Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications: 16th International Conference, WASA 2021, Nanjing, China, June 25–27, 2021, Proceedings, Part II (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12938)

The three-volume set constitutes the proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, WASA 2021, which was held during June 25-27, 2021. The conference took place in Nanjing, China. The 103 full and 57 short papers presented in these proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from 315 submissions. The contributions in Part II of the set are subdivided into the following topical sections: Scheduling & Optimization II; Security; Data Center Networks and Cloud Computing; Privacy-Aware Computing; Internet of Vehicles; Visual Computing for IoT; Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. Preface Organization Contents – Part II Scheduling and Optimization II Scheduling of Mobile Charger with Multiple Antennas 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Problem Statement 3.1 Network Model and Charging Model 3.2 Energy Consumption Model 3.3 Problem Formulation 4 Solution 4.1 Area Discretization 4.2 Stopping Strategy Extraction 4.3 Cost-Benefit Approximation Algorithm 5 Simulation Results 5.1 Evaluation and Baseline Setup 5.2 Performance Comparison 6 Conclusion References Sequential Recommendation via Temporal Self-Attention and Multi-Preference Learning 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Problem Statement 4 The Proposed Method 4.1 Embedding Layer 4.2 Dynamic User Interest Modeling 4.3 General User Interest Modeling 4.4 Adaptive Interest Fusion 4.5 Objective Function 5 Experiments 5.1 Experimental Setup 5.2 Experimental Results 5.3 Effect of Components 5.4 Influence of Hyper-parameters 6 Conclusion References Multi-connection Based Scalable Video Streaming in UDNs: A Multi-armed Bandit Approach 1 Introduction 2 System Model and Problem Formulation 2.1 Network Model 2.2 Wireless Connection Model 2.3 Video Streaming Delay 2.4 Maximum Delay to Ensure Video Fluency 2.5 Utility of QoE 2.6 Problem Formulation 3 SVC-Based Video Downloading Scheme Based on MAB Problem 3.1 Base Station Connection Strategy Selection as Multi-armed Bandit 3.2 Best-arm-selecting Upper Confidence Bound Algorithm 3.3 SVC-Based Video Streaming Scheme 4 Simulation Results and Analysis 4.1 Performance Analysis 4.2 Performance Comparison 4.3 SVC-based Video Downloading Scheme 5 Conclusion References Security FIUD: A Framework to Identify Users of Devices 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Seeds Mining 2.2 Users Extension 2.3 Results United 2.4 Summary 3 Datasets 3.1 Real World 3.2 A Specific Dataset 4 Experiments 4.1 Settings 4.2 Real World Evaluation 4.3 Specific Dataset Evaluation 5 Conclusion References SAPN: Spatial Attention Pyramid Network for Cross-Domain Person Re-Identification 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Style Differences Suppression 2.2 Attention Mechanism 2.3 Attention Pyramid 3 Method 3.1 Spatial Attention Pyramid Network 3.2 Spatial Attention Block 3.3 Attention Embedded Pyramid Module 4 Experiments 4.1 Experimental Details 4.2 Implementation Details 4.3 Ablation Experiments 4.4 The Effectiveness of Different Attention Realizations 5 Comparisons with State-of-the-Arts 6 Conclusion References A Lattice-Based Ring Signature Scheme to Secure Automated Valet Parking 1 Introduction 2 Models and Design Goal 2.1 System Model and Threat Model 2.2 Design Goal 3 Preliminary 3.1 Lattice 3.2 Trapdoors and Basis Delegation Functions 3.3 Gaussian Distribution and Rejection Sample 4 Our Proposed Lattice-Based Ring Signature Scheme 4.1 Our Proposed Scheme 4.2 Lattice-Based Ring Signature Scheme Under the Random