Wireless Communications

Wireless technology is a truly revolutionary paradigm shift, enabling multimedia communications between people and devices from any location. It also underpins exciting applications such as sensor networks, smart homes, telemedicine, and automated highways. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the underlying theory, design techniques and analytical tools of wireless communications, focusing primarily on the core principles of wireless system design. The book begins with an overview of wireless systems and standards. The characteristics of the wireless channel are then described, including their fundamental capacity limits. Various modulation, coding, and signal processing schemes are then discussed in detail, including state-of-the-art adaptive modulation, multicarrier, spread spectrum, and multiple antenna techniques. The concluding chapters deal with multiuser communications, cellular system design, and ad-hoc network design. Design insights and tradeoffs are emphasized throughout the book. It contains many worked examples, over 200 figures, almost 300 homework exercises, over 700 references, and is an ideal textbook for students. The book is also a valuable reference for engineers in the wireless industry. Andrea Goldsmith received her Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, and is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. Prior to this she was an Assistant Professor at the California Institute of Technology. She has also held positions in industry at Maxim Technologies and AT&T Bell Laboratories. She is a Fellow of the IEEE, has received numerous other awards and honors, and is the author of over 150 technical papers in the field of wireless communications. Half-title......Page 2 Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Brief Table of Contents......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 Preface......Page 18 Abbreviations......Page 23 Notation......Page 28 1.1 History of Wireless Communications......Page 30 1.2 Wireless Vision......Page 33 1.3 Technical Issues......Page 35 1.4.1 Cellular Telephone Systems......Page 37 1.4.2 Cordless Phones......Page 42 1.4.3 Wireless Local Area Networks......Page 44 1.4.4 Wide Area Wireless Data Services......Page 45 1.4.6 Paging Systems......Page 46 1.4.7 Satellite Networks......Page 47 1.4.8 Low-Cost, Low-Power Radios: Bluetooth and ZigBee......Page 48 1.4.9 Ultrawideband Radios......Page 49 1.5.1 Methods for Spectrum Allocation......Page 50 1.5.2 Spectrum Allocations for Existing Systems......Page 51 1.6 Standards......Page 52 PROBLEMS......Page 53 REFERNCE......Page 55 2 Path Loss and Shadowing......Page 56 2.1 Radio Wave Propagation......Page 57 2.2 Transmit and Receive Signal Models......Page 58 2.3 Free-Space Path Loss......Page 60 2.4 Ray Tracing......Page 62 2.4.1 Two-Ray Model......Page 63 2.4.2 Ten-Ray Model (Dielectric Canyon)......Page 66 2.4.3 General Ray Tracing......Page 67 2.4.4 Local Mean Received Power......Page 70 2.5.1 Okumura Model......Page 71 2.5.2 Hata Model......Page 72 2.5.4 Piecewise Linear (Multislope) Model......Page 73 2.5.5 Indoor Attenuation Factors......Page 74 2.6 Simplified Path-Loss Model......Page 75 2.7 Shadow Fading......Page 77 2.8 Combined Path Loss and Shadowing......Page 80 2.9 Outage Probability under Path Loss and Shadowing......Page 81 2.10 Cell Coverage Area......Page 82 PROBLEMS......Page 85 REFERENCES......Page 89 3 Statistical Multipath Channel Models......Page 93 3.1 Time-Varying Channel Impulse Response......Page 94 3.2 Narrowband Fading Models......Page 99 3.2.1 Autocorrelation, Cross-Correlation, and Power Spectral Density......Page 100 3.2.2 Envelope and Power Distributions......Page 107 3.2.3 Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration......Page 108 3.3 Wideband Fading Models......Page 111 3.3.1 Power Delay Profile......Page 115 3.3.2 Coherence Bandwidth......Page 117 3.3.3 Doppler Power Spectrum and Channel Coherence Time......Page 119 3.3.4 Transforms for Autocorrelation and Scattering Functions......Page 120 3.4 Discrete-Time Model......Page 121 3.5 Space-Time Channel Models......Page 122 PROBLEMS......Page 123 REFERENCES......Page 126 4 Capacity of Wireless Channels......Page 128 4.1 Capacity in AWGN......Page 129 4.2.2 Channel Distribution Information Known......Page 131 4.2.3 Channel Side Information at Receiver......Page 