Who Owns the World's Media? : Media Concentration and Ownership Around the World

Media ownership and concentration has major implications for politics, business, culture, regulation, and innovation. It is also a highly contentious subject of public debate in many countries around the world. In Italy, Silvio Berlusconi's companies have dominated Italian politics. Televisa has been accused of taking cash for positive coverage of politicians in Mexico. Even in tiny Iceland, the regulation of media concentration led to that country's first and only public referendum.__Who Owns the World's Media?__ moves beyond the rhetoric of free media and free markets to provide a dispassionate and data-driven analysis of global media ownership trends and their drivers. Based on an extensive data collection effort from scholars around the world, the book covers thirteen media industries, including television, newspapers, book publishing, film, search engines, ISPs, wireless telecommunication and others, across a ten to twenty-five year period in thirty countries. In many countries--like Egypt, China, or Russia--little to no data exists and the publication of these chapters will become authoritative resources on the subject in those regions. After examining each country, Noam and his collaborators offer comparisons and analysis across industries, regions, and development levels. They also calculate overall national concentration trends beyond specific media industries, the market share of individual companies in the overall national media sector, and the size and trends of transnational companies in overall global media. This definitive global study of the extent and impact of media concentration will be an invaluable resource for communications, public policy, law, and business scholars in doing research and also for media, telecom, and IT companies and financial institutions in the private sector. This Publication Moves Beyond The Rhetoric Of Free Media And Free Markets To Provide A Dispassionate And Data-driven Analysis Of Global Media Ownership Trends And Their Drivers. Based On An Extensive Data Collection Effort From Scholars Around The World, It Covers 13 Media Industries, Including Television, Newspapers, Book Publishing, Film, Search Engines, Isps, And Wireless Telecommunication, Across A 10-25 Year Period In 30 Countries. Introduction -- Methodology -- Media Concentration Around The World -- Country Studies A. Europe. Belgium / Peggy Valcke, Jo Groebel, And Moritz Bittner -- Finland / Mikko Gronlund -- France / Patrick-yves Badillo, Dominique Bourgeois, And Jean-baptiste Lesourd -- Germany / Julia Bösch, Max-josef Meier, Philipp Rösch-schlanderer, And Achim Ekkehard Henning Wolf -- Ireland / Roddy Flynn And Paschal Preston -- Italy / Giuseppe Richeri And Benedetta Prario -- The Netherlands / Joost Van Dreunen -- Portugal / Paulo Faustino -- Russia / Elena Vartanova -- Spain / Juan P. Artero And Alfonso Sanchez-tabernero -- Sweden / Robert G. Picard, Mart Ots, And Madison Forsander -- Switzerland / Patrick-yves Badillo And Dominique Bourgeois -- Turkey / Huseyin Kemal Bayazit -- United Kingdom / Petros Iosifidis -- B. North America. Canada / Dwayne Winseck -- United States / Eli Noam -- Latin America. Argentina / Guillermo Mastrini, Ana Bizberge, And Martin Becerra -- Brazil / Sonia Virginia Moreira -- Chile / Sergio Godoy E. -- Mexico / Juan Enrique Huerta Wong And Rodrigo Gomez Garcia -- Asia-pacific. Australia / Franco Papandrea And Rodney Tiffen -- China / Min Hang -- India / Anuradha Bhattacharjee, Liwei Wang, And Tapasya Banerjee -- Japan / Kiyoshi Nakmaura, Teruaki Asari, Yoshiharu Ichikawa, Koichiro Hayashi, Hajime Yamada, And Sho Yamaguchi -- South Korea / Daeho Kim And Seongcheol Kim -- Taiwan / Yu-li Liu, Yuntsai Chou, Kuo-feng Tseng, Ru-shou Robert Chen, Yi-hsuan Chiang, And Ping-hung Chen -- E. Middle East And Africa. Egypt / Nagla Rizk -- Israel / Amit M. Schejter And Moran Yemini -- South Africa / George Angelopulo And Petrus H. Potgieter -- Summaries And Analyses / National Media Concentrations Compared -- European Trends / Patrick-yves Badillo, Dominique Bourgeois, And Jean-baptiste Lesourd -- Media Industry In International Comparison -- The World's Major Media Companies -- The Owners Of The World's Media -- Analysis Of Media Concentration -- Findings. Eli M. Noam And The International Media Concentration Collaboration [editors]. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 1349-1371) And Index. Cover 1 Acknowledgments 10 Content 6 List of Contributors 12 Part One: Introductio n and Overview 24 1 Introduction 26 2 Project Organization and Methodology 39 Part Two: Media Concentration around the World—Country Studies 54 A. Europe 56 3 Belgium 58 Peggy Valcke, Jo Groebel, and Moritz Bittner 58 4 Finland 84 Mikko Grönlund 84 5 France 103 Patrick-Yves Badillo, Dominique Bourgeois, and Jean-Baptiste Lesourd 103 6 Germany 130 Julia Bösch, Max-Josef Meier, Philipp Rösch-Schlanderer, and Achim Ekkehard Henning Wolf 130 7 Ireland 166 Roddy Flynn and Paschal Preston 166 8 Italy 206 Giuseppe Richeri and Benedetta Prario 206 9 Netherlands 229 Joost van Dreunen 229 10 Portugal 254 Paulo Faustino 254 11 Russia 299 Elena Vartanova 299 12 Spain 334 Juan P. Artero and Alfonso Sánchez-Tabernero 334 13 Sweden 361 Robert G. Picard, Mart Ots, and Madison Forsander 361 14 Switzerland 381 Patrick-Yves Badillo and Dominique Bourgeois 381 15 Turkey 410 Hüseyin Kemal Bayazit 410 16 United Kingdom 448 Petros Iosifidis B. North Ame rica 448 B. North America 476 17 Canada 478 Dwayne Winseck 478 18 United States 523 Eli Noam 523 C. Latin America 596 19 Argentina 598 Guillermo Mastrini, Ana Bizberge, and Martín Becerra 598 20 Brazil 629 Sonia Virginia Moreira 629 21 Chile 664 Sergio Godoy E. 664 22 Mexico 697 Juan Enrique Huerta Wong and Rodrigo Gómez García 697 D. Asia-Pacific 724 23 Australia 726 Franco Papandrea and Rodney Tiffen 726 24 China 763 Min Hang 763 25 India 795 Anuradha Bhattacharjee, Liwei Wang, and Tapasya Banerjee 795 26 Japan 824 Kiyoshi Nakamura, Teruaki Asari, Yoshiharu Ichikawa, Koichiro Hayashi, Hajime Yamada, and Sho Yamaguchi 824 27 South Korea 850 Daeho Kim and Seongcheol Kim 850 28 Taiwan 870 Yu-li Liu, Yuntsai Chou, Kuo-feng Tseng, Ru-Shou Robert Chen, Yi-hsuan Chiang, and Ping-Hung Chen 870 E. Middle East and Africa 904 29 Egypt 906 Nagla Rizk 906 30 Israel 965 Amit M. Schejter and Moran Yemini 965 31 South Africa 1009 George Angelopulo and Petrus H. Potgieter 1009 Part Three: Summa ries and Anal yses 1038 32 National Media Concentrations Compared 1040 33 European Trends 1065 34 Media Industries in International Comparison 1077 35 The World’s Major Media Companies 1132 36 The Owners of the World’s Media 1203 37 Analysis of Media Concentration 1266 38 Findings 1326 General References on Media Ownership and Concentration 1372 Index 1396 "Media ownership and concentration has major implications for politics, business, culture, regulation, and innovation. It is also a highly contentious subject of public debate in many countries around the world. In Italy, Silvio Berlusconi's companies have dominated Italian politics. Televisa has been accused of taking cash for positive coverage of politicians in Mexico. Even in tiny Iceland, the regulation of media concentration led to that country's first and only public referendum. Who Owns the World's Media? moves beyond the rhetoric of free media and free markets to provide a dispassionate and data-driven analysis of global media ownership trends and their drivers. Based on an extensive data collection effort from scholars around the world, the book covers thirteen media industries, including television, newspapers, book publishing, film, search engines, ISPs, wireless telecommunication and others, across a ten to twenty-five year period in thirty countries. In many countries--like Egypt, China, or Russia--little to no data exists and the publication of these chapters will become authoritative resources on the subject in those regions. After examining each country, Noam and his collaborators offer comparisons and analysis across industries, regions, and development levels. They also calculate overall national concentration trends beyond specific media industries, the market share of individual companies in the overall national media sector, and the size and trends of transnational companies in overall global media. This definitive global study of the extent and impact of media concentration will be an invaluable resource for communications, public policy, law, and business scholars in doing research and also for media, telecom, and IT companies and financial institutions in the private sector." -- prové de l'editor