When Freedom Is Lost : The Dark Side of the Relationship Between Government and the Fort Hope Band

The devastating impact of the policies and programs of the federal government on the Indian people of Canada is illustrated forcefully in this important and revealing study of the Fort Hope Band. Over a period of seven years, the authors looked at the communities of Webequie, Summer Beaver, Lansdowne House, and Fort Hope in the far reaches of Northwestern Ontario seeking answers to such questions as: How do a people become wards of the state? How does a government work against its stated objectives? How do ghettos appear in the middle of a pristine wilderness? They found that, starting in the early '60s, as government involvement in band life increased, dependency on the government also increased - to the point where today government programs provide 90 percent of the band members' income. Now dependent on programs with can be curtailed at the governments' will, the band is in an extremely vulnerable position. The authors suggest that this is also true of other bands across the country and offer suggestions for constructive change. Contents 5 Photographs 6 Preface 7 Acknowledgments 11 1. Introduction 15 2. Before government 25 3. Schools, welfare, and the White Paper 35 4. Where means became ends 51 5. Why band businesses failed 63 6. Freedom to fail 85 7. From Lansdowne House to Summer Beaver 101 8. Reflections 117 Notes 121 Bibliography 129 Index 133 Concerned with the political and economic relationships that developed between the Ojibwa Indians in the Fort Hope Band, northern Ontario, and their government agents before and after the White Paper was introduced