Waves of War: Nationalism, State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World (Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics)

Why did the nation-state emerge and proliferate across the globe? How is this process related to the wars fought in the modern era? Analyzing datasets that cover the entire world over long stretches of time, Andreas Wimmer focuses on changing configurations of power and legitimacy to answer these questions. The nationalist ideal of self-rule gradually diffused over the world and delegitimized empire after empire. Nationalists created nation-states wherever the power configuration favored them, often at the end of prolonged wars of secession. The elites of many of these new states were institutionally too weak for nation-building and favored their own ethnic communities. Ethnic rebels challenged such exclusionary power structures in violation of the principles of self-rule, and neighboring governments sometimes intervened into these struggles over the state. 'Waves of War' demonstrates why nation-state formation and ethnic politics are crucial to understand the civil and international wars of the past 200 years. cover.pdf......Page 1 Waves of War......Page 3 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Contents......Page 9 Figures......Page 10 Tables......Page 11 Acknowledgments......Page 12 1 The narrative in a nutshell and the moral of the tale......Page 15 2.1 Bringing power and legitimacy center stage......Page 19 2.2 New data to answer old questions......Page 20 3 Four methodological principles......Page 23 4.1 Political alliances and identities......Page 25 4.2 Principles of legitimacy......Page 27 4.3 Power configurations and conflict......Page 29 5.1 Negotiating nationhood......Page 31 5.2 The global rise of the nation-state......Page 34 6.1 Nation-state formation and war......Page 37 6.2 Ethnic politics and armed conflict......Page 42 6.3 Can peace be engineered?......Page 45 7 Limitations and implications......Page 48 2 The birth of the nation......Page 51 1 Modeling strategy......Page 53 2.1 The basics: actors and alliance systems......Page 57 2.2 The model in a nutshell......Page 60 2.3 The exchange model in detail......Page 61 2.4 Considerations of cultural commonality......Page 63 2.5 The negotiation process in detail......Page 65 3.1 Hypotheses......Page 67 3.2 Empirical calibration I: empire and strong scenario......Page 69 3.3 Empirical calibration II: the weak scenario......Page 71 4 Results: strong and weak scenarios with well-developed civil societies......Page 73 5.1 Ethnic closure......Page 75 5.2 Negotiating nationhood......Page 77 5.3 The populist compromise......Page 78 6 When cultural traits matter......Page 79 7 Historical analogies: French nation building, Ottoman disintegration......Page 81 8 Summary and conclusions......Page 85 3 The global rise of the nation-state......Page 87 1.1 Economic modernization......Page 89 1.2 Political modernization......Page 90 1.3 Cultural modernization......Page 91 1.4 World polity theory......Page 92 1.5 A power-configurational approach......Page 93 1.6 Existing datasets and quantitative findings......Page 96 2.1 Units of observation......Page 98 Dependent variable......Page 100 Independent variables......Page 103 2.3 Modeling approach and time specification......Page 107 3 Results......Page 108 3.1 Main findings......Page 109 3.2 Context and contingency......Page 115 4 Conclusions......Page 120 1 Blind spots in conventional studies of war......Page 122 1.1 Nationalism and nation-state formation......Page 123 1.2 Long-term processes......Page 124 1.3 Beyond methodological nationalism......Page 126 2.1 Imperial expansion and nation-state formation, 1816–2001......Page 127 2.2 A long-term, institutionalist model of modern war......Page 128 2.3 Imperial incorporation and war......Page 129 2.4 Nation-state formation and war......Page 130 2.5 Summary: institutional transformations and war......Page 134 3 A new dataset......Page 135 3.2 The war dataset......Page 136 4.1 Rates of war around the two transformations......Page 139 4.2 Rates of onset for different types of war......Page 141 5.1 Testing the institutionalist model......Page 143 5.2 Other independent variables......Page 144 6 Two regression models......Page 146 6.1 Civil war onsets......Page 147 6.2 Inter-state war onsets......Page 151 7 Conclusions......Page 154 5 Ethnic politics and armed conflict......Page 