Water Security in Asia - Opportunities and Challenges in the Context of Climate Change

Water is at the heart of human security. It also serves as the vital link to a number ofother human needs such as food, energy, and infrastructure. How water is managedwill have repercussions on almost every aspect of human security. It is common knowledge that our planet is endowed with abundant water resources but the amount of that available in the form of usable water is very small. Over the years, the world’s water resources have been increasingly facing severe pressure from many drivers: population growth, migration, industrialization, urbanization, socioeconomic development, among others. Climate change is exacerbating the crisis, particularly in Asia. Changing weather conditions are leading to increasing hydrologic variability and incidences of extreme events. Melting glaciers will affect water supplies, creating risks of glacial lake outbursts of floods and downstream flooding for some regions. This will lead to an overall reduction in water supplies from snow cover and glacial runoff in the long run. Droughts will also become an even more serious concern.Conference on “Water Security and Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities in Asia" aimed to encompass as many dimensions of water security as possible and received papers related to sixteen thematic areas. These include:state of water resources and water security philosophies; assessing and quantifying water security; hydrological assessment and forecasting; groundwater security assessment and management; environmental water security assessment; water security for agriculture productivity; climate induced disaster risk assessment and impacts; climate resilient water supply management; enhancing ecosystem protection;climate change adaptation to reduce disaster risk;decision support tools for enhancing water security;water utility management;regional and national levelwater security enhancement interventions;water economics;wastewater reuse;stakeholder engagement and institution building Foreword Preface About this Book Contents About the Editors Part I Water Security Landscape 1 Water, Food Security and Asian Transition: A New Perspective Within the Face of Climate Change 1.1 Water Security in the Changing World 1.2 The Asian Transition 1.3 Ensuring Water Security Within the Context of Transition 1.4 Climate Change and Uncertainties: The Threat Multiplier 1.5 Response to the Climate Change in Various Production System in Asia 1.6 Way Forward: Managing Water for Future in Asia References 2 Consolidating Drought Projections—Eastern Australia 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Defining Drought 2.2.2 River System Model IQQM 2.2.3 Consolidating Multiple Projections 2.2.4 Climate Change Versus Historical Variability 2.3 Algorithm 2.4 Case Study 2.4.1 Catchment Description 2.4.2 General Circulation Models 2.4.3 Replication of 20th Century Variables 2.5 Results and Discussion 2.5.1 Poor Replication of 20th Century Variables 2.5.2 Similar Storage Inflow and Dry Spell 2.5.3 Less Water Allocated for Irrigation 2.5.4 Less Flow to Wetland in Dry Years 2.5.5 Conclusions References 3 Planning for Climate Change and Mechanisms for Co-operation in Southeast Asia’s Sesan, Sekong and Srepok Transboundary River Basin 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material and Methods 3.2.1 Level of Development 3.2.2 Environmental Vitality 3.2.3 Legal and Management Framework 3.2.4 Development and Climate Scenarios 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Level of Development 3.3.2 Ecosystem Vitality 3.3.3 Legal and Management Framework 3.3.4 Development and Climate Scenarios 3.4 Conclusion References 4 Environmental Security Issues No Longer of Secondary Importance for Regional Cooperation or Conflict: The Case of the Mekong River 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Environmental Issues as a Security Topic 4.3 Alternative Approaches to Security: Environmental Security 4.4 Locating Environmental Security in the Context of Regional Security Challenges and Regional Processes of Integration 4.5 Shared Resources—Water, Development, and the Mekong River Basin Question 4.5.1 Addressing the Complexity of Regional Environmental Issues = Environmental-Development Nexus 4.5.2 Assessing the Potential for Regional Cooperation or Conflict Regarding Environmental Security Issues? 