Wearable Electronics Sensors: For Safe And Healthy Living (smart Sensors, Measurement And Instrumentation)

"This edited book contains invited papers from renowned experts working in the field of Wearable Electronics Sensors. It includes 14 chapters describing recent advancements in the area of Wearable Sensors, Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks, Protocols, Topologies, Instrumentation architectures, Measurement techniques, Energy harvesting and scavenging, Signal processing, Design and Prototyping. The book will be useful for engineers, scientist and post-graduate students as a reference book for their research on wearable sensors, devices and technologies which is experiencing a period of rapid growth driven by new applications such as heart rate monitors, smart watches, tracking devices and smart glasses."--Publisher's description Wearable Electronics Sensors Editorial 6 Contents 9 A Short Biography of Subhas Mukhopadhyay 11 Wearable Electronics Sensors: Current Statusand Future Opportunities 13 1 Introduction 13 2 Motivation 14 3 Physiological Conditions That Are Measured by WearableSensors 15 4 Sensors for Physiological Parameters Monitoring 20 5 Types of Activities 26 6 Wireless Technologies 33 7 Current Status and Future Opportunities 35 8 Conclusion 37 References 38 TOTAL HEALTH: Toward ContinuousPersonal Monitoring 48 1 The Total Health Concept 48 2 Why Total Health Is Important? 49 3 What Is the Impact? 52 4 What Are the Challenges of Total Health? 52 5 Total Health Applications 54 5.1 Heart Failure Prediction 55 5.2 Pressure Ulcer Reduction 57 5.3 Fall Detection 58 5.4 Mental Health Assessment 59 5.5 Obesity Control 61 5.6 Rehabilitation 62 5.7 Conclusion 64 References 65 A Novel Biometric Algorithm to Body SensorNetworks 68 1 Introduction 68 2 Motivation 72 3 Proposed Algorithm 73 3.1 Data Authentication Function (DAF) 74 3.2 Low Cost Encryption 78 4 Performance Analysis 80 5 Simulation Environment 82 6 Experimental Results 84 7 Conclusion 88 References 89 Ultra Low-Power Hardware-AssistedSignal Screening in Wearable Systems 91 1 Introduction 91 2 Preliminaries 92 2.1 Wearable Sensor Unit 93 2.2 Main Signal Processing Chain 94 2.3 Low-Power Wearable System Design 94 3 Signal Screening for Power Saving 96 3.1 Motivation 96 3.2 Architecture of Wearable Unit with Signal Screening 98 3.3 Granular Decision Making 99 3.4 Screening Blocks 100 4 Optimization of Granular Decision Making Module 101 4.1 Template Matching 101 4.2 Performance of Screening Blocks 101 4.3 Problem Formulation 102 4.4 Shortest Path Solution 105 5 Performance Analysis 107 5.1 Datase 107 5.2 Parameter Setting 108 5.3 Decision Paths 108 5.4 Power Analysis 110 5.5 Single Action Detection 111 5.6 Detecting Multiple Actions 112 6 Conclusion 113 References 113 Inexpensive and Power-Efficient Wireless HealthMonitoring System for the Aging Population 117 1 Introduction 117 2 Related Research 117 2.1 Heal Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks 117 2.2 Fall Detection Using MEMS Sensors 118 3 Motivation 118 4 Challenges 119 5 System Architecture 119 6 Realization 120 6.1 e-Guardian Devices 120 TCP/HTTP Server 121 7 Fall Detection 121 7.1 MEMS Accelerometers 121 7.2 Analog vs. Digital Accelerometer 123 7.3 ADXL345 Basics 124 7.4 Embedded Software Environment 125 7.5 Accelerometer Placement 125 7.6 Fall Detection Algorithm 125 7.7 Algorithm Description 128 7.8 Experimental Studies 130 7.9 Power Improvement and Battery Life Analysis 132 8 Activities of Daily Living 133 8.1 Feature Extraction 134 8.2 Preprocessing 135 8.3 Decision Tree Training 138 8.4 Classification Algorithm 139 8.5 Classification Accuracies 140 9 Conclusions 141 References 141 Evidence-Based Development Approachfor Safe, Sustainable and Secure MobileMedical App 144 1 Introduction 145 1.1 Overview of the Chapter 147 2 Related Works 149 3 Mobile Medical Apps Examples 151 4 MMA Configuration Optimization Framework 154 4.1 Motivating Examples 154 4.2 Problem Formulation 155 4.3 Validation 157 5 Hybrid Simulator 161 5.1 Challenges of Hybrid Simulation 161 5.2 Practical Need for Processing Events at Accurate Time 163 5.3 HyrefSim Simulation Approach 166 6 Design Verification 167 6.1 Model Checking Using Reachability Analysis 167 7 Implementation - Automated Code Generation Using Standard MMA Operating Model 169 7.1 App Model 169 7.2 Framework for Developing Trustworthy MMAs 171 7.3 Security-Enabled MMA Implementation and TDA Generation 172 8 Performance Analysis 175 8.1 Quality of the Code 175 8.2 Performance Analysis of TDM App 178 9 Conclusions 179 References 180 Wearable and Fexible Sensor Sheetstoward Periodic Health Monitoring 