فلسفهٔ شوم: فلسفهٔ علم و توسعهٔ بینش برای مسائل پیچیده (نگرش‌هایی بر میان‌رشته‌ای بودن)

Wicked Philosophy. Philosophy of Science and Vision Development for Complex Problems provides an overview of the philosophy of the natural sciences, the social sciences and the humanities, and explores how insights from these three domains can be integrated to help find solutions for the complex, wicked problems we are currently facing. The core of a new science-based vision is complexity thinking, offering a meta-position for navigating alternative paradigms and making informed choices of resources for projects involving complex problems. The book also brings design thinking into problem-solving and teaching, fostering construction of an integrative approach that bridges structure and action amplified by transdisciplinary engagement of stakeholders in society. It is not always easy to set up a succesfull philosophy course for students in other programs. The author of Wicked Philosophy, Coyan Tromp, has experience in designing courses on philosophy of science for various Bachelor programs. The first example is for an introductory course to an Interdisciplinary Philosophy of Science, which is specifically suited for programs focusing at complex problems such as sustainability or health issues. The second example is a program for a course on (Philosophy of) Science in a Post-Truth Society. More examples are also available (e.g. a program in which Philosophy of Science is combined with Vision Development and Future Scenarios). In addition to the program, the author can also provide a workbook with lesson plans, both for online and on campus settings as well as additional literature suggestions for Dutch and French programmes. Please contact us at marketing@aup.nl for questions or extra material. Contents 7 Preface 10 1. Twenty-First-Century Science 14 1.1 ‘Wicked’ Problems: The Great Challenges of Our Times 15 1.2 The State of Modern Science 19 1.2.1 Foundations of Modern Science 19 1.2.2 First Foundation: Valid, Logical Inference 21 1.2.3 Second Foundation: Empirical Observation 23 1.2.4 The Ideal of Unified Science 24 1.2.5 Dissent against the Orthodox Consensus 26 1.3 The Inevitability of Philosophy 28 1.3.1 The Münchhausen Trilemma 29 1.3.2 Paradigm Shifts: Tipping Points or Turning Points? 30 1.3.3 Turns in Philosophy of Science 33 1.4 Future Avenues 34 1.4.1 The Need for an Integrative Approach 34 1.4.2 Complexity Thinking: A New Paradigm in Science? 35 2. Contemporary Approaches 39 2.1 The Traditional Standard Research Model 40 2.1.1 The Empirical Cycle 40 2.1.2 The Deductive-Nomological Explanatory Model 43 2.1.3 Critical Rationalism Critically Assessed 46 2.2 Interpretivism as an Alternative Paradigm 48 2.2.1 The Hermeneutic Circle 49 2.2.2 Construction and Deconstruction 50 2.2.3 The Double Interpretation Challenge 53 2.2.4 One-Sided Interpretation versus Reciprocal Adequacy 54 2.3 Current Models and Future Thinking 56 2.3.1 The Model Cycle 56 2.3.2 Simulation as a Way to Enhance Systems and Design Thinking 58 2.3.3 Computation and Design: New Imperialism or Emancipation of the Sciences? 59 2.4 Unity in Diversity 61 3. Structure and Action in Science 64 3.1 Objective Structures or Subjective Perspectives? 65 3.1.1 Correspondence and Representation 65 3.1.2 Perspectivism and Fallibilism 68 3.1.3 An Instrumental Outlook on Science 70 3.2 A Clash of Approaches? 72 3.2.1 There Is No Mastermind 72 3.2.2 From Mastermind to Mapmaking 73 3.2.3 Coherence and the Explanatory Power of Narratives 75 3.2.4 Towards a Network Model of Correspondence and Coherence 77 3.3 Beyond the Oppositions 79 3.3.1 The Duality of Structure 79 3.3.2 The Stratification of Reality: From Naive to Critical Realism 80 3.3.3 A New Perspective: Knowledge as a Coral Reef 82 3.4 Towards a More Dynamic View of Science 85 3.4.1 The Action Cycle 86 3.4.2 Design Thinking and the Policy Cycle 88 4. Science as a Rational Process 92 4.1 The ‘Project of Reason’ 93 4.2 Unintended and Unwanted Consequences of the Rationality Process 94 4.2.1 Reduced and Reducing Rationality 94 4.2.2 Fragmentation and Alienation 96 4.3 The Societal Value of Science 99 4.3.1 Science as a Quasi-Neutral Solution Factory 99 4.3.2 Mode 1 and Mode 2 Knowledge 102 4.3.3 (How) Does Science Find its Way into Society? 107 4.4 Does Knowledge Also Imply Wisdom? 109 4.4.1 Towards a More Sensible Continuation of the Rationalisation Process 109 4.4.2 Slow Questions 111 4.5 From Funnel Rationality to a More Comprehensive Rationality 113 5. Robust Knowledge for Complex Problems 116 5.1 Towards a Complexity-Based, Integrated Research Approach 116 5.1.1 Methodological Implications of Complexity Thinking 117 5.1.2 Engaging in Complexity 118 5.1.3 Varying Regimes of Justification 121 5.2 Science in Progress 125 5.2.1 How to Determine the Reliability of Knowledge 125 5.2.2 Are Different Paradigms incommensurable? 128 5.2.3 Progressive Research Programmes and Problem Agendas 132 5.3 Quality Criteria for Research into Complex Issues 134 5.3.1 Objectivity Defined as Critical Intersubjectivity 134 5.3.2 Science and Accountability 136 5.3.3 Searching for Common Ground within Regimes of Justification 137 5.4 Dealing with Complexity 138 6. The Future of Science 143 6.1 Science and Futures Thinking 143 6.1.1 Combining Know-What with Know-How 144 6.1.2 How to Solve the Knowledge Paradox 145 6.2 Vision-Based Science and Science-Based Visions 147 6.2.1 Vision with or without a Capital ‘V’? 147 6.2.2 Virtual Realities and Possible Futures 149 6.2.3 Visions as Forecasting Paradigm Changes 154 6.2.4 Transformative Learning as New Educational Vision? 156 6.3 From Funnel Vision to Comprehensive Science 160 6.3.1 From Simple towards Reflexive Modernisation 160 6.3.2 Towards a Super Rationality, or How to Live a Wise Life 165 References 170 Glossary and Index 189 Colophon 204 Wicked Philosophy. Philosophy of Science and Vision Development for Complex Problems' provides an overview of the philosophy of the natural sciences, the social sciences and the humanities, and explores how insights from these three domains can be integrated to help find solutions for the complex,?wicked? problems we are currently facing.00The core of a new science-based vision is complexity thinking, offering a meta-position for navigating alternative paradigms and making informed choices of resources for projects involving complex problems. The book also brings design thinking into problem-solving and teaching, fostering construction of an integrative approach that bridges structure and action amplified by transdisciplinary engagement of stakeholders in society Wicked Philosophy Provides An Overview Of The Philosophy Of The Natural Sciences, The Social Sciences And Humanities, And Explores How Insights From These Three Domains Can Be Integrated To Help Find Solutions For The Complex, Wicked Problems We Are Currently Facing. The Challenges We Are Currently Facing Are Highly Complex And These So-called Wicked Problems Cannot Be Studied, Let Alone Be Solved, By Any One Single Discipline. This Book Enters To Provide An Overview Of The Philosophy Of The Natural Sciences, Social Sciences And Humanities, And Explores How The Insights And Intersections From These Three Domains Can Be Integrated To Help Find Explanations For Our Urgent Problems.