medications on Offspring 7.3.1 Effects of Antiseizure Medications on the Fetus 7.3.2 Effect of ASMs in Animal Models 7.3.3 Mechanisms of Teratogenicity 7.4 Postpartum Counseling for Women with Epilepsy References Suggested Readings