4.6 Conclusion References 5 Enhancing and Operationalizing Water Security: Present Landscape and Emerging Research Needs 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Emerging Research Needs 5.3 Final Reflections References Part II Water Security Assessment and Planning 6 The Threats to Urban Water Security of Indonesian Cities 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Material and Methods 6.3 Results and Discussion 6.3.1 Water Supply Service 6.3.2 Waste Water Management System 6.3.3 Groundwater Degradation 6.3.4 Flooding and Inundation 6.3.5 Urban Water Problems in Indonesia 6.3.6 The Threats to Urban Water Security 6.3.7 Integrated Urban Water Management 6.4 Conclusions References 7 River Basin Planning for Water Security in Sri Lanka 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Background 7.1.2 Rationale and Objectives of the Paper 7.2 Material and Methods 7.2.1 Emerging Water Issues 7.2.2 An Analysis of Selected Recent Water Resources Development Projects 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Trends in Water Resources Development 7.3.2 Technological, Policy and Institutional Barriers Against Ensuring Water Security 7.4 Conclusions References 8 Water Quality Index: A Tool for Wetland Restoration 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Material and Methods 8.2.1 Water Quality Index 8.2.2 Study Area 8.2.3 Sampling and Analytical Procedure 8.2.4 WQI Computation 8.3 Results and Discussion 8.3.1 Assessment of Lake Water Quality 8.3.2 Assessment of WQI for the Lake 8.3.3 Discussions 8.4 Conclusions References 9 A Framework for Implementing Integrated Water Resources Management at River Basin Level in Indonesia 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Material and Methods 9.3 Results and Discussion 9.3.1 The Challenge of Water Resources Development and Management 9.3.2 The Development of River Basin Territory Division 9.3.3 Water Resources Management in Indonesia 9.3.4 River Basin Organization and Management 9.3.5 The Dynamics of Water Resources Management Problems 9.3.6 A Framework of River Basin Management 9.3.7 Physical Conditions 9.3.8 Social—Economic - Cultural Conditions 9.3.9 Institutional Arrangements 9.3.10 Water Resources Policies and Strategies 9.3.11 Water Resources Management 9.3.12 Water Resources Sustainability 9.4 Conclusions Reference 10 A Study on Developing Theoretical Framework, Dimensions, and Indicators of Urban Water Security in Indonesia 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Material and Methods 10.2.1 Literature Study 10.2.2 Water Security at Scale 10.2.3 Potential Indicator for Urban Water Security Key Dimensions 10.2.4 Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Security 10.2.5 Methodology of Study 10.3 Results and Discussion 10.4 Conclusions References 11 Micro Level Vulnerability Assessment of Estuarine Islands: A Case Study from Indian Sundarban 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Material and Methods 11.2.1 Data 11.2.2 Analytical Method 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.3.1 Vulnerability Assessment 11.3.2 Vulnerability of Erosion 11.3.3 Vulnerability of Dwellings 11.3.4 Electrification 11.3.5 Population Density 11.3.6 Education Level 11.3.7 Sanitation Vulnerability 11.3.8 Economic Vulnerability 11.3.9 Composite Vulnerability Index 11.4 Conclusions and Recommendations References 12 Assessing Water Security at District Level: A Case Study of Bangkok, Thailand 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Water Security Assessment Framework 12.3 Study Area 12.4 Results and Discussion 12.5 Conclusions References 13 Assessment of Water Security in Indonesia Considering Future Trends in Land Use Change, and Climate Change 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Material and Methods 13.3 Results and Discussion 13.3.1 Simulation of a Land Use Change Impact on a Streamflow Water Quantity 13.3.2 Simulation of a Climate Change Impact on a Streamflow Water Quantity 13.4 Conclusions References Part III Water Availability Assessment 14 Application of Hydrological Study Methodologies Used in African Context for Water Security in Asian Countries 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Material and Methods 14.2.1 Study Area 14.2.2 Current Status of Hydrological Database 14.2.3 Rainfall and Discharge Data Gap Filling 14.2.4 Rainfall Data Analysis 14.2.5 Discharge Data Analysis 14.3 Results and Discussion 14.3.1 Probabilistic Flood 14.4 Conclusions References 15 Implementation of Budyko Curves in Assessing Impacts of Climate Changes and Human Activities on Streamflow in the Upper Catchments of Dong Nai River Basin 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Material and Methods 15.2.1 Study Area 15.2.2 Data 15.2.3 Budyko Hypothesis 15.2.4 Landsat Images 15.3 Results and Discussion 15.4 Conclusions References 16 Contribution of Snow and Glacier in Hydropower Potential and Its Response to Climate Change 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Material and Methods 16.2.1 Description of Study Area 16.2.2 Theoretical Description of Model 16.2.3 Model Input Data 16.2.4 Model Setup 16.3 Results and Discussion 16.3.1 Areal coverage of Snow Cover, Debris Covered Glacier and Clear Ice Glacier 16.3.2 Calibration and Validation of TANK Model 16.3.3 Calibration and Validation of HEC-HMS Model 16.3.4 Snow and Glacier Melt