Oracle Model 5 Security Analysis 5.1 Correctness 5.2 Anonymity 5.3 Unforgeability 6 Efficiency Analysis 7 Conclusion References AOPL: Attention Enhanced Oversampling and Parallel Deep Learning Model for Attack Detection in Imbalanced Network Traffic 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Model Architecture 3.1 Attention Mechanism Enhanced Oversampling 3.2 Parallel Deep Learning 3.3 Matrix Operations and Detection 4 Experiments Setup 4.1 Datasets 4.2 Data Preprocessing 4.3 Experimental Design and Evaluation Metrics 5 Evaluation 6 Conclusion References Greedy-Based Black-Box Adversarial Attack Scheme on Graph Structure 1 Introduction 2 Attack Model 2.1 Accurately Locate the Target Nodes 2.2 Unnoticeable Perturbations 2.3 Greedy-Based Black-Box Attack 3 Experiment 3.1 Relevant Settings 3.2 Attack Assessment 4 Conclusion References SECCEG: A Secure and Efficient Cryptographic Co-processor Based on Embedded GPU System*-12pt 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 2.1 NVIDIA Jetson Systems 2.2 ARM Security Extensions 3 Overall Design 3.1 Design Goals 3.2 Overall Architecture 4 Implementation 4.1 Ed25519 4.2 Uninterrupted GPU Execution Model 4.3 Keystore 4.4 Network Handler 5 Performance Evaluation 5.1 Experiment Settings and Results 5.2 Related Work Comparison 6 Conclusion References Understanding and Mitigating Security Risks of Network on Medical Cyber Physical System 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 ICE and OpenICE 2.2 Publish-Subscribe Communication in MCPS 3 Related Work 3.1 Security Threats in MCPS 3.2 Access Control in MCPS 4 Security Analysis of MCPS's Networks 4.1 Threat Model 4.2 Clinical Scenario 4.3 Misuse of Topic 4.4 Abuse of Identity 5 Mitigation 5.1 Access Control Model 5.2 Implementation 5.3 Evaluation 6 Conclusion References RF-Ubia: User Biometric Information Authentication Based on RFID 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Design Background and Overview 3.1 Passive Tag 3.2 Tag Coupling 3.3 System Architecture 4 System Design 4.1 Signal Collection 4.2 Data Preprocessing 4.3 Feature Extraction 4.4 Authentication 5 Experiment and Evaluation 6 Conclusion References NFDD: A Dynamic Malicious Document Detection Method Without Manual Feature Dictionary 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 System Framework 3.1 Overview 3.2 Dynamic Analysis 3.3 Word Vector Representation and Update Mechanism 3.4 Network Structure 4 Experiments and Evaluation 4.1 Dataset 4.2 Feature Dictionary Used in the Comparison Experiment 4.3 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Bug Triage Model Considering Cooperative and Sequential Relationship 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 The BTCSR Model 3.1 Content Based Analysis 3.2 Sequential Relationship Based Cooperative Network Embedding 4 Experiment 4.1 Data Sets 4.2 Metrics 4.3 Experimental Setup and Experimental Results 4.4 Analysis of the Effectiveness of Cooperative and Sequential Relationships 4.5 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis 5 Conclusion References Adaptive Chosen Plaintext Side-Channel Attacks for Higher-Order Masking Schemes 1 Introduction 2 Distinguishers in Non-profiling 3 Adaptive Chosen Plaintext Power Analysis 3.1 Select the Next Plaintext for Unmasked Design 3.2 Select the Next Plaintext for Masked Design 4 Experiments 4.1 Simulation Results 4.2 Practical Results 5 Conclusions References Mind the Amplification: Cracking Content Delivery Networks via DDoS Attacks 1 Introduction 2 CDN and Network Environmental Setup 2.1 CDN Background 2.2 Target Web Servers Setup 3 Evaluation: DDoS on CDN Environment 3.1 UDP NTP Amplification Reflection DDoS Attack 3.2 The First Step 3.3 The Second Step 4 Potential