Women in Archaeology: Intersectionalities in Practice Worldwide (Women in Engineering and Science)

This book tells the story of women in archaeology worldwide and their dedication to advancing knowledge and human understanding. In their own voices, they present themselves as archaeologists working in academia or the private and public sector across 33 countries. The chapters in this volume reconstruct the history of archaeology while honoring those female scholars and their pivotal research who are no longer with us. Many scholars in this volume fiercely explore non-traditional research areas in archaeology. The chapters bear witness to their valuable and unique contributions to reconstructing the past through innovative theoretical and methodological approaches. In doing so, they share the inherent difficulties of practicing archaeology, not only because they, too, are mothers, sisters, and wives but also because of the context in which they are writing. This volume may interest researchers in archaeology, history of science, gender studies, and feminist theory. Chapter 11 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. Preface About the Editor Acknowledgments Contents Contributors Part I: Introduction Chapter 1: Women Practicing Archaeology Introduction Intersectionality: A Unifying Framework Intersectionalities in Archaeological Practice Worldwide Women Shaping the Profession Women and the Professionalization of Archaeology Women Archaeologists in Times of War Women Archaeologists in Post-World War Women Archaeologists in the New World Order Women and Archaeological Sciences Women Archaeologists in the World of Work Women Against Abuse, Harassment, and Discrimination in the World of Work Women of Wisdom References Part II: The Americas Chapter 2: Women in US Cultural Resource Management: Stories of Courage, Ingenuity, Perseverance, and Intellect Introduction CRM: Definition and Development Fundamental Federal Legislation and Regulations that Made CRM Possible Precursors to CRM: Salvage Work on Dams and Reservoirs The Transition to and Full Emergence of CRM as an Industry Why Women Who Want to Be Archaeologists Should Consider a Career in CRM References Chapter 3: Women in the Emergence of Archaeology of Mexico and Central America Introduction Women as Collectors Women as Natural Historians Women and Museums Women in Academic Anthropology References Chapter 4: Digging in Our Grandmother’s Gardens: Black Women Archaeologists in the United States from the 1930s to the Present Introduction Black Women Doing Archaeology Before 1980 Black American Women Trowel Blazers of the Late Twentieth Century Fostering African American Women Archaeologists for the Future African American Women and their Intellectual Genealogies Community Engagement as Social Justice Where African American Women Archaeologists Work Research at Sites of Enslavement Work on Slavery and its Afterlives in the United States References Chapter 5: The History of Teotihuacan Through the Eyes of Women Scholars Early History of the Teotihuacan Valley The Urban Settlement of Teotihuacan Teotihuacan’s Natural Environment and Subsistence Strategies The City’s Sectors Craft Specialization Archaeometric Studies Final Considerations References Chapter 6: Las Mexicanas and their Clay Griddles: Lessons from Ethnoarchaeology for the Fight Against Poverty Introduction Previous Investigations at Cuentepec Ethnoarchaeological Research at Cuentepec (1998–2004) Analytical Studies Ethnoarchaeology: Its Unrealized Potential Ethnoarchaeology and Economic Growth and Development A Methodological Reorientation Unforeseen Consequences The Identity of Poverty The Future Is Ethnoarchaeology References Chapter 7: Las Invisibles: The Unrecognized Contributions of Women to Ecuadorian Archaeology Introduction The Context of Archaeological Practice in Ecuador Gender in the Archaeology of Ecuador Two Notable Female Archaeologists and Their Contributions to the Archaeology of Ecuador Rhythms of Guayaquil’s Past: The Contributions of Resfa Parducci Love, Food, and Community: The Contributions of Karen Stothert Conclusions References Chapter 8: Myriam N. Tarragó, a Woman at the Crossroads of Argentinian Archaeology Introduction Women at the Dawn of Argentine Archaeology Myriam Tarragó “This Is What I Want to Do!” When Ideals Matter The Fleeting Spring and the Later Illegal Detention The Return from Exile Myriam, MET Director and Example for the Next Generations Concluding Remarks References Chapter 9: Indigenous Archaeologies and the (Re)Action of