Woelfel's Dental Anatomy: Its Relevance to Dentistry Edition 8

A market-leading dental anatomy textbook for dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting students, Woelfel's Dental Anatomy focuses on anatomy of the human mouth and teeth, and is designed to help the student understand the relationship of the teeth to one another, and to the bones, muscles, nerves, and vessels associated with the teeth and face. This text does more than simply explain dental anatomy; it links the anatomy to clinical practice, giving readers a stronger and more practical understanding of tooth structure and function, morphology, anatomy, and terminology. Chapters have been revised and reorganized into three parts—Comparative Tooth Anatomy, Application of Tooth Anatomy in Dental Practice, and Anatomic Structures of the Oral Cavity—to make the material more accessible to dental hygiene programs. The companion website offers Student Resources for an enhanced learning experience with an interactive image bank, image labeling exercises, and PowerPoint presentations. Instructor Resources include a test generator, an interactive image bank, PowerPoint presentations, and answers to the book's critical thinking questions. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 REVIEWERS......Page 5 BOOK FEATURES......Page 6 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 9 Contents......Page 10 PART I: COMPARATIVE TOOTH ANATOMY......Page 11 OBJECTIVES......Page 13 B. COMPLETE PERMANENT DENTITION......Page 14 SECTION II: TOOTH IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS: UNIVERSAL, WORLD DENTAL FEDERATION (INTERNATIONAL), AND PALMER NUMBERING SYSTEMS......Page 17 A. FOUR TISSUES OF A TOOTH......Page 21 B. ANATOMIC VERSUS CLINICAL CROWN AND ROOT......Page 22 SECTION IV: INTRODUCTION TO THE PERIODONTIUM......Page 23 C. TERMS THAT DIFFERENTIATE BITING SURFACES OF ANTERIOR VERSUS POSTERIOR TEETH......Page 25 F. DIVISIONS (THIRDS) OF THE CROWN OR ROOT (FOR PURPOSES OF DESCRIPTION)......Page 26 G. ROOT-TO-CROWN RATIO......Page 27 A. MORPHOLOGY OF AN ANATOMIC CROWN......Page 28 B. EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANATOMIC ROOT......Page 35 SECTION VII: TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO THE IDEAL TOOTH ALIGNMENT OF TEETH IN DENTAL ARCHES......Page 37 B. HEIGHT OF CONTOUR (CREST OF CURVATURE) ON A FACIAL OR LINGUAL SURFACE......Page 38 D. EMBRASURE SPACES......Page 41 SECTION VIII: IDEAL OCCLUSION: INTER (BETWEEN) ARCH RELATIONSHIP OF TEETH......Page 43 SECTION IX: TOOTH DEVELOPMENT FROM LOBES......Page 44 SECTION X: INTERESTING VARIATIONS IN ANIMAL TEETH COMPARED TO HUMAN TEETH......Page 46 Review Questions......Page 48 Critical Thinking......Page 49 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 50 OBJECTIVES......Page 52 B. MORPHOLOGY OF INCISORS......Page 53 C. CLASS TRAITS FOR ALL INCISORS......Page 54 D. ARCH TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR INCISORS......Page 55 A. MAXILLARY INCISORS FROM THE LABIAL VIEW......Page 59 B. MAXILLARY INCISORS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW......Page 60 D. MAXILLARY INCISORS FROM THE INCISAL VIEW......Page 62 A. MANDIBULAR INCISORS FROM THE LABIAL VIEW......Page 65 B. MANDIBULAR INCISORS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW......Page 68 D. MANDIBULAR INCISORS FROM THE INCISAL VIEW......Page 69 SECTION IV: INTERESTING VARIATIONS AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN INCISORS......Page 72 REFERENCES......Page 74 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 75 A. FUNCTIONS......Page 77 B. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OR CLASS TRAITS (SIMILARITIES) OF CANINES (BOTH MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR)......Page 78 OBJECTIVES......Page 80 A. CANINES FROM THE LABIAL VIEW......Page 81 B. CANINES FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW......Page 83 C. CANINES FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS......Page 85 D. CANINES FROM THE INCISAL VIEW......Page 87 SECTION III: INTERESTING FACTS AND VARIATIONS IN CANINE TEETH......Page 89 Critical Thinking......Page 92 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 93 A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PREMOLARS......Page 95 C. CLASS TRAITS OF PREMOLARS......Page 96 D. ARCH TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS......Page 99 A. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY PREMOLARS FROM THE BUCCAL VIEW......Page 101 B. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY PREMOLARS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW......Page 103 C. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY PREMOLARS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS......Page 104 D. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY PREMOLARS FROM THE OCCLUSAL VIEW......Page 106 OBJECTIVES......Page 109 A. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS FROM THE BUCCAL VIEW......Page 110 B. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW......Page 113 C. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS......Page 115 D. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS FROM THE OCCLUSAL VIEW......Page 118 Critical Thinking......Page 125 Review Questions......Page 126 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 127 OBJECTIVES......Page 130 A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MOLARS......Page 131 D. ARCH TRAITS THAT DIFFERENTIATE MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR MOLARS......Page 132 OBJECTIVES......Page 134 A. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR MOLARS FROM THE BUCCAL VIEW......Page 136 C. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR MOLARS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS......Page 139 D. TYPE TRAITS OF MANDIBULAR MOLARS FROM THE OCCLUSAL VIEW......Page 142 Review Questions......Page 147 A. TYPE TRAITS OF THE MAXILLARY MOLARS FROM THE BUCCAL VIEW......Page 148 B. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY MOLARS FROM THE LINGUAL VIEW......Page 151 C. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY MOLARS FROM THE PROXIMAL VIEWS......Page 152 D. TYPE TRAITS OF MAXILLARY MOLARS FROM THE OCCLUSAL VIEW......Page 156 Review Questions......Page 162 A. TYPE TRAITS OF ALL THIRD MOLARS (DIFFERENT FROM FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS)......Page 163 C. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THIRD MOLAR CROWNS COMPARED WITH FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS IN THE SAME ARCH......Page 165 D. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF THIRD MOLAR ROOTS COMPARED WITH FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS IN THE SAME ARCH......Page 166 SECTION V: INTERESTING VARIATIONS AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN MOLARS......Page 167 REFERENCES......Page 170 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 171 B. DENTAL FORMULAE......Page 174 C. FUNCTIONS OF THE PRIMARY DENTITION......Page 175 A. IMPORTANT TIMES FOR TOOTH ERUPTION......Page 176 B. CROWN AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT......Page 178 SECTION III: TRAITS OF ALL PRIMARY TEETH......Page 182 A. TRAITS OF ALL PRIMARY TEETH COMPARED TO PERMANENT TEETH......Page 183 E. ROOT TRAITS OF PRIMARY POSTERIOR TEETH......Page 184 A. PRIMARY INCISOR TRAITS......Page 185 B. PRIMARY CANINE TRAITS......Page 188 C. PRIMARY MOLAR TRAITS......Page 189 SECTION V: PULP CAVITIES OF PRIMARY TEETH......Page 196 Review Questions......Page 202 REFERENCES......Page 203 PART II: APPLICATION OF TOOTH ANATOMY IN DENTAL PRACTICE......Page 205 CHAPTER 7: Periodontal Anatomy......Page 207 SECTION I: DEFINITIONS OF BASIC PERIODONTAL TERMS......Page 208 C. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT (ABBREVIATED PDL)......Page 209 D. GINGIVA......Page 210 B. PERIODONTITIS......Page 214 C. GINGIVAL RECESSION19......Page 216 A. TOOTH MOBILITY......Page 218 B. PROBE DEPTHS......Page 221 C. GINGIVAL MARGIN LEVEL (GINGIVAL RECESSION OR NONRECESSION)......Page 222 E. BLEEDING ON PROBING......Page 223 F. FURCATION INVOLVEMENT......Page 224 G. LACK OF ATTACHED GINGIVA (PREVIOUSLY CALLED A MUCOGINGIVAL DEFECT)......Page 227 H. THE PLAQUE SCORE (INDEX)......Page 229 SECTION VI: RELATIONSHIP OF TOOTH SUPPORT AND ROOT MORPHOLOGY33......Page 230 SECTION VII: INFLUENCE OF ROOT ANATOMY AND ANOMALIES ON THE PROGRESSION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE......Page 232 SECTION IX: THE INFLUENCE OF ROOT ANATOMY ON PERIODONTAL INSTRUMENTATION, ORAL HYGIENE INSTRUCTION AND PERIODONTAL MAINTENANCE......Page 233 Review Questions......Page 237 REFERENCES......Page 238 BASIC TEXTBOOKS......Page 239 RESOURCE FOR PERIODONTAL DISEASE CLASSIFICATION......Page 240 A. THE SHAPE OF PULP CAVITIES AND CONFIGURATION OF PULP CANALS......Page 241 B. SHAPE OF PULP CAVITIES IN SOUND YOUNG TEETH......Page 243 D. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF PULP MORPHOLOGY RELATED TO RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY......Page 249 E. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF PULP MORPHOLOGY RELATED TO ENDODONTICS......Page 250 E. MANDIBULAR CANINES......Page 254 J. MANDIBULAR FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS......Page 255 K. MAXILLARY FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS......Page 256 Critical Thinking......Page 257 OTHER GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 258 OBJECTIVES......Page 260 A. IDEAL CLASS I OCCLUSION......Page 261 B. DENTAL MALOCCLUSIONS OF TEETH......Page 263 C. CLASS II MALOCCLUSION......Page 265 D. CLASS III MALOCCLUSION......Page 266 A. ANATOMY OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT......Page 267 B. MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE LOWER JOINT SPACE......Page 270 C. MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE UPPER JOINT SPACE......Page 271 B. CENTRIC RELATION......Page 272 C. PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION......Page 275 D. JAW RELATIONSHIPS DURING HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS OF THE MANDIBLE......Page 276 B. MASTICATION (CHEWING)......Page 279 SECTION V: PARAFUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS AND HEAVY TOOTH CONTACTS: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS......Page 280 C. CHANGING JAW RELATIONSHIPS WITH AN OCCLUSAL DEVICE......Page 282 E. CHANGING TOOTH LOCATION TO TREAT MALOCCLUSION......Page 284 A. ENVELOPE OF MOTION......Page 286 B. ACCURATE RECORDING OF THE CENTRIC RELATION JAW POSITION......Page 288 C. LONG CENTRIC ARTICULATION......Page 290 Review Questions......Page 295 REFERENCES......Page 296 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 297 SECTION I: OVERVIEW OF CARIOUS LESIONS......Page 301 SECTION II: OPERATIVE DENTISTRY, RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, AND PROSTHODONTICS: DEFINITIONS......Page 304 B. ESTHETIC RESTORATIVE MATERIALS......Page 305 C. CAST METAL RESTORATIONS......Page 306 A. ESTABLISH AN OUTLINE FORM......Page 307 C. REMOVE CARIES AND TREAT THE PULP......Page 308 A. CLASS I CARIES......Page 309 B. CLASS II CARIES......Page 314 C. CLASS III CARIES......Page 319 D. CLASS IV CARIES......Page 322 E. CLASS V CARIES......Page 323 F. CLASS VI TYPE OF DENTAL CARIES......Page 326 SECTION VI: RESTORING LARGE TOOTH DEFECTS AND TOOTH REPLACEMENT......Page 327 Critical Thinking......Page 331 REFERENCES......Page 332 OBJECTIVES......Page 333 B. PARTIAL ANODONTIA......Page 334 A. MAXILLARY INCISOR AREA......Page 335 B. THIRD MOLAR AREA......Page 336 A. ABNORMAL CROWN MORPHOLOGY......Page 337 B. ABNORMAL ROOT MORPHOLOGY......Page 342 C. ANOMALIES IN TOOTH POSITION......Page 346 D. ADDITIONAL TOOTH DEVELOPMENTAL MALFORMATIONS (AND DISCOLORATIONS)......Page 347 E. CHANGES IN TOOTH SHAPE DUE TO INJURY AFTER TOOTH ERUPTION......Page 350 F. UNUSUAL DENTITIONS......Page 352 Review Questions......Page 353 REFERENCES......Page 354 SECTION I: FORENSIC DENTISTRY DEFINED......Page 355 SECTION II: DENTISTRY AND HUMAN IDENTIFICATION......Page 356 SECTION III: CIVIL LITIGATION (INCLUDING HUMAN ABUSE AND NEGLECT)......Page 361 SECTION IV: BITE MARKS......Page 362 B. INITIAL RESPONSE......Page 364 C. MORGUE AND FORENSIC DENTAL IDENTIFICATION OPERATIONS......Page 365 D. FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY......Page 368 E. MASS DISASTER CASE STUDIES......Page 369 SECTION VI: IMPORTANCE OF FORENSIC DENTISTRY TO PRACTICING DENTISTS......Page 370 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 371 B. HOW TO ACCURATELY REPRODUCE A TOOTH OUTLINE......Page 372 C. EXAMPLE: ACCURATELY REPRODUCE THE SHAPE OF A MANDIBULAR CANINE (COPYING AN ACTUAL TOOTH OR TOOTH MODEL)......Page 373 SECTION II: SKETCH TEETH RECOGNIZABLY FROM MEMORY......Page 376 A. MATERIALS NEEDED......Page 378 C. EXAMPLE: HOW TO CARVE A MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR FROM A BLOCK OF WAX......Page 379 D. ADVICE......Page 382 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 384 PART III: ANATOMIC STRUCTURES OF THE ORAL CAVITY......Page 385 OBJECTIVES OF THIS SECTION......Page 387 A. BONES THAT COVER THE SUPERIOR PORTION OF THE BRAIN CASE......Page 389 B. BONES THAT FORM THE FLOOR OF THE BRAIN CASE......Page 390 C. LARGE BONES OF THE FACE AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ)......Page 395 E. HYOID BONE......Page 405 Review Questions......Page 406 A. ANATOMY OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT......Page 408 B. LIGAMENTS THAT SUPPORT THE JOINT AND LIMIT JOINT MOVEMENT......Page 412 D. ADVANCED TOPICS: DIMENSIONS RELATED TO THE TMJ......Page 414 Review Questions......Page 415 OBJECTIVES......Page 416 A. MUSCLES INVOLVED IN MASTICATION (CHEWING)......Page 417 C. OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING TOOTH POSITION OR MOVEMENT......Page 423 D. SUMMARY OF MUSCLES THAT MOVE AND CONTROL THE MANDIBLE......Page 425 Review Questions......Page 426 OBJECTIVES......Page 427 A. TRIGEMINAL NERVE (FIFTH CN)......Page 428 B. FACIAL NERVE (SEVENTH CN)......Page 434 C. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (NINTH CN)......Page 437 E. SUMMARY OF NERVE SUPPLY TO THE TONGUE, SALIVARY GLANDS, FACIAL SKIN, AND FACIAL MUSCLES......Page 438 A. ARTERIES......Page 439 B. VEINS......Page 442 C. LYMPH VESSELS......Page 444 Review Questions......Page 445 OBJECTIVES......Page 446 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 448 OBJECTIVES......Page 449 C. SKIN AND UNDERLYING MUSCLES OF MASTICATION......Page 450 G. LYMPH NODES......Page 451 H. SALIVARY GLANDS (EXTRAORALLY)......Page 452 I. LIPS......Page 453 SECTION II: INTRAORAL EXAMINATION: NORMAL STRUCTURES AS WELL AS LANDMARKS USED FOR PLACING LOCAL ANESTHETIC......Page 454 A. LABIAL AND BUCCAL MUCOSA: VESTIBULE AND CHEEKS......Page 455 B. THE PALATE: ROOF OF THE MOUTH......Page 461 C. OROPHARYNX: FAUCES, PALATINE ARCHES, AND TONSILS......Page 465 D. TONGUE......Page 468 E. FLOOR OF THE MOUTH......Page 473 H. GINGIVA......Page 475 I. THE TEETH: COUNT THEM......Page 478 Review Questions......Page 480 GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 481 Appendix......Page 483 GENERAL CLASS TRAITS OF MOST PERMANENT INCISORS......Page 486 ARCH TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH MAXILLARY FROM MANDIBULAR INCISORS......Page 488 GENERAL CLASS TRAITS OF MOST CANINES......Page 490 TYPE (AND ARCH) TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH THE MAXILLARY CANINE FROM THE MANDIBULAR CANINE......Page 492 GENERAL CLASS TRAITS OF MOST PREMOLARS......Page 494 TYPE TRAITS DISTINGUISHING MANDIBULAR FIRST FROM MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLARS......Page 496 GENERAL CLASS TRAITS FOR MOST MOLARS......Page 498 TYPE TRAITS THAT DISTINGUISH MAXILLARY FIRST FROM MAXILLARY SECOND MOLARS......Page 500 UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF ANTERIOR PRIMARY TEETH......Page 502 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL PRIMARY MOLARS......Page 504 Index......Page 505 A dental anatomy textbook for dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting students, this book focuses on anatomy of the human mouth and teeth, and is designed to help the student understand the relationship of the teeth to one another, and to the bones, muscles, nerves, and vessels associated with the teeth and face. This text does more than simply explain dental anatomy; it links the anatomy to clinical practice, giving readers a stronger and more practical understanding of tooth structure and function, morphology, anatomy, and terminology. Chapters have been revised and reorganized into three parts. Comparative Tooth Anatomy, Application of Tooth Anatomy in Dental Practice, and Anatomic Structures of the Oral Cavity.to make the material more accessible to dental hygiene programs. The companion website offers Student Resources for an enhanced learning experience with an interactive image bank, image labeling exercises, and PowerPoint presentations. Instructor Resources include a test generator, an interactive image bank, PowerPoint presentations, and answers to the book's critical thinking questions Basic tooth terminology Morphology of the permanent incisors Morphology of the permanent canines Morphology of premolars Morphology of permanent molars Primary (and mixed) dentition Periodontal anatomy / Lewis Claman and Binnaz Leblebicioglu Application of root and pulp morphology related to endodontic therapy / John Nusstein Functional occlusion and malocclusion Operative dentistry Dental anomalies Forensic dentistry / Daniel E. Jolly Guidelines for drawing, sketching, and carving teeth Structures that form the foundation for tooth function Oral examination of the oral cavity : (including sites for injections).