Countermeasures Against DDoS 5 Related Work 6 Conclusion References A Verifiable Federated Learning Scheme Based on Secure Multi-party Computation 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Preliminaries 3.1 Federated Learning 3.2 Differential Privacy 3.3 Secret Sharing 3.4 Key Agreement 3.5 Threshold Homomorphic Encryption 3.6 Homomorphic Hash Functions 3.7 Threat Model 4 Our Scheme 4.1 Share Decryption and Share Combining 4.2 Reducing Noise with SMC 5 Security Analysis 5.1 Correctness Verification 5.2 Threshold Homomorphic Encryption 6 Performance Evaluation 7 Conclusion References TX-RSA: A High Performance RSA Implementation Scheme on NVIDIA Tegra X2 1 Introduction 1.1 Related Work 1.2 Contributions and Paper Organization 2 Preliminaries 2.1 Embedded GPUs and CUDA 2.2 RSA Acceleration Methods 2.3 Data Sharing Functions in Target GPU 3 Methodology 3.1 Montgomery Multiplication 3.2 Montgomery Exponentiation 3.3 RSA Implementation 4 Performance Evaluation and Related Work Comparison 4.1 Performance Evaluation 4.2 Related Work Comparison 5 Conclusion References Data Center Networks and Cloud Computing Short Term Voltage Stability Assessment with Incomplete Data Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning in the Internet of Energy 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Intelligent Scheme 2.1 Short-Term Voltage Stability 2.2 Offline Stage of Intelligent Scheme 2.3 Online Stage of Intelligent Scheme 3 Data Filling Based on LSTM 3.1 Time Series Data 3.2 Long Short Term Memory Network 4 STVS Assessment Based on DDQN 4.1 Deep Reinforcement Learning 4.2 Double Deep Q-Learning 4.3 Model Update 5 Numerical Tests 5.1 Data Generation 5.2 Parameter Selection 5.3 Experimental Results 6 Conclusion References RDMA Based Performance Optimization on Distributed Database Systems: A Case Study with GoldenX 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Experimental Observations 4 System Design 4.1 Efficient Variable-Length Data Transmission Mechanism 4.2 Application-Friendly Data Placement Mechanism 4.3 Priority-Based Adaptive Congestion Control 5 Implementation with GoldenX and Evaluation 5.1 Efficient Variable-Length Data Transmission Mechanism Evaluation 5.2 Application-Friendly Data Placement Mechanism Evaluation 5.3 Evaluation of Priority-Based Adaptive Congestion Control Method 5.4 GoldenX Database Performance Evaluation 6 Conclusion References A LambdaMart-Based High-Accuracy Approach for Software Automatic Fault Localization 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Static Techniques 2.2 Dynamic Techniques 2.3 Fault Localization with Combined Static and Dynamic Features 3 Methodology 3.1 Overview 3.2 Feature Extraction 3.3 Model Learning 3.4 Statement Ranking 4 Experiments 4.1 Experimental Settings 4.2 Metrics 4.3 Research Questions and Findings 5 Conclusions References ParkLSTM: Periodic Parking Behavior Prediction Based on LSTM with Multi-source Data for Contract Parking Spaces 1 Introduction 2 Formulation and Motivation 2.1 Definition of Parking Behavior 2.2 Parking Behavior Analysis 2.3 Potential of Using Multi-source Data 3 Proposed Model 3.1 Model Overview 3.2 ParkLSTM Model Design 4 Evaluation 4.1 Dataset 4.2 Baselines 4.3 Performance Metrics 4.4 Experiment Results 5 Discussions 6 Related Work 7 Conclusion References Privacy-Aware Computing Cost-Sharing Mechanism Design for Social Cost Minimization in Ridesharing Systems 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 3 Discussion of Existing Mechanisms 3.1 Simplified Case 3.2 Critical Payment Method 3.3 VCG Mechanism 4 Modified VCG Mechanism 4.1 Beneficial Attempt on Budget Balance 4.2 Mechanism Design for Simplified Case 4.3 Mechanism Design for General Case 5 Evaluations 5.1 Evaluation