Well Production Practical Handbook (Institut Francais Du Petrole Publications)

Annotation This new Handbook is designed to give a complete, comprehensive overview of field development and well production, providing a wealth of practical information. It is intended as a reference guide for petroleum engineers and oilfield operators, yet also provides readily-available solutions to practical problems. The user will find the guidelines, recommendations, formulas and charts currently in use, as it covers most of the cases encountered in the field. Even when a problem has been contracted out to a service company, reference to this handbook will help the oilfield manager to better monitor outsourced work and current operations. The handbook also introduces the new techniques of well production (horizontal and multilateral wells, heavy oil production, etc.). Many examples are given throughout to facilitate the use of the formulas. Also, measurements are frequently expressed in both metric and U.S. units. The symbols used for these units conform to the recommendations of the SPE Board of Directors. This publication will therefore serve both as a guide and as a handbook, in which the operator will find answers to his questions, along with quick and easy solutions to most of the problems that occur in field development. Contents: General data. Casing and tubing. Coiled tubing. Packers. Pressure losses. Fundamentals of petroleum reservoirs. Well productivity. Formation damage control. Sand control. Stimulation. Horizontal and multilateral wells. Water management. Heavy oil production, Enhanced oil recovery. Artificial lift. Beam pumping and other reciprocating rod pumps. Gas lift. Electric submersible pumps. Progressing cavity pumps. Hydraulic pumping. multiphase pumping and metering. Deposit treatment. Well servicing. Cased hole logging and imaging. Financial formulas for investment decisions. List of standards for petroleum production. Glossary. Index. Cover......Page 1 WELL PRODUCTION PRACTICAL HANDBOOK......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Foreword......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 10 Contents......Page 12 A: General Data......Page 18 A1 SI UNITS SYSTEM......Page 20 A2 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE......Page 29 A3 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND DEGREES API......Page 30 A4 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY CONVERSION......Page 31 A5 NUMERICAL CONSTANTS AND MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS......Page 33 A6 TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS......Page 34 A7 GEOMETRY FORMULAS FOR AREAS AND VOlUMES......Page 36 A8 CONTENT OF HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS......Page 37 A9 MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS......Page 38 A10 ELECTRICITY. DIRECT CURRENT......Page 41 All ElECTRICITY. ALTERNATING CURRENT......Page 44 A12 PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL SYMBOLS, ATOMIC NUMBERS AND WEIGHTS......Page 46 A13 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS AND FLUIDS......Page 47 A14 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS......Page 48 A15 STRATIGRAPHIC SCALE......Page 49 REFERENCES......Page 50 B: Casing and Tubing......Page 52 B1 INTRODUCTION......Page 54 B2 GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CASINGS......Page 56 B3 DIMENSIONS AND MASSES OF TUBINGS......Page 57 B4 STEEL GRADE AND TENSILE REQUIREMENTS OF TUBINGS......Page 58 B5 TUBING CONNECTION......Page 64 B6 MAKEUP OF THREADED CONNECTION......Page 66 B7 API AND BUTTRESS TUBING THREAD FORM......Page 70 B8 ELONGATION......Page 71 B10 TUBING CAPACITY......Page 72 B11 ANNULAR VOLUME BETWEEN CASING AND TUBING......Page 75 REFERENCES......Page 77 C: Coiled Tubing......Page 78 C1 COILED TUBING UNIT EQUIPMENT DESIGN......Page 80 C2 WORKOVER SAFETY......Page 82 C3 TUBE TECHNOlOGY AND CAPABILITIES......Page 84 C4 SAND AND SOLIDS WASHING......Page 88 C5 UNLOADING WElLS WITH LIGHTER flUIDS......Page 89 C6 COILED TUBING ASSISTED LOGGING AND PERFORATING......Page 90 C7 CEMENTING......Page 91 C9 VElOCITY STRINGS......Page 92 C10 PRODUCTION APPLICATIONS......Page 94 Cll ADVANCED·COMPOSITE SPOOLABLE TUBING......Page 98 REFERENCES......Page 99 D: Packers......Page 100 D3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PACKERS......Page 102 D4 TUBING RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS......Page 106 D5 PACKER CALCULATIONS......Page 109 D6 ISO 14310......Page 111 REFERENCES......Page 112 E: Pressure Losses......Page 114 E1 TYPES OF FLOW......Page 116 E2 PRESSURE LOSSES IN CASING AND TUBING......Page 117 E3 PRESSURE LOSSES IN ANNULAR......Page 119 REFERENCE......Page 121 F: Fundamentals of Petroleum Reservoirs......Page 122 F1 CHARACTERIZATION OF RESERVOIR ROCKS......Page 124 F2 OIL PROPERTIES......Page 133 F3 WATER PROPERTIES......Page 136 F4 GAS PROPERTIES......Page 137 REFERENCES......Page 141 G: Well Productivity......Page 142 G1 OIL FLOW AROUND WELLS......Page 144 G2 WELL TEST ANALYSIS METHOD......Page 154 G3 INFLOW PERFORMANCE RElATIONSHIP (lPR). PRODUCTIVITY INDEX OF AN OIL WElL PRODUCING UNDER