چرا مردان شورش می‌کنند: نسخهٔ چهلمین سالگرد

Why Men Rebel was first published in 1970 after a decade of political violence across the world. Forty years later, serious conflicts continue in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Ted Robert Gurr reintroduces us to his landmark work, putting it in context with the research it influenced as well as world events. Why Men Rebel remains highly relevant to today's violent and unstable world with its holistic, people-based understanding of the causes of political protest and rebellion. With its close eye on the politics of group identity, this book provides new insight into contemporary security challenges. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Contents 8 INTRODUCTION TO NEW PAPERBACK EDITION 10 INTRODUCTION 21 1. EXPLANATIONS OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE 26 What Is to Be Explained? 30 Toward an Integrated Theory of Political Violence 35 The Nature of Social Theory 39 2. RELATIVE DEPRIVATION AND THE IMPETUS TO VIOLENCE 45 Relative Deprivation Defined 47 The Sources of Aggression 53 Relative Deprivation and Analogous Causes of Political Violence 60 Patterns of Relative Deprivation 69 The RD Models: Some Qualifications and Uses 79 3. THE INTENSITY AND SCOPE OF RELATIVE DEPRIVATION 82 Determinants of Intensity: The Degree of Relative Deprivation 83 Determinants of Intensity: Value Salience 89 Determinants of Intensity: Number of Opportunities 96 Some Effects of Anticipation and Persistence of RD 102 Determinants of the Scope of Relative Deprivation 106 4. SOCIAL ORIGINS OF DEPRIVATION: SOURCES OF RISING EXPECTATIONS 115 Demonstration Effects: Exposure to New Modes of Life 116 Demonstration Effects: New Ideologies 126 Demonstration Effects: Value Gains of Reference Groups 128 Demonstration Effects: Value Disequilibria 132 Some Effects of Value Mobility 136 5. SOCIAL ORIGINS OF DEPRIVATION: DETERMINANTS OF VALUE CAPABILITIES 146 General Determinants of Value Capabilities 146 Welfare Value Capabilities and Political Violence 152 Interpersonal Value Capabilities and Political Violence 157 Power Values and Political Violence 166 6. PERSPECTIVES ON VIOLENCE AND POLITICS: SOCIALIZATION, TRADITION, AND LEGITIMACY 178 Two Basic Hypotheses 178 Psychocultural Justifications for Violence 183 The Politicization of Discontent 200 The Legitimacy of Political Systems 206 7. PERSPECTIVES ON VIOLENCE AND POLITICS: IDEOLOGIES, UTILITIES, AND COMMUNICATION 216 Doctrinal Justifications for Political Violence 216 The Utility of Violence 233 The Communication of Aggressive Symbols 246 Summary 252 8. THE COERCIVE BALANCE 255 The Balance of Regime and Dissident Coercion 256 Regime Coercion 260 A Note on Rational Conflict Models and Negative Sanctions 282 Dissident Coercion 283 9. THE BALANCE OF INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT 297 The Balance of Regime and Dissident Institutional Support 297 Some Structural Determinants of Institutional Support 305 Some Functional Determinants of Institutional Support 319 Instrumental vs. Expressive Functions of Associational Groups 333 10. CAUSES AND PROCESSES OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE: A CONCLUSION 340 Determinants of the Magnitude of Political Violence: A Summary 342 Determinants of the General Forms of Political Violence 357 Processes of Political Violence 370 Conclusion 380 APPENDIX: SUMMARY LIST OF HYPOTHESES AND COROLLARIES 383 BIBLIOGRAPHY 392 I. Behavioral and Attitudinal Studies 392 II. Studies of Group Conflict and Political Violence 402 INDEX 432 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 446 Explanations Of Political Violence -- Relative Deprivation And The Impetus To Violence -- The Intensity And Scope Of Relative Deprivation -- Social Origins Of Deprivation : Sources Of Rising Expectations -- Social Origins Of Deprivation : Determinants Of Value Capabilities -- Perspectives On Violence And Politics : Socialization, Tradition, And Legitimacy -- Perspectives On Violence And Politics : Ideologies, Utilities, And Communication -- The Coercive Balance -- The Balance Of Institutional Support -- Causes And Processes Of Political Violence : A Conclusion. Ted Robert Gurr. Originally Published By Princeton University Press In 1970. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 369-407) And Index. Anniversary edition of a classic work that helped lead the way to an understanding of the causes of political protest. Features a new introduction.