Setup 5.2 Evaluation Results 6 Related Works 7 Conclusion References Privacy Protection Framework for Credit Data in AI 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Defense Strategies for Adversarial Attacks 3 Privacy-Preserved Algorithm with Differential Privacy 3.1 Secure Formal Verification of the Model 3.2 Analysis of the Generation Mechanism of Adversarial Attacks 3.3 Security Defense Strategy Construction 3.4 Our Data Level Privacy Protection Algorithm 4 Conclusion References A Secret-Sharing-based Security Data Aggregation Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Network Topology and Preliminaries 3.1 Network Topology 3.2 Shamir Secret Sharing Algorithm 4 Secret-Sharing-based Security Data Aggregation 4.1 Aggregation Tree Construction 4.2 Data Encryption in LN 4.3 Data Aggregation and Encryption in IN 4.4 Data Decryption in BS 5 Performance Evaluation 5.1 Computation Overhead 5.2 Communication Cost 5.3 Accuracy 6 Conclusion References Fast Application Activity Recognition with Encrypted Traffic 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Method 3.1 Related Definitions 3.2 Data Preprocessing 3.3 Feature Extraction 3.4 Classification 4 Experiment 4.1 Dataset 4.2 Experimental Setup 4.3 Experimental Evaluation 5 Conclusion References A Privacy-Preserving Peer-to-Peer Accommodation System Based on a Credit Network 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Credit Networks 2.2 Intel Software Guard Extension 3 Problem Statement 3.1 System Model 3.2 Threat Model 3.3 Design Goals 4 The Re-design of the Bitcoin-Based Credit Network 5 The Peer-to-Peer Accommodation Protocol 5.1 Initialization 5.2 Finding an Accommodation 5.3 Locking Funds for the Accommodation 5.4 The Accommodation Aftermath 6 Security Analysis 6.1 Security 6.2 Privacy 7 Performance Analysis 7.1 Performance of the Credit Network 7.2 Blockchain Cost 8 Conclusion References Private Frequent Itemset Mining in the Local Setting 1 Introduction 2 System Model 2.1 Set-Valued Data 2.2 Privacy Definition 2.3 Aggregation Model 3 PrivFIM 3.1 Itemset Randomizer 3.2 Itemset Frequency Estimator 3.3 Frequent Itemset Miner 4 Experiments 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.2 Evaluation of Itemset Frequency Estimator 4.3 Evaluation of PrivFIM 5 Conclusions References Internet of Vehicles DAFV: A Unified and Real-Time Framework of Joint Detection and Attributes Recognition for Fast Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Feature Rapidly Extract Module 2.2 Feature Refinement Module 2.3 Detection and Attributes Module 2.4 Loss Function 3 Experiments 3.1 Experimental Setup 3.2 Performance 4 Conclusion References Vehicular Path Planning for Balancing Traffic Congestion Cost and Fog Computing Reward: A Routing Game Approach 1 Introduction 2 System Model and Problem Formulation 2.1 System Model 2.2 Problem Formulation 3 Equilibrium Solution of the Routing Game 3.1 Nash Equilibrium and Its Existence 3.2 Optimal Path Selection Algorithm 3.3 Convergence of the OPLSA 4 Simulation Results and Analysis 4.1 Simulation Settings 4.2 Performance Evaluations 5 Conclusion References Distributed Collaborative Anomaly Detection for Trusted Digital Twin Vehicular Edge Networks 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 System Model 4 Trust Evaluation and Anomaly Detection 4.1 Trust Evaluation Towards Digital Twins 4.2 Time-Space Awareness Anomaly Detection 5 Implementation and Performance Analysis 6 Conclusions References Optimal Resource Allocation in Time-Varying Vehicular Networks with Delay Constraints 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 System Model and Problem Formulation 3.1 Time-Varying Graph Model 3.2 Link Capacity 3.3 Problem Formulation 4 Algorithm