اروپای غربی در قرون وسطی: تاریخچه‌ای کوتاه

This book is an attempt to give, in the briefest space possible, an interpretation of the rise and fall, the nature and contributions of the medieval civilization. The material chosen is meant to illustrate two topics which the author believes are basic in the study of any civilization. First, civilization is organization and specialization. the ability of people to cooperate and the way in which they cooperate, the division of labor and the means by which this division is arranged, determined the primary characteristics of a civilization. Second, large-scale and long-continued cooperation is possible only if a people possess a common set of ideals and beliefs. For these reasons the author devoted most of his space to a discussion of institutions and religion of the time. PREFACE V INTRODUCTION i 1. THE MAKING OF EUROPE n I. The Roman Empire 13 II. The Church 21 in. The Germanic Migrations 26 IV. The End of Mediterranean Unity 35 V. The Work of Charlemagne 44 2. THE YEARS OF TRANSITION 55 I. The Collapse of the Carolingian Empire Feudalism . 57 II. The Revival of the Empire Germany and Italy . . 66 HI. The Renewal of Western Civilization 74 3. THE FLOWERING OF MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION . 89 I. The Temper of the Twelfth Century 91 n. The Commonwealth of Christendom 100 III. The Development of Secular Governments .... 106 IV. New Ideas and Their Expression in the Twelfth Century 127 4. THE MEDIEVAL SUMMER . 141 L The Temper of the Thirteenth Century .... 143 II. The Papal Monarchy Innocent III 147 III. The Papal Monarchy The Popes and the Hohenstaufen 157 vii VH1 CONTENTS IV. The Rise of the Secular State 163 V. Economic, Intellectual, and Artistic Activities in the Thirteenth Century 176 5. THE LONG AUTUMN 187 I. The Changing Climate of Opinion 189 II. The First Frosts 191 in. The Failure of the Secular States 196 IV. Lost in the Fog 205 V. Premature Spring in Italy 212 VL Fire Under the Northern Ashes 220 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 231 INDEX 237