132 SHANNON (ERGODIC) CAPACITY......Page 133 CAPACITY WITH OUTAGE......Page 134 SHANNON CAPACITY......Page 136 ZERO-OUTAGE CAPACITY AND CHANNEL INVERSION......Page 140 4.2.5 Capacity with Receiver Diversity......Page 142 4.2.6 Capacity Comparisons......Page 143 4.3.1 Time-Invariant Channels......Page 145 4.3.2 Time-Varying Channels......Page 148 PROBLEMS......Page 150 REFERENCES......Page 153 5 Digital Modulation and Detection......Page 155 5.1 Signal Space Analysis......Page 156 5.1.1 Signal and System Model......Page 157 5.1.2 Geometric Representation of Signals......Page 158 5.1.3 Receiver Structure and Sufficient Statistics......Page 161 5.1.4 Decision Regions and the Maximum Likelihood Decision Criterion......Page 163 5.1.5 Error Probability and the Union Bound......Page 166 5.3 Amplitude and Phase Modulation......Page 171 5.3.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (MPAM)......Page 173 5.3.2 Phase-Shift Keying (MPSK)......Page 175 5.3.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM)......Page 177 5.3.4 Differential Modulation......Page 178 5.3.6 Quadrature Offset......Page 181 5.4 Frequency Modulation......Page 182 5.4.1 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) and Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK)......Page 184 5.4.3 Noncoherent Detection of FSK......Page 185 5.5 Pulse Shaping......Page 186 5.6 Symbol Synchronization and Carrier Phase Recovery......Page 189 5.6.1 Receiver Structure with Phase and Timing Recovery......Page 190 5.6.2 Maximum Likelihood Phase Estimation......Page 192 5.6.3 Maximum Likelihood Timing Estimation......Page 194 PROBLEMS......Page 196 6.1.1 Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio and Bit/Symbol Energy......Page 201 6.1.2 Error Probability for BPSK and QPSK......Page 202 6.1.3 Error Probability for MPSK......Page 204 6.1.4 Error Probability for MPAM and MQAM......Page 205 6.1.5 Error Probability for FSK and CPFSK......Page 208 6.1.7 Error Probability for Differential Modulation......Page 209 6.3 Fading......Page 211 6.3.1 Outage Probability......Page 212 6.3.2 Average Probability of Error......Page 213 6.3.3 Moment Generating Function Approach to Average Error Probability......Page 216 6.3.4 Combined Outage and Average Error Probability......Page 220 6.4 Doppler Spread......Page 221 6.5 Intersymbol Interference......Page 224 PROBLEMS......Page 226 REFERENCES......Page 231 7.1 Realization of Independent Fading Paths......Page 233 7.2.1 System Model......Page 235 7.2.2 Selection Combining......Page 237 7.2.3 Threshold Combining......Page 240 7.2.4 Maximal-Ratio Combining......Page 243 7.2.5 Equal-Gain Combining......Page 245 7.3.1 Channel Known at Transmitter......Page 246 7.3.2 Channel Unknown at Transmitter – The Alamouti Scheme......Page 248 7.4 Moment Generating Functions in Diversity Analysis......Page 249 7.4.1 Diversity Analysis for MRC......Page 250 7.4.3 Diversity Analysis for Noncoherent and Differentially Coherent Modulation......Page 253 PROBLEMS......Page 254 REFERENCES......Page 256 8 Coding for Wireless Channels......Page 257 8.1 Overview of Code Design......Page 258 8.2 Linear Block Codes......Page 259 8.2.1 Binary Linear Block Codes......Page 260 8.2.2 Generator Matrix......Page 261 8.2.3 Parity-Check Matrix and Syndrome Testing......Page 263 8.2.4 Cyclic Codes......Page 265 8.2.5 Hard Decision Decoding (HDD)......Page 267 8.2.6 Probability of Error for HDD in AWGN......Page 269 8.2.7 Probability of Error for SDD in AWGN......Page 271 8.2.8 Common Linear Block Codes......Page 273 8.2.9 Nonbinary Block Codes: The Reed Solomon Code......Page 274 8.3.1 Code Characterization: Trellis Diagrams......Page 275 8.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding......Page 278 8.3.3 The Viterbi Algorithm......Page 281 8.3.4 Distance Properties......Page 282 8.3.5 State Diagrams and Transfer Functions......Page 283 8.3.6 Error Probability for Convolutional Codes......Page 286 8.4 Concatenated Codes......Page 287 8.5 Turbo Codes......Page 288 8.6 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes......Page 291 8.7 Coded Modulation......Page 292 8.8.1 Block Coding with Interleaving......Page 296 8.8.2 Convolutional Coding with Interleaving......Page 299 8.9 Unequal Error Protection Codes......Page 300 8.10 Joint Source and Channel Coding......Page 303 PROBLEMS......Page 304 REFERENCES......Page 308 9 