Water Sustainability: A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, SecondEdition

This newly updated Water Sustainability volume of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology (ESST) takes a holistic view of full water cycle and integrates the water themes into sustainability science and technology. With the increasing pressures of population growth, water scarcity, flooding, water pollution, climate impacts and competition of water uses among municipal, agricultural, industrial sectors and ecosystem, there is a growing trend in promoting Integrated Water Management and “One Water” concept worldwide. This reference volume covers multi-disciplinary sustainability topics from the perspective of integrated water management, which includes drinking water, wastewater, stormwater, reclaimed water and groundwater. It also spans cross-cutting themes of the water-energy-food nexus, showing how all of these sectors are inextricably linked. Water Sustainability is a comprehensive resource for a broad audience of scientists and engineers, researchers and practitioners, and decision makers whose objective is to advance sustainable water management. Series Preface Volume Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Editor-in-Chief About the Editor Contributors Introduction to Water Sustainability Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Systems Analysis Approach Sustainability in the Context of Complex System Water Sustainability and Integrated Water Management Business Water Sustainability Future Directions Bibliography Part I: Sustainable Water Treatment and Water Supply Management Sustainable Water Treatment Using Nanofiltration and Tight Ultrafiltration Membranes Definition of the Subject Introduction Performance Aspect Concentration Polarization Hydrodynamic Consideration Electrostatic Interaction Typical Applications Micropollutants Control Wastewater Reclamation Taste and Odor Control Biodegradable Organic Matter Control Fouling Aspect Organic Fouling Biofouling Potential Organic Fouling Index Future Directions Conclusion Acknowledgments Bibliography Water Supply Sustainability Glossary Definition of the Subject Risks to Water Supply Climate Impacts on Water Supply Water Supply Resilience Approaches Drinking Water and Sanitation Water for Power Water for Agriculture Summary Future Directions Bibliography Primary Literature Sustainable Agriculture Water Management Glossary Introduction Irrigation Irrigation in the USA Irrigation in Asia, Europe, South America, and Africa Deficit Irrigation Irrigation Scheduling Soil Moisture Measurements Surge Irrigation Agriculture Drainage Drainage Models Controlled Drainage Drainage Water Recycling Soil and Crop Management Soil Health Cover Crops Conservation Tillage Crop Rotation Rotational Grazing Precision Agriculture Terraces Wastewater Reuse for Agriculture Irrigation Future Developments Bibliography Part II: Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Waste Management Wastewater Treatment and Control Through Wetlands Glossary Definition of the Subject and Its Importance Introduction Types of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment Constructed Wetlands with Free Water Surface Systems with Free-Floating Macrophytes Systems with Submerged Macrophytes Constructed Wetlands with Floating-Leaved Macrophytes Constructed Wetlands with Emergent Macrophytes Constructed Wetlands with Floating Mats of Emergent Macrophytes Constructed Wetlands with Subsurface Flow Systems with Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HF CWs) Systems with Vertical Subsurface Flow (VF CWs) Hybrid Constructed Wetlands The Use of Constructed Wetlands for Various Types of Wastewater Future Directions Bibliography Primary Literature Books and Reviews Wastewater Treatment Plant: Anthropogenic Micropollutant Indicators for Sustainable River Management Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Materials and Methods Investigated Area and Sampling Sites Sample Collection and Water Quality Analysis Target Compounds Solid Phase Extraction Liquid Chromatography and Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry Limit of Detection and Calibration Statistics: Linear Regression and Correlation Coefficient Analysis Results and Discussion Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of Micropollutants During the Sampling Period Concentrations of Target Compounds in River Water Occurrence of Pharmaceutical Metabolites in the River Water Correlation Analysis Between Selected Water Quality Parameters and PPCPS Correlation Among the Target PPCP Compounds Relationship Between Regression Coefficient (R) and Chemical Properties of Compounds Conclusion Future Directions Acknowledgments Bibliography Primary Literature Books and Reviews Waste Management and Water Sustainability Glossary Definition of the Subject Waste Management for Water Sustainability Holistic Approach for Sustainable Wastewater Sludge Management Wastewater Sludge Sources, Characteristics, and Production Wastewater Sludge Management Components and Options Improvement of Sludge Quality Beneficial Use of Organic Matters in Sludge Sludge Mass Reduction