Design 5 Performance Evaluation 6 Conclusion and Future Prospect References Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation in Multi-platoon Vehicular Networks 1 Introduction 2 System Description 2.1 Communication Model and Channel Model 2.2 Problem Formulation 3 Proposed Resource Allocation Method 3.1 Preliminaries 3.2 Algorithm Design 3.3 DRL for the Multi-objective Problem 4 Simulation Results 5 Conclusion References Revenue Maximization of Electric Vehicle Charging Services with Hierarchical Game 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 System Model and Game Formulation 3.1 System Model 3.2 Game Formulation 4 Game Analysis and Solving as MPEC 4.1 Game Analysis 4.2 Solution for MPEC 5 Simulation Results 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Adaptive Uplink/Downlink Bandwidth Allocation for Dual Deadline Information Services in Vehicular Networks*-10pt 1 Introduction 2 Service Architecture 3 Problem Formulation 3.1 Notations 3.2 AoI Model 3.3 Data Update and Dissemination (DUD) Problem 4 Proposed Algorithm 5 Performance Evaluation 5.1 Experimental Setup 5.2 Experimental Results and Analysis 6 Conclusion References A Local Collaborative Distributed Reinforcement Learning Approach for Resource Allocation in V2X Networks 1 Introduction 2 System Model 2.1 Network Model 2.2 Problem Formulation 3 Local Collaborative PPO Based Resource Allocation Approach 4 Experiments and Results Analysis 5 Conclusion References Visual Computing for IoT DDCAttNet: Road Segmentation Network for Remote Sensing Images 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Method 3.1 Spatial Attention Module 3.2 Channel Attention Module 4 Experiment 5 Conclusion References Fine-Grained Measurements of Repetitions on Performance of NB-IoT 1 Introduction 2 NB-IoT Primer 3 Field Measurements 3.1 Platform Construction 3.2 Methodology 3.3 Measurement Results 4 Fine-Grained Analysis 4.1 Current Patterns 4.2 Power Consumption Decomposition 4.3 Discussion 5 Related Work 6 Conclusion References Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Intelligent Job Batching in Industrial Internet of Things 1 Introduction 2 Problem Description and Mathematical Model 2.1 Notation 2.2 Problem Formulation 3 Job Batching Model 3.1 Markov Decision Process 3.2 Overall Structure of the Model 3.3 Attention Mechanism and Mask Vector 3.4 DRL Based Algorithm 4 Experimental Results 4.1 Experimental Environment 4.2 Convergence Analysis 4.3 Performance Comparison 5 Related Work 6 Conclusion References ORMD: Online Learning Real-Time Malicious Node Detection for the IoT Network 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Schemes Based on Reputation and Trust Model 2.2 Schemes Based on Secure Routing Protocols 2.3 Schemes Based on Machine Learning 3 IoT Network and Threat Model 4 Proposed Scheme ORMD 4.1 Workflow 4.2 Packets Injection and Collection 4.3 Real-Time Nodes' Trust Value Estimation 4.4 Clustering of Nodes Based on Trust Value 5 Simulation Results 5.1 Comparison of Different Online Learning Algorithms and Clustering Algorithms 5.2 Comparison with Hard Detection (HD) and Offline Learning Algorithm 5.3 The Influence of Different Factors on Detection Performance 6 Conclusion References TFRA: Trajectory-Based Message Ferry Recognition Attack in UAV Network 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Anonymity of Nodes' Location 2.2 Message Ferry Path Planning Schemes 3 Network Model and Prerequisites 3.1 Network Model 3.2 Message Forwarding with Ferries Path Planning 3.3 Adversary Model 4 TFRA: Trajectory-Based Message Ferry Recognition Attack 4.1 Trajectory Representation and Preprocessing 4.2 Trajectory Similarity Calculation 4.3 Clustering and Identification 5 Performance