184 1 Introduction 184 2 Future Flexible and Wearable Devices 186 3 Printing Methods for Sensor Fabrication 187 4 Toward a Smart Bandage from Each Sensor Component 188 5 Flexible and Wearable Device Demonstration 196 6 Conclusion 197 References 197 Temperature Sensitive Fabric for MonitoringDermal Temperature Variations 201 1 Introduction 201 2 Overview of the Eletrical Properties of Materials 204 3 Resistance Temperature Detection 208 4 Functional Nanostructured Materials For TemperatureDetection 211 5 Sensor Construction 215 6 Sensor Material Characterization and Testing 217 7 Preliminary Results 218 8 Conclusions 223 References 224 Strain Sensors in Wearable Devices 229 1 Introduction 229 2 Textile Based Strain Sensors for Wearable Devices 231 2.1 Fabrication of Textile Based Sensors 232 2.2 Representative Applications of Textile Based Strain Sensors 234 3 Inkjet Printing of Strain Sensors 238 3.1 Working Principle of Inkjet Printing 238 3.2 Conductive Inks 239 3.3 Substrates for Inkjet Printing 239 4 Inkjet-Printed Strain Sensors 240 5 Other Types of Wearable Strain Sensors 241 6 Conclusion 242 References 243 Probabilistic Estimation of RespiratoryRate from Wearable Sensors 248 1 Introduction 248 2 Extraction of Respiratory Rate from Wearable Sensors 250 2.1 Physiological Basis of Respiratory Modulation 250 2.2 The Structure of Algorithms for Estimating Respiratory Rate 251 2.3 Extraction of Respiratory Signals 251 2.4 Estimation of Respiratory Rate 252 2.5 Fusion of Respiratory Rate Estimates 253 3 A Probabilistic Approach 254 3.1 Gaussian Process Regression 256 3.2 Proposed Method 259 4 Materials and Methods 259 4.1 Datasets 260 4.2 Data Preparation 260 4.3 Methodology 262 5 Results 264 6 Discussion 264 7 Conclusions 267 8 Conflicts of Interest 267 References 267 Ambient Intelligence System for the RemoteMonitoring and Control of Sleep Quality 270 1 Introduction 270 2 The RFID Sensing System 272 2.1 Components 273 3 Electromagnetic Analysis 275 3.1 Communication Issues 276 3.2 Safety Compliance Issues 277 4 Detection of Sleep Events 278 4.1 Classification of the Sleeper's State 280 4.2 Classification of the Sleeper's Activity 281 4.3 Representation of the Events 282 5 Validation of the Systems 283 6 Example of Real-Life Recordings 284 6.1 Installation Procedures 284 7 Conclusions 287 References 288 Measurement of Human Gait Using a WearableSystem with Force Sensors and Inertial Sensors 290 1 Introduction 290 2 Wearable Sensor Shoes 291 3 Motion Sensors 293 4 Design of Extended Kalman Filter 294 5 Experiment Method of Dynamic Verification 297 6 Results of GRF 299 7 Results of Joint Angles 300 8 Results of Joint Forces and Joint Moments 302 9 Conclusion 304 References 304 Towards a Brain-Machine Systemfor Auditory Scene Analysis 306 1 Introduction 306 2 System Overview 307 3 P300 Detection 309 3.1 Preprocessing 309 3.2 Feature Extraction 310 3.3 Classification 310 4 Experiments 311 4.1 Overview 311 4.2 Experiment 1: Two-Speaker/Same Word Discrimination 313 4.3 Experiment 2: Two-Speaker/Streaming Speech Discrimination 317 4.4 Experiment 3: Multi Speaker/Streaming Speech Discrimination 318 5 Discussion 322 6 Conclusion 324 References 324 Wearable Sensing for Bio-feedback in HumanRobot Interaction 328 1 Introduction 328 2 Human Assistance and Replacement 329 3 Human Cooperation 331 4 Social Interaction 333 5 Discussion 336 6 Conclusion 337 References 338 Author Index 340 Front Matter....Pages 1-11 Wearable Electronics Sensors: Current Status and Future Opportunities....Pages 1-35 TOTAL HEALTH: Toward Continuous Personal Monitoring....Pages 37-56 A Novel Biometric Algorithm to Body Sensor Networks....Pages 57-79 Ultra Low-Power Hardware-Assisted Signal Screening in Wearable Systems....Pages 81-106 Inexpensive and Power-Efficient Wireless Health Monitoring System for the Aging Population....Pages 107-133 Evidence-Based Development Approach for Safe, Sustainable and Secure Mobile Medical App....Pages 135-174 Wearable and Fexible Sensor Sheets toward Periodic Health Monitoring....Pages 175-191 Temperature Sensitive Fabric for Monitoring Dermal Temperature Variations....Pages 193-220 Strain Sensors in Wearable Devices....Pages 221-239 Probabilistic Estimation of Respiratory Rate from Wearable Sensors....Pages 241-262 Ambient Intelligence System for the Remote Monitoring and Control of Sleep Quality....Pages 263-282 Measurement of Human Gait Using a Wearable System with Force Sensors and Inertial Sensors....Pages 283-298 Towards a Brain-Machine System for Auditory Scene Analysis....Pages 299-320 Wearable Sensing for Bio-feedback in Human Robot Interaction....Pages 321-332 Back Matter....Pages 333-333