Adaptive Modulation and Coding......Page 312 9.1 Adaptive Transmission System......Page 313 9.2.1 Variable-Rate Techniques......Page 314 9.2.2 Variable-Power Techniques......Page 315 9.2.3 Variable Error Probability......Page 316 9.3 Variable-Rate Variable-Power MQAM......Page 317 9.3.1 Error Probability Bounds......Page 318 9.3.2 Adaptive Rate and Power Schemes......Page 319 9.3.3 Channel Inversion with Fixed Rate......Page 321 9.3.4 Discrete-Rate Adaptation......Page 322 9.3.5 Average Fade Region Duration......Page 327 9.3.7 Channel Estimation Error and Delay......Page 329 9.3.8 Adaptive Coded Modulation......Page 332 9.4.1 Continuous-Rate Adaptation......Page 334 9.4.2 Discrete-Rate Adaptation......Page 338 9.4.3 Average BER Target......Page 339 9.5 Adaptive Techniques in Combined Fast and Slow Fading......Page 343 PROBLEMS......Page 344 REFERENCES......Page 348 10.1 Narrowband MIMO Model......Page 350 10.2 Parallel Decomposition of the MIMO Channel......Page 352 10.3.1 Static Channels......Page 354 CHANNEL KNOWN AT TRANSMITTER: WATER-FILLING......Page 355 CHANNEL UNKNOWN AT TRANSMITTER: UNIFORM POWER ALLOCATION......Page 357 10.3.2 Fading Channels......Page 358 CHANNEL UNKNOWN AT TRANSMITTER: ERGODIC CAPACITY AND CAPACITY WITH OUTAGE......Page 359 NO CSI AT THE TRANSMITTER OR RECEIVER......Page 362 10.4 MIMO Diversity Gain: Beamforming......Page 363 10.5 Diversity–Multiplexing Trade-offs......Page 364 10.6.1 ML Detection and Pairwise Error Probability......Page 366 10.6.3 Space-Time Trellis and Block Codes......Page 368 10.6.4 Spatial Multiplexing and BLAST Architectures......Page 369 10.7 Frequency-Selective MIMO Channels......Page 371 10.8 Smart Antennas......Page 372 PROBLEMS......Page 373 REFERENCES......Page 376 11 Equalization......Page 380 11.1 Equalizer Noise Enhancement......Page 381 11.2 Equalizer Types......Page 382 11.3 Folded Spectrum and ISI-Free Transmission......Page 383 11.4 Linear Equalizers......Page 386 11.4.1 Zero-Forcing (ZF) Equalizers......Page 387 11.4.2 Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) Equalizers......Page 388 11.5 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation......Page 391 11.6 Decision-Feedback Equalization......Page 393 11.7 Other Equalization Methods......Page 394 11.8 Adaptive Equalizers: Training and Tracking......Page 395 PROBLEMS......Page 397 REFERENCES......Page 401 12 Multicarrier Modulation......Page 403 12.1 Data Transmission Using Multiple Carriers......Page 404 12.2 Multicarrier Modulation with Overlapping Subchannels......Page 407 12.3 Mitigation of Subcarrier Fading......Page 409 12.3.3 Precoding......Page 410 12.3.4 Adaptive Loading......Page 411 12.4.1 The DFT and Its Properties......Page 412 12.4.2 The Cyclic Prefix......Page 413 12.4.3 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)......Page 415 12.4.4 Matrix Representation of OFDM......Page 417 12.4.5 Vector Coding......Page 419 12.5.1 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio......Page 422 12.5.2 Frequency and Timing Offset......Page 424 12.6 Case Study: The IEEE 802.11a Wireless LAN Standard......Page 425 PROBLEMS......Page 427 REFERENCES......Page 430 13.1 Spread-Spectrum Principles......Page 432 13.2.1 DSSS System Model......Page 438 13.2.2 Spreading Codes for ISI Rejection: Random, Pseudorandom, and m-Sequences......Page 442 13.2.3 Synchronization......Page 446 13.2.4 RAKE Receivers......Page 448 13.3 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)......Page 450 13.4 Multiuser DSSS Systems......Page 453 GOLD CODES......Page 454 KASAMI CODES......Page 455 WALSH–HADAMARD CODES......Page 456 13.4.2 Downlink Channels......Page 457 13.4.3 Uplink Channels......Page 462 13.4.4 Multiuser Detection......Page 467 13.4.5 Multicarrier CDMA......Page 470 PROBLEMS......Page 472 REFERENCES......Page 478 14.1 Multiuser Channels: The Uplink and Downlink......Page 481 14.2 Multiple Access......Page 483 14.2.1 Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA)......Page 484 14.2.2 Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)......Page 485 14.2.3 Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)......Page 487 14.2.4 Space-Division Multiple Access (SDMA)......Page 488 14.2.5 Hybrid Techniques......Page 489 14.3 Random Access......Page 490 14.3.1 Pure ALOHA......Page 491 14.3.2 Slotted ALOHA......Page 492 14.3.3 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)......Page 