Contribution 16.3.5 Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change 16.4 Conclusions References 17 Assessment of Variation of Streamflow Due to Projected Climate Change in a Water Security Context: A Study of the Chaliyar River Basin, India 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Materials and Methods 17.2.1 Study Area 17.2.2 Details of Input Data and Their Sources 17.2.3 Methodology 17.2.4 Description of the Hydrologic Model 17.2.5 Calibration and Validation Using SWAT CUP 17.2.6 Correction of Bias 17.2.7 Management Planning 17.3 Results and Discussion 17.3.1 Calibration and Validation of SWAT 17.3.2 Prediction of Future Streamflow 17.3.3 Suggestions for Effective Management of the Watershed 17.4 Conclusions References 18 Addressing Water Resources Shortfalls Due to Climate Change in Penang, Malaysia 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Material and Methods 18.3 Results and Discussion 18.4 Water Resources Availability and Climate Change 18.5 Enhancing Awareness and Education towards a “Water Saving Society” 18.6 Restructuring Water Tariffs 18.7 Other Strategies for Water Security under Climate Change 18.8 Conclusion References 19 Assessing the Physical Water Availability and Revenue Aspect of WUAs Under New Governance System: Case Studies of Pakistan 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Material and Methods 19.2.1 Location-Wise Classification of Respondents 19.2.2 Data Processing and Analysis 19.3 Results and Discussion 19.3.1 Water Sufficiency 19.3.2 Efficiency of Institutions for Collection of Water Charges 19.4 Conclusions References 20 Simulation of Kathmandu Valley River Basin Hydrologic Process Using Coupled Ground and Surface Water Model 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Material and Methods 20.2.1 Study Area 20.2.2 Hydrogeolocial Setting and Hydraulic Properties 20.2.3 Model Description 20.2.4 Methodology 20.2.5 Model Input Data 20.2.6 Model Setup 20.2.7 HRU Attributes 20.2.8 Stream Flow Routing (SFR) 20.2.9 Infiltration Rate 20.2.10 Pupming and Observation Wells 20.3 Results and Discussion 20.3.1 Calibration and Validation 20.3.2 Hydraulic Head 20.3.3 Groundwater Table Fluctuation 20.3.4 Assessement of Pumping Sensative Analysis on Groundwater System Based on Steady State Simulation 20.3.5 Assessement of Pumping Sensative Analysis on Groundwater System Based on Transient State Simulation 20.3.6 Conclusions References 21 Estimation of Water Availability in Rivers of Stung Sreng Basin, Cambodia, Using HEC-HMS 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Materials and Methods 21.2.1 Study Area 21.2.2 Data 21.2.3 HEC-HMS Model 21.2.4 Model Calibration and Validation 21.2.5 Model Evaluation 21.2.6 Framework of the Study 21.3 Results and Discussion 21.3.1 Model Calibration 21.3.2 Model Validation 21.3.3 Model Evaluation 21.3.4 Water Availability 21.4 Conclusions References Part IV Modelling Studies for Water Security Dimensions 22 Predicting Low Flow Thresholds of Halda-Karnafuli Confluence in Bangladesh 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Materials and Methods 22.2.1 Study Area 22.2.2 Data Collection 22.2.3 Flow Characteristics of Restoration Site 22.2.4 Habitat Simulation Method Based on Preference Curve 22.2.5 Habitat Suitability Curve 22.2.6 PHABSIM Model Setup 22.2.7 CASiMiR2D Model Setup 22.2.8 Low Flow Thresholds Establishment 22.3 Results and Discussion 22.3.1 Habitat Suitability Assessment 22.3.2 Low Flow Thresholds 22.4 Conclusions References 23 Stream Flow Forecasting with One Day Lead Using ʋ-Support Vector Regression 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Materials and Methods 23.2.1 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 23.2.2 Study Area 23.2.3 Model Construction 23.3 Results and Discussions 23.3.1 Results 23.4 Discussions 23.5 Conclusion References 24 Flood Discharge Estimation in Baddegama Using Pearson Type III and Gumbel Distributions 24.1 Introduction 24.1.1 Study Area Description 24.2 Materials and Methods 24.2.1 Daily Discharge Data 24.2.2 Probability Distributions 24.2.3 Pearson Type III Distribution 24.2.4 Gumbel Distribution 24.2.5 Evaluation of Performance of the Fitted Probability Distributions 24.3 Results and Discussion 24.4 Conclusions References 25 Impact of Climate Change in Rajshahi City Based on Marksim Weather Generator, Temperature Projections 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Material and Methods 25.2.1 Four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 25.2.2 Emissions and Concentrations, Forcing and Temperature Anomalies 25.2.3 Approach and Methodology 25.3 Results and Discussion 25.4 Conclusions References Part V Urban Water Security 26 Water Supply of Dhaka City: Present Context and Future Scenarios 26.1 Introduction 26.1.1 Dhaka City’s Water Supply System 26.2 Materials and Methods 26.3 Results and Discussions 26.3.1 Current Water Demand