Women Archaeologists: An Overview of the Brazilian Archaeology Context Introduction Indigenous Demands and the Re(Action) of Women Archaeologists Women Archaeologists and the Decolonization of Archaeological Thought “Doing Archaeology as a Feminist” in the Brazilian Context Women Archaeologists, Indigenous People, and ‘Situated Knowledges’ Final Remarks References Part III: Europe Chapter 10: Prehistoric Archaeology in Spain from a Feminist Perspective: Thirty Years of Reflection and Debate Introduction The Archaeological Study of Maintenance Activities The Archaeology of the Body Maternity and Childhood Depictions The Postcolonial Views Women and the Practice of Archaeology Feminist Public Archaeology References Chapter 11: Women’s Pathways in the History of Spanish Archaeology: A New Synthesis Introduction The Early Pioneers (Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries) First Professional Women in Spanish Archaeology (1910–1939) Finding Their Way: Women Archaeologists from the 1940s to the 1960s Raising Their Heads: Women in the Last Three Decades of the Twentieth Century Women Archaeologists in the Twenty-First Century Conclusions References Chapter 12: The Professionalization of Female Prehistorians in France in the Twentieth Century Introduction Women in a Field Dominated by Amateurs Women in the French Learned Societies Before 1914 The Interwar Period Patrons, Wives or Epigones of Great Men In the Shadow of Husbands and Fathers In the Service of Great Men The Specificity of the French Situation After the Second World War – The Professionalization of French Prehistory The First Professional Women Prehistorians A Volunteer But World-Renowned Female Researcher The Leroi-Gourhan School Conclusions References Chapter 13: Female and Male Archaeologists in Italy from the Unification (1871) to Contemporary Times Introduction From the Unification to the Second World War Female Archaeology from Second World War to Today: Quantitative Approach Female Archaeology After the Second World War to Today Conclusions References Chapter 14: Women’s Contributions to Archaeology in Germany Since the Nineteenth Century Introduction Female Antiquarians as Early Archaeologists Nineteenth Century: Archaeological Work by Autodidacts Early Twentieth Century Archaeologists Committed to National Socialism and Victims of Nazi Persecution Between 1933 and 1945 Archaeology in Post-war Germany Female Archaeologists in Divided Germany Decades of Transformation in the East and West Conclusions References Chapter 15: Women as Actors and Objects: The Discovery of ‘Venus’ Figurines in Present-Day Austria Introduction Venus of Willendorf Venus of Langenzersdorf Venus of Falkenstein Venus of Stratzing Conclusions References Chapter 16: A Safe Space for Women Archaeologists? The Impact of K.A.N. on Norwegian Archaeology Introduction The Historical Background K.A.N. – The Journal The First Phase – Re-orientation and Establishment The Second Phase – Consolidation, Empirical Research, and Theoretical Development The Third Phase – Gender and Third Waves The Last Phase – Going International The Impact of K.A.N. in Norwegian Archaeology The Norwegian Strategy K.A.N. as a Safe Space Theoretical and Epistemological Impact Concluding Remarks References Chapter 17: Moving Big Slabs: Lili Kaelas and Märta Strömberg – Two Swedish Pioneers in European Megalith Research Introduction A Broad Spectrum of Approaches: Briefly on Swedish Female Colleagues on Megaliths Lily Kaelas: Moving Swedish Megaliths Research into European Contexts Märta Strömberg: Moving Attention Beyond the Megalith’s Chamber Discussion Comparing their Work A Comparison of their Wider Academic Contexts and Possible Influences A Comparative Discussion of their Social and Temporal Context Conclusions References Chapter 18: Women in the Archaeology of the Trans-Urals (Russian Federation) Introduction Archaeology of Bronze and Iron Ages in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia Investigation of Peat Bog Sites in the Middle Trans-Urals Women and Children in the Bronze Age Urals Conclusions References Chapter 19: No Pay, Low Pay, and Unequal Pay: The TrowelBlazers Perspective on the History of Women in Archaeology References Part IV: Middle East Chapter 20: The Story of Nawala A. Al-Mutawalli, a Woman Archaeologist from Iraq Introduction About the Archaeology of Iraq Studying Archaeology in Iraq Women in the Archaeology of Iraq Epilogue Part V: Africa Chapter 21: Women and the Foundation of Egyptian Archaeology Introduction Egypt, Egyptology, and