493 14.4 Power Control......Page 495 14.5 Downlink (Broadcast) Channel Capacity......Page 498 14.5.2 Capacity in AWGN......Page 499 14.5.3 Common Data......Page 505 14.5.4 Capacity in Fading......Page 506 14.5.5 Capacity with Multiple Antennas......Page 512 14.6.1 Capacity in AWGN......Page 513 14.6.2 Capacity in Fading......Page 517 14.7 Uplink–Downlink Duality......Page 519 14.8 Multiuser Diversity......Page 523 14.9 MIMO Multiuser Systems......Page 525 PROBLEMS......Page 526 REFERENCES......Page 529 15.1 Cellular System Fundamentals......Page 534 15.2 Channel Reuse......Page 537 15.3.1 Orthogonal Systems (TDMA/FDMA)......Page 543 15.3.2 Nonorthogonal Systems (CDMA)......Page 545 15.4 Interference Reduction Techniques......Page 547 15.5.1 Scheduling......Page 549 15.5.2 Dynamic Channel Assignment......Page 550 15.5.3 Power Control......Page 551 15.6.1 Shannon Capacity of Cellular Systems......Page 553 15.6.2 Area Spectral Efficiency......Page 554 PROBLEMS......Page 557 REFERENCES......Page 560 16 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks......Page 564 16.1 Applications......Page 565 16.1.2 Home Networks......Page 566 16.1.4 Sensor Networks......Page 567 16.1.5 Distributed Control Systems......Page 568 16.2 Design Principles and Challenges......Page 569 16.3 Protocol Layers......Page 571 16.3.1 Physical Layer Design......Page 572 16.3.2 Access Layer Design......Page 573 NEIGHBOR DISCOVERY AND TOPOLOGY CONTROL......Page 576 ROUTING......Page 577 RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND FLOW CONTROL......Page 580 16.3.5 Transport Layer Design......Page 581 16.3.5 Application Layer Design......Page 582 16.4 Cross-Layer Design......Page 583 16.5 Network Capacity Limits......Page 585 16.6 Energy-Constrained Networks......Page 587 16.6.1 Modulation and Coding......Page 588 16.6.2 MIMO and Cooperative MIMO......Page 589 16.6.3 Access, Routing, and Sleeping......Page 590 16.6.5 Capacity per Unit Energy......Page 591 PROBLEMS......Page 593 REFERENCES......Page 595 B.1 Probability Theory......Page 606 B.2 Random Variables......Page 607 B.3 Random Processes......Page 612 B.4 Gaussian Processes......Page 615 REFERENCES......Page 616 C.1 Matrices and Vectors......Page 617 C.2 Matrix and Vector Operations......Page 618 C.3 Matrix Decompositions......Page 621 D.1.2 First-Generation Analog Systems......Page 624 D.1.2 Second-Generation Digital Systems......Page 625 D.1.3 Evolution of Second-Generation Systems......Page 627 D.1.4 Third-Generation Systems......Page 628 D.2 Wireless Local Area Networks......Page 629 D.3 Wireless Short-Distance Networking Standards......Page 630 Index......Page 634 Wireless technology is a truly revolutionary paradigm shift, enabling multimedia communications between people and devices from any location. It also underpins exciting applications such as sensor networks, smart homes, telemedicine, and automated highways. This book, first published in 2005, provides a comprehensive introduction to the underlying theory, design techniques and analytical tools of wireless communications, focusing primarily on the core principles of wireless system design. The book begins with an overview of wireless systems and standards. The characteristics of the wireless channel are then described, including their fundamental capacity limits. Various modulation, coding, and signal processing schemes are then discussed in detail, including state-of-the-art adaptive modulation, multicarrier, spread spectrum, and multiple antenna techniques. The concluding chapters deal with multiuser communications, cellular system design, and ad-hoc network design. Design insights and tradeoffs are emphasized throughout the book. It contains many worked examples, over 200 figures, almost 300 homework exercises, over 700 references, and is an ideal textbook for students. "This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the underlying theory, design techniques, and analytical tools of wireless communications, focusing primarily on the core principles of wireless system design." "Design insights and trade-offs are emphasized throughout the book. It contains many worked examples, more than 200 figures, almost 300 homework exercises, and more than 700 references. Wireless Communications is an ideal textbook for students as well as a valuable reference for engineers in the wireless industry."--Jacket