THE BUBBLE POINT; VOGEl'S METHOD......Page 161 RHERENCES......Page 164 H: Formation Damage Control......Page 166 H1 FORMATION DAMAGE PREVENTION......Page 168 H2 REMEDIAL CLEAN UP......Page 174 H3 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR FORMATION DAMAGE TESTING......Page 177 REFERENCES......Page 179 I: Sand Control......Page 180 I1 SAND FORMATION PROPERTIES AND GEOLOGY......Page 182 I2 GRAVEL PACKING......Page 183 I3 SCREEN INSTALLATION AND GRAVEL-PACK PROCEDURE GUIDELINES......Page 191 I4 GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING A SAND-CONTROL METHOD......Page 196 REFERENCES......Page 201 J: Stimulation......Page 204 J2 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING......Page 206 J3 MATRIX AClDIZING......Page 221 J4 ACID FRACTURING......Page 227 J5 FRAC PACKS......Page 228 REFERENCES......Page 230 K: Horizontal and Multilateral Wells......Page 232 K1 HORIZONTAL WEll PRODUCTIVITY......Page 234 K2 PRESSURE DROPS IN HORIZONTAL WElLS......Page 238 K3 flOW PATTERNS IN HORIZONTAL WEllS......Page 240 K4 MULTILATERAL WELLS......Page 242 REFERENCES......Page 247 L: Water Management......Page 250 L1 BASIC WATER-OIL FLOW PROPERTIES OF RESERVOIR ROCK......Page 252 L2 WATERFLOODING......Page 253 L3 WATER CONING......Page 256 L4 WATER CONTROL IN PRODUCTION WELLS......Page 258 L5 DOWNHOLE OIL WATER SEPARATION (DHOWS)......Page 266 REFERENCES......Page 268 M: Heavy Oil Production. Enhanced Oil Recovery......Page 270 N: Artificial Lift......Page 288 N1 COMMON METHODS......Page 290 N2 PRODUCTION CRITERIA......Page 292 N3 GOR CALCULATION AT THE PUMP INLET......Page 293 REFERENCES......Page 296 O: Beam Pumping and Other Reciprocating Rod Pumps......Page 298 O1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ......Page 300 O2 SUBSURFACE SUCKER-ROD PUMPS......Page 302 O3 SUCKER RODS......Page 306 O4 PUMPING UNITS......Page 310 O6 JACK PUMPING UNIT......Page 313 REFERENCES......Page 315 P: Gas Lift......Page 316 P1 TYPES OF GAS LIFT......Page 318 P2 DESIGN OF ACONTINUOUS-FLOW GAS-LIFT SYSTEM......Page 319 P3 DESIGN OF INTERMITTENT FLOW INSTALLATIONS......Page 328 P4 DESIGN OF THE COMPRESSOR SYSTEM......Page 331 P5 ANNEX. BASICS OF PHYSICAL GAS APPLIED TO GAS LIFT......Page 333 REFERENCES......Page 335 Q: Electric Submersible Pump......Page 336 Q1 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS......Page 338 Q2 ElECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS......Page 340 Q3 DESCRIPTION OF SUBMERSIBLE INSTALLATIONS......Page 344 Q4 PUMP SELECTION......Page 346 Q5 PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING MOTOR STARTING CONDITIONS FOR ESP INSTALLATIONS......Page 347 REFERENCES......Page 353 R: Progressing Cavity Pumps......Page 354 R1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION......Page 356 R2 PCP CHARACTERISTICS......Page 359 R3 SELECTION OF A PCP......Page 361 R4 DRIVING FROM SURFACE OF PCP......Page 365 R5 THE INSERT PUMP......Page 369 R6 THE ElECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PCP......Page 371 REFERENCES......Page 373 S: Hydraulic Pumping......Page 374 S2 PISTON-TYPE HYDRAULIC PUMPING......Page 376 S3 JET PUMPS......Page 383 REFERENCES......Page 388 T: Multiphase Pumping and Metering......Page 390 T1 MUlTlPHASE PUMPING......Page 392 T2 FLOW METERING GENERAL EQUATIONS......Page 400 T3 FLOW METERING PRACTICAL DATA......Page 403 T4 FLOW REGIMES......Page 409 T5 CLASSIFICATION OF MULTIPHASE METERS......Page 410 T6 Performance specification......Page 413 T7 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES OF MUlTIPHASE METERS......Page 416 REFERENCES......Page 419 U: Deposit Treatment......Page 422 U1 ASPHALTENE DEPOSITION......Page 424 U2 HYDRATES......Page 429 U3 PARAFFINS (WAXES)......Page 435 U4 SCALES......Page 437 REFERENCES......Page 440 V: Well Servicing......Page 442 V2 WIRELINE OPERATION......Page 444 V3 SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVES......Page 447 V4 SNUBBING......Page 450 V5 DRILLSTEM TESTING (DST)......Page 453 V6 WORKOVER PLANNING......Page 456 REFERENCES......Page 458 W: Cased-Hole Logging and Imaging......Page 460 W1 FORMATION EVALUATION......Page 463 W2 CEMENT EVALUATION......Page 471 W3 DOWNHOLE CASING INSPECTION......Page 477 W4 PRODUCTION LOGGING......Page 482 W5 OTHER CASED-HOLE SERVICES......Page 498 W6 IMAGING......Page 500 W7 EVOLUTION OF WIRELINE SERVICE......Page 503 REFERENCES......Page 504 X: Financial Formulas for Investment Decisions......Page 506 X1 BASIC FORMULAS......Page 508 X2 PRESENT VALUE AND THE OPPORTUNITY COST OF CAPITAL......Page 509 X3 PRESENT VALUE APPLIED TO OILFIELD PRODUCTION......Page 510 X4 MAKING WISE INVESTMENT DECISIONS NET PRESENT VALUE AND ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT CRITERIA......Page 512 REFERENCES......Page 514 Y: List of Standards for Petroleum Production......Page 530 Y1 INTRODUCTION......Page 532 Y2 TUBULAR GOODS......Page 534 Y4 WIRE ROPE......Page 535 YS PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT......Page 536 Y6 LEASE PRODUCTION VESSELS......Page 538 YB PLASTIC PIPE......Page 539 Yl0 COMMON PRODUCTION......Page 540 REFERENCES......Page 541 Z: Glossary......Page 544 Index......Page 554