Europe in the 1800s Women in Britain at the Turn of the Twentieth Century Amelia Ann Blandford Edwards Margaret Alice Murray Gertrude Caton Thompson Success and Challenges The Field Today Conclusions References Chapter 22: Female Archaeologists in West Africa: The Case of Senegal Introduction Archaeology in French West Africa, Origins, Practice, and Public Perception Women in the Archaeology of Africa during the Colonial Period Women in Senegalese Archaeology Why so few African Women Are Interested in West African Archaeology? Invisible Women Rigid Gender Roles Girls’ Education Challenges Women in Academia Facts and Stereotypes Being Black, Women, and Archaeologist in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Long Way to Go Conclusion References Chapter 23: Tanzanian Women in Archaeology Introduction History of Archaeology in Tanzania Pre-colonial Roots to Independence (1848–1961) Entryways: Beginning of Professional Archaeology Education in Tanzania (1962–1985) UDSM Archaeology Growth and Formalization (1985–Present) Possibilities and Pathways Women in Government and Academia Encountering Archaeology in the Classroom and Field Navigating Global Curricula Motherhood and Communities of Care Conclusions References Chapter 24: Women Politics and Archaeology in Sudan Introduction Women in Sudan’s History Women in Higher Education Politics and Archaeology The Al-Khandaq Project Conclusions References Part VI: Asia Chapter 25: Women in Southeast Asian Archaeology: Discoveries, Accomplishments, and Challenges Introduction Historical Contexts of Southeast Asian Archaeology Colonial Roots of Southeast Asian Archaeology Major Contributions by Women in Southeast Asian Archaeology Substantive Contributions: Important Women Culture Historians Methodological and Theoretical Contributions to Southeast Asian Archaeology by Women Discussion: Trends and Tendencies Region-Specific Factors? Commonalities beyond Southeast Asia Parting Thoughts References Chapter 26: Swimming Against the Tide: The Journey of a Bengali Archaeologist Introduction Archaeology and Buddhism Buddhist Monuments Ratnagiri Explorations in the Nepalese Tarai Excavations at Telkupi: A Submerged Temple Site in West Bengal Bronze Images The Archaeology of Tourism Bhubaneshwar’s Guidebook Konarak’s Guidebook Sanchi’s Guidebook Ajanta’s Guidebook Carving a Niche Within a Patriarchal Frame References Chapter 27: Women in Japanese Archaeology Introduction Yoshiko Makabe: Her Life and Her Contributions Salt Making Pots Women in the Past Women Archaeologists Who Went Abroad Shell and Beads Conclusions References Chapter 28: Female Scholars and Their Contributions to Chinese Archaeology Introduction Background: A Brief Historical Overview The Beginnings of Chinese Archaeology in the Early Twentieth Century The First Generation of China-Trained Archaeologists Graduated in the 1950s and Early 1960s The Classes of 1977 and 1978: A New Beginning after the Cultural Revolution The Boom of Archaeology and a New Crop of Female Archaeologists: 1990s to the Present References Part VII: Australia Chapter 29: Women in Australian Archaeology: Challenges and Achievements Introduction The Academy Cultural Heritage Management, Government Policy and Legislative Protection Ethnoarchaeology Gender Archaeology Future Research References Correction to: Women in Archaeology Correction to: S. L. López Varela (ed.), Women in Archaeology, Women in Engineering and Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27650-7 This book tells the story of women in archaeology worldwide and their dedication to advancing knowledge and human understanding. In their own voices, they present themselves as archaeologists working in academia or the private and public sector across 33 countries. The chapters in this volume reconstruct the history of archaeology while honoring those female scholars and their pivotal research who are no longer with us. Many scholars in this volume fiercely explore non-traditional research areas in archaeology. The chapters bear witness to their valuable and unique contributions to reconstructing the past through innovative theoretical and methodological approaches. In doing so, they share the inherent difficulties of practicing archaeology, not only because they, too, are mothers, sisters, and wives but also because of the context in which they are writing. This volume may interest researchers in archaeology, history of science, gender studies, and feminist theory. Chapter(s) “14” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.