157 1 Main Approaches To Ethnicity and armed conflict......Page 159 2 A CONFIGURATIONAL THEORY OF ETHNIC POLITICS AND CONFLICT......Page 163 2.1 Ethno-political configurations of conflicts......Page 164 2.2 War-prone configurations: hypotheses......Page 165 2.3 Existing theoretical traditions and empirical findings......Page 168 3.1 Politically relevant ethnic groups and access to power......Page 170 3.2 War coding......Page 173 4.2 Other variables......Page 174 5 Models and findings......Page 175 5.1 Explaining armed conflict: ethnic exclusion matters......Page 176 5.2 Explaining ethnic conflict: exclusion, segmentation, incoherence......Page 180 5.3 Explaining different types of ethnic conflict: a configurational analysis......Page 181 6 Conclusions......Page 186 6 Can peace be engineered?......Page 188 1.1 Direct effects of democracy......Page 190 1.2 Indirect effects of democracy, parliamentarianism, proportionalism, and federalism......Page 191 2 Direct effects of proportionalism, parliamentarianism, and federalism......Page 194 2.1 Ethnic armed conflict......Page 197 2.2 Infighting and rebellion......Page 199 2.3 Inclusion rather than institutional engineering......Page 204 3 Does more inclusion foster infighting?......Page 205 4 Power sharing after conflict ends......Page 206 5 Nation building or sharing sovereignty?......Page 208 1 Summary......Page 211 2 Beyond identity versus interest, greed versus grievance......Page 214 3 Why ethnicity?......Page 215 4 Globalization and the end of history......Page 216 Appendices......Page 220 Bibliography......Page 311 Index......Page 332 Series......Page 343 cover.pdf 1 Waves of War 3 Title 7 Copyright 8 Contents 9 Figures 10 Tables 11 Acknowledgments 12 1 Introduction and summary 15 1 The narrative in a nutshell and the moral of the tale 15 2 Main contributions 19 2.1 Bringing power and legitimacy center stage 19 2.2 New data to answer old questions 20 3 Four methodological principles 23 4 On theory: networks, institutions, power 25 4.1 Political alliances and identities 25 4.2 Principles of legitimacy 27 4.3 Power configurations and conflict 29 5 The rise and spread of the nation-state 31 5.1 Negotiating nationhood 31 5.2 The global rise of the nation-state 34 6 Nation-states and violence 37 6.1 Nation-state formation and war 37 6.2 Ethnic politics and armed conflict 42 6.3 Can peace be engineered? 45 7 Limitations and implications 48 2 The birth of the nation 51 1 Modeling strategy 53 2 A game-theoretic exchange model 57 2.1 The basics: actors and alliance systems 57 2.2 The model in a nutshell 60 2.3 The exchange model in detail 61 2.4 Considerations of cultural commonality 63 2.5 The negotiation process in detail 65 3 Hypotheses and empirical calibration 67 3.1 Hypotheses 67 3.2 Empirical calibration I: empire and strong scenario 69 3.3 Empirical calibration II: the weak scenario 71 4 Results: strong and weak scenarios with well-developed civil societies 73 5 The negotiation process under the magnifying glass 75 5.1 Ethnic closure 75 5.2 Negotiating nationhood 77 5.3 The populist compromise 78 6 When cultural traits matter 79 7 Historical analogies: French nation building, Ottoman disintegration 81 8 Summary and conclusions 85 3 The global rise of the nation-state 87 1 Hypotheses and existing quantitative studies 89 1.1 Economic modernization 89 1.2 Political modernization 90 1.3 Cultural modernization 91 1.4 World polity theory 92 1.5 A power-configurational approach 93 1.6 Existing datasets and quantitative findings 96 2 Dataset and modeling approach 98 2.1 Units of observation 98 2.2 Variables 100 Dependent variable 100 Independent variables 103 2.3 Modeling approach and time specification 107 3 Results 108 3.1 Main findings 109 3.2 Context and contingency 115 4 Conclusions 120 4 Nation-state formation and war 122 1 Blind spots in conventional studies of war 122 1.1 Nationalism and nation-state formation 123 1.2 Long-term processes 124 1.3 Beyond methodological nationalism 126 1.4 Civil and inter-state wars 127 2 From empires to nation-states: an institutionalist argument 127 2.1 Imperial expansion and nation-state formation, 1816–2001 127 2.2 A long-term, institutionalist model of modern war 128 2.3 Imperial incorporation and war 129 2.4 Nation-state formation and war 130 2.5 Summary: institutional transformations and war 134 3 A new dataset 135 3.1 Units of observation 136 3.2 The war dataset 136 4 Discovering the pattern: temporal variation in war rates 139 4.1 Rates of war around the two transformations 139 4.2 Rates of onset for different types of war 141 5 Variables and hypotheses 143 5.1 Testing the institutionalist model 143 5.2 Other independent variables 144 6 Two regression models 146 6.1 Civil war onsets 147 6.2 Inter-state war onsets 151 7 Conclusions 154 5 Ethnic politics and armed conflict 157 1 Main Approaches To Ethnicity and armed conflict 159 2 A CONFIGURATIONAL THEORY OF ETHNIC POLITICS AND CONFLICT 163 2.1 Ethno-political configurations of conflicts 164 2.2 War-prone configurations: hypotheses 165 2.3 Existing theoretical traditions and empirical findings 168 3 The Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) dataset, 1946–2005 170 3.1 Politically relevant ethnic groups and access to power 170 3.2 War coding 173 4 Variables and data sources 174 4.1 Exclusion, center segmentation, state cohesion 174 4.2 Other variables 174 5 Models and findings 175 5.1 Explaining armed conflict: ethnic exclusion matters 176 5.2 Explaining ethnic conflict: exclusion, segmentation, incoherence 180 5.3 Explaining different types of ethnic conflict: a configurational analysis 181 6 Conclusions 186 6 Can peace be engineered? 188 1 Democracy and democratization 190 1.1 Direct effects of democracy 190 1.2 Indirect effects of democracy, parliamentarianism, proportionalism, and federalism 191 2 Direct effects of proportionalism, parliamentarianism, and federalism 194 2.1 Ethnic armed conflict 197 2.2 Infighting and rebellion 199 2.3 Inclusion rather than institutional engineering 204 3 Does more inclusion foster infighting? 205 4 Power sharing after conflict ends 206 5 Nation building or sharing sovereignty? 208 7 Conclusions 211 1 Summary 211 2 Beyond identity versus interest, greed versus grievance 214 3 Why ethnicity? 215 4 Globalization and the end of history 216 Appendices 220 Bibliography 311 Index 332 Series 343 Why Did The Nation-state Emerge And Proliferate Across The Globe? How Is This Process Related To The Wars Fought In The Modern Era? This Book Offers A New Perspective On These Issues. Analyzing Datasets That Cover The Entire World Over Long Stretches Of Time, Andreas Wimmer Shows That Political Power And Legitimacy Are Central To Our Understanding Of Nation Building, Ethnic Politics And The Violent Conflicts Associated With Both. He Argues That Shifting From Dynastic Or Imperial Legitimacy To Rule In The Name Of A Nationally Defined People Was Both The Consequence And The Cause Of Wars Between And Within States. Once The 'like Over Like' Principle Was Established, The Ethno-political Inequality That Characterized Nation-states With Weak Institutional Capacity Led To Further Ethnic Conflict. Waves Of War Demonstrates Why Nationalism And Ethnic Politics Are Crucial For A Proper Understanding Of World And Domestic Politics Over The Past 200 Years-- 1. Introduction And Summary -- 2. The Birth Of The Nation -- 3. The Global Rise Of The Nation-state -- 4. Nation-state Formation And War -- 5. Ethnic Politics And Armed Conflict -- 6. Can Peace Be Engineered? -- 7. Conclusion. Andreas Wimmer. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 297-317) And Index. "Why did the nation-state emerge and proliferate across the globe? How is this process related to the wars fought in the modern era? This book offers a new perspective on these issues. Analyzing datasets that cover the entire world over long stretches of time, Andreas Wimmer shows that political power and legitimacy are central to our understanding of nation building, ethnic politics and the violent conflicts associated with both. He argues that shifting from dynastic or imperial legitimacy to rule in the name of a nationally defined people was both the consequence and the cause of wars between and within states. Once the 'like over like' principle was established, the ethno-political inequality that characterized nation-states with weak institutional capacity led to further ethnic conflict. Waves of War demonstrates why nationalism and ethnic politics are crucial for a proper understanding of world and domestic politics over the past 200 years"-- Provided by publisher Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction and summary; 2. The birth of the nation; 3. The global rise of the nation-state; 4. Nation-state formation and war; 5. Ethnic politics and armed conflict; 6. Can peace be engineered?; 7. Conclusion; Appendices.