Evaluation 5.1 Experiment Scenarios and Parameters 5.2 Performance Metrics 5.3 Accuracy Comparison of Different Models 5.4 Simulation Experiment Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Scaling DCN Models for Indoor White Space Exploration 1 Introduction 2 Indoor White Space Synchronous Measurement 2.1 Measurement Setup 2.2 Synchronous Measurement 3 System Model 3.1 Problem Model 3.2 DCN Model 4 Unified Model 4.1 Unstable Correlations 4.2 Build the Time-Agnostic Model 5 Performance Evaluation 5.1 Methodology 5.2 Performance of Time-Specific DCN Model 5.3 Performance of Time-Agnostic DCN Model 6 Related Work 7 Conclusion References Deep Learning-Based Power Control for Uplink Cognitive Radio Networks 1 Introduction 2 System Model and Problem Formulation 2.1 System Model 2.2 Problem Formulation 3 Dynamic Spectrum Allocation Based on Deep Learning 3.1 Problem Reformulation 3.2 Network Design 3.3 Training Method 4 Simulation Results 4.1 Simulation Conditions 4.2 Convergence Performance 4.3 QoS Assurance Capability 4.4 Generality and Expandability 5 Conclusion References MPDC: A Multi-channel Pipelined Data Collection MAC for Duty-Cycled Linear Sensor Networks 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 2.1 Grading 2.2 Schedule Staggering in a Path 2.3 Schedule Staggering Between Paths in the Same Channel 3 MPDC Design 4 Performance Evaluation 5 Conclusion References Efficient Concurrent Transmission Scheme for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: A Joint Optimization Approach 1 Introduction 2 Problem Formulation 3 Joint Optimization of Scheduling and Transmission Power Control 3.1 Power Analysis 3.2 Link Scheduling Analysis 4 Simulation Results 5 Conclusion References Reinforcement Learning Based Sensor Encryption and Power Control for Low-Latency WBANs 1 Introduction 2 System Model 3 RL Based Sensor Encryption and Power Control 4 Performance Analysis 5 Simulation Results 6 Conclusion References Modeling the Instantaneous Saturation Throughput of UAV Swarm Networks 1 Introduction 2 Node-Counts-Based MAC Protocol for UAV Swarm Network 3 Modeling the Saturation Throughput of NCUMAC 3.1 Fixed-Length Time Slots 3.2 Collision Probability 3.3 Four-Dimensional Markov Chain Model 3.4 Backoff Process 3.5 Transmission Process 3.6 Suspend Process 4 Simulation Results 5 Conclusion References Learning-Based Aerial Charging Scheduling for UAV-Based Data Collection 1 Introduction 2 Feasibility Verification 2.1 Contact Wireless Charging 2.2 Contactless Wireless Charging 3 Scenarios and System Model 3.1 Scenarios 3.2 System Model 4 Problem Formulation 5 Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for CUAV Charging Scheduling 5.1 Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) 5.2 Adaptive Parameter Space Noise 6 Experiments and Analysis 6.1 Experiment Setting 6.2 Experiment Analysis 7 Conclusion References Learning to Communicate for Mobile Sensing with Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Mobile Sensing 2.2 Reinforcement Learning 3 System Model 4 The Environment 5 Learning to Communicate with MARL 5.1 Learning Communication 5.2 The Algorithm 6 Evaluation 6.1 Experiment Setting 6.2 Performance Analysis 7 Conclusion References Enhancing Blackslist-Based Packet Filtration Using Blockchain in Wireless Sensor Networks 1 Introduction 2 Our Approach 2.1 Blockchain Background 2.2 Blockchain-Based Blacklist Packet Filter 3 Evaluation 3.1 Experiment-1 3.2 Experiment-2 3.3 Discussion 4 Related Work 4.1 Intrusion Detection in WSNs 4.2 Packet Filtration 5 Conclusion References Author Index The three-volume set LNCS 12937 - 12939 constitutes the proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, WASA 2021, which was held during June 25-27, 2021.