Sludge Volume Reduction Final Disposal of Wastewater Residuals Regulations for the Reuse and Disposal of Sludge Land Applications of Biosolids Incineration Future Directions Bibliography Part III: Sustainable Stormwater Management Rainwater Harvesting Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Describing Rainwater Harvesting Alternative Water Supply Urban Runoff Control Hydrological Cycle Restoration Technologies for Rainwater Harvesting Catchment Storage Infiltration Treatment System Design Operation and Maintenance Future Directions Bibliography Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse Glossary Definition of the Subject and Its Importance Introduction Stormwater Characteristics Stormwater Treatment Measures: WSUD Nonstructural Measures Structural Measures Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment Evaluation of WSUD Case Studies of WSUD Shipwrights Bay WSUD Drummoyne Sand Filter Stormwater Harvesting and Recycling Stormwater Treatment Targets and Objectives High Rate Treatment Technology Fiber Filter Deep Bed Filter Membrane Filtration and Membrane Hybrid Systems Other Stormwater Treatments: Biofilter Case Study: Carlton Stormwater Reuse Plant Assessment Methods for Measuring Treatment Effectiveness of Stormwater Treatment Systems Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualization (MUSIC) EPA SWMM Model Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Case Study: Treatment Effectiveness Future Directions Bibliography Primary Literature Book and Reviews Part IV: Water Reuse and Desalination Wastewater Reclamation Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Describing Wastewater Reclamation Sustainable Water Resource Applications and Water Qualities for Using Reclaimed Water Technologies for Wastewater Reclamation Conventional Treatment Practice Advanced Technologies for Producing High-Quality Reclaimed Water Energy Consumption: Comparison of Wastewater Reclamation with Desalination Summary and Conclusions Bibliography Primary Literature Books and Reviews Water Reclamation System and Micropollutants Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Endocrine Disrupting Compounds General Characteristics of EDCs Occurrence of EDCs and Their Conjugates in Aquatic Environment Treatment of EDCs in Conventional Sewage Treatment Plants Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Membrane Bioreactor Systems General Aspects of MBRs MBR Performance in Removal of EDCs Mechanisms of EDCs Removal Sorption Biodegradation Coupling Activated Carbon Adsorption with MBR Future Directions Bibliography Desalination Technology for Sustainable Water Resource Glossary Definition of the Subject and Its Importance Introduction Multistage Flash (MSF) Distillation Principle System Investigation System Model Advantages and Limitations Multieffect Distillation (MED) Principle System Investigation System Model Advantages and Limitations Reverse Osmosis (RO) Principle System Investigation Intake Structure and Site Area Raw Seawater Conditions Pretreatment Processes RO Filtration Processes Energy Recovery Process Posttreatment Processes Brine Disposal and Environmental Impact System Model Pretreatment Process Models SWRO Filtration Process Models Cost Analysis Models Advantages and Limitations Forward Osmosis (FO) Principle System Investigation System Model Advantages and Limitations Membrane Distillation (MD) Principle System Investigation System Model Heat Transfer Mass Transfer Advantages and Limitations Future Directions Thermal Process RO Process FO Process MD Process Bibliography Part V: Sustainable Groundwater Remediation Sustainable Remediation: Integrating Risk, Science, and Sustainability Principles Glossary Definition of Subject Introduction Historical Background Principle to Application Science Risk Sustainability Examples of Sustainable Remediation Surf United States Army Corps of Engineers Interim Guidance on Green and Sustainable Remediation USEPA Analysis of Facility in East Palo Alto, California Permeable Reactive Barriers Summary Future Directions Bibliography Sustainable Remediation Methods for Metals and Radionuclides Glossary Definition of the Subject and Its Importance Introduction Groundwater Remediation Using Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) Removal of Metals from Groundwater Lead Chromium Uranium Remediation by Biomineralization Construction Methods of Permeable Reactive Barriers Cutoff Walls Gate Structures Reactive Thin Walls Drilling and Deep Soil Mixing Jet Technology Well-Based Systems or DART Injected Systems Hydraulic Fracturing Biobarriers Combined PRB-Phytoremediation Systems Biopolymer Trenching Application of Permeable Reactive Barriers Combined Chemical and Phytoremediation of Sites Contaminated with Heavy Metals Electrochemical Remediation Electrochemical Processes Electrochemical Transport Processes Electrochemical Mass Transfer Processes Electrochemical Removal of Heavy Metals Removal of Radionuclides Electrokinetic Localization of Radionuclides Electrokinetic Screens Electrokinetic Restoration of Protective Screens Cleaning of Soil from Radionuclides After Nuclear Contaminations Using Conventional Techniques Electrokinetic Cleaning of Soil from Radionuclides Electrochemical Remediation of Mixed Metal Contaminants Integrated Electrokinetic Remediation Technologies Soil Remediation Based on Natural Processes Future Directions Bibliography Primary Literature Books and Reviews Part VI: Sustainable Approach to Climate Impacts Climate Resilience and Global Water Sustainability Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Definition of Global Water Sustainability Definition of Climate Change and Climate Resilience Key Characteristics of Water Sustainability Solutions Climate Change Indicators by USEPA Global Water Sustainability and Climate Resilience Outlook of Global Water Sustainability in Year 2050 Global Water Sustainability and Climate Resilience from Public Perspective Water Availability Water Quality Case Studies: Lower Low Flows Expected from Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Quality Water Resources Planning Under Uncertainty Near-Term and Long-Term Climate Risks for Water Infrastructure Climate Change Indicators Relating to Global Water Sustainability Global Water Sustainability and Climate Resilience from Business Perspective Business Risks of Water and Climate Change Physical Risks Reputational Risks Regulatory Risks Example of Climate Impact on Industrial Sectors Beverage Sector Food Sector Electric Power/Energy Sector What Businesses Can Do to Manage Water-Climate Risks Strategically Future Directions Data Needs for Climate Change Projection Adaptive Management Approaches for Climate Resilience Decision-Making Incorporating the Concept of Nonstationarity Opportunities for Future Research Bibliography Primary Literature Climate Change Impacts on Emerging Contaminants Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Population Growth/Urbanization Climate Change Water Reuse Water Quality Water Reuse and Emerging Contaminants Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms Case Studies Lake Mead, United States Lake Wivenhoe, Australia Future Directions Bibliography Primary Literature Community-Owned Water Resource and Climate Change, Quality Management Glossary Definition of the Subject and Its Importance Introduction Impact of Climate Change on Freshwater Resources Quantity Quality Adaptive Measures Against Climate Change Effect on Water Resources Water Availability in the Future Importance of Community-Owned Water Resources General Status of Rainwater and Reclaimed Water Use in Water Balance Reclaimed Water Use Rainwater Use Standards and Guidelines for Reclaimed Water and Rainwater Evaluation of Water Quality in Community-Owned Water Resources Public Perception to Reclaimed Water and Rainwater Development Method of Water Quality Information Platform Characterizing and Ranking of Different Water Resources: A Case Study on WQ Information Platform in Japan Data Gathering Water Quality Scoring Water Quality Characterization Water Use Ranking Water Quality Labeling and User Judgment Future Directions Acknowledgments Bibliography Primary Literature Books and Reviews Part VII: Integrated Water Management Water and Energy Nexus Glossary Definition of the Subject Water and Energy Interdependencies Water Supply Energy Use in Water and Wastewater Operations Energy on the Demand Side Energy Recovery from Wastewater Monitoring and Control for Better Efficiency Monitoring Control Water Use in Energy Production Toward Renewable Energy Concluding Remarks Bibliography Water Sustainability and Renewable Energy: A Synopsis Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Water Sustainability and Renewable Energy Types of Renewable Energy Renewable Energy: Hydropower Renewable Energy: Solar Renewable Energy: Wind Renewable Energy: Geothermal Renewable Energy: Biomass Wind, Water, and Solar as Main Sources of Renewable Energy Linkage Between Water Sustainability and Renewable Energy Renewable Energy for Water Water for Renewable Energy Future Directions Bibliography Primary Literature Water and Wastewater Operation: Instrumentation, Monitoring, Control, and Automation Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Incentives for Control Disturbances The Control Goals Basic Control Actions Open-Loop Control Control of the Equipment Control of Biological Oxidation The Aeration Process Dissolved Oxygen Control Dissolved Oxygen Control Based on Ammonia Measurements Phase Length Control in Sequential Batch Reactors Control of Denitrification Monitoring Plant-Wide Control Future Directions Bibliography Sustainable Water Management and Triple Bottom Line Approach to Business Sector Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Overview of Business Sustainability and Triple Bottom Line Approach Applying the Concept of Creating Shared Value in Business Sector Assessing the Impacts of Water-Related Risks on Business Sector Physical Risks Reputational Risks Regulatory Risks Examples of Water-Related Issues on Business Sector Beverage Sector Food Sector Electric Power and Energy Sector Managing Water-Related Risks Strategically in the Business Sector Water Sustainability and Climate Resilience in Business Sector Future Directions Bibliography Primary Literature Index