and Supply in Dhaka City 26.3.2 Future Water Demand and Supply Scenarios of Dhaka City 26.3.3 Scenario 1 (Obscure) 26.3.4 Scenario 2 (Enigma) 26.3.5 Scenario 3 (Utopia) 26.3.6 Challenges of Water Supply in Dhaka City 26.3.7 Groundwater Depletion of Dhaka City 26.4 Conclusions References 27 Quantification of Municipal Water Supply and Role of Metering in Large Indian Cities 27.1 Setting the Context 27.2 Indian Urban Water Supply System Scenario 27.3 The Selected Cities’ Profile 27.4 A Comparison Between Bengaluru and Ahmedabad 27.5 Results and Discussion 27.6 Inferences from Hypothetical Testing of Research Concept 27.7 Conclusion 27.8 Recommendations 27.8.1 For Immediate Actions 27.8.2 Actions Within Next Two to Five Years 27.9 Way Forward Reference 28 Towards Holistic and Multifunctional Design of Green and Blue Infrastructure for Climate Change Adaptation in Cultural Heritage Areas 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Materials and Methods 28.2.1 Case Study Area Description 28.2.2 Methodology 28.3 Results 28.3.1 Analysis Concerning Pond Locations 28.3.2 Land Use Assessment 28.3.3 Final Selection of Pond Areas and Multifunctional Design 28.4 Conclusions References 29 Adaptation to Flood Risk in Areas with Cultural Heritage 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Materials and Methods 29.3 Results and Discussion 29.4 Conclusions References 30 Rainwater for Domestic Use in Urban Area: A Simulation of Rainwater Harvesting System for Surabaya, Indonesia 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Material and Methods 30.2.1 Study Area 30.2.2 Climate and Rainfall Characteristic 30.2.3 Preliminary Study 30.3 Results and Discussion 30.3.1 Simulation of Rainwater Harvesting System 30.4 Conclusions References 31 Water Security and Climate Change: A Periurban Perspective 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Material and Methods 31.2.1 Study Area and Methodology 31.3 Results and Discussion 31.3.1 Perceived Climate Change 31.3.2 Budhera Village; Where the Urban Shadow Falls 31.3.3 Sadhraana: Chasing the Water Table 31.3.4 Sultanpur: Building Social and Human Capital 31.4 Conclusion References 32 Selecting Multi-Functional Green Infrastructure to Enhance Resilience Against Urban Floods 32.1 Introduction 32.1.1 Background 32.1.2 Selection of sustainable measures 32.2 Materials and Methods 32.2.1 Methodology 32.2.2 Case Study Areas 32.3 Results and Discussion 32.4 Conclusions References 33 Climate Change and Sustainable Urbanisation: Building Urban Water Security in a Metro City of India 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Material and Methods 33.2.1 The City of Patna – Urban Experiences 33.3 Results and Discussion 33.3.1 Water Security Measures 33.3.2 Rainwater Harvesting 33.4 Conclusions References 34 An Analysis on Relationship Between Municipal Water Saving and Economic Development Based on Water Pricing Schemes 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Review on Existing Literatures 34.3 Methodology and Data Analysis 34.3.1 Economic Development in China 34.3.2 Water Supply and Pricing in China 34.3.3 Water Price and Water Consumption 34.3.4 Measures on Water Price and the effect 34.3.5 Policy Implications 34.4 Conclusions References Part VI Water Governance and Management 35 Improving Water Security to Mediate Impacts of Climate Change in the Ganges Basin 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Study Design 35.3 Results and Conclusions 35.4 Impact of Temperature Rise on the Melting of Glaciers 35.5 Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI) 35.6 Cranking up the Ganges Water Machine 35.7 Conclusions References 36 Equitable Distrubution of Water in Upper Godavari Sub Basin: A Case Study from Maharashtra 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Water-Sharing Dispute in Upper Godavari Sub-basin 36.3 Policy and Legal Provisions 36.4 Rationale Adopted in Equitable Distribution of Water 36.5 Conclusions and Way Forward Reference 37 Watershed Conservation for Ecosystem Services and its Implication for Green Growth Policies in the Context of Global Environmental Change: A Case of Bhutan 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Geography of Bhutan 37.2.1 Forest Conservation and Management in Watersheds of Bhutan 37.2.2 Status of Water Resources and Their Utilization for Economic Development 37.2.3 Utilization of Water Resources for Hydropower 37.2.4 Forest Conservation and its Role in Enhancing Ecosystem Services 37.2.5 Forest Conservation as a Strategy to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation 37.3 Constraints to Economic Development 37.4 Conclusions and Recommendations References 38 Testing Framing Effects on Subjective Wellbeing in Lao PDR 38.1 Introduction 38.1.1 Developing Instruments to Measure Subjective Wellbeing 38.2 Methods 38.2.1 The Study Sites 38.2.2 Household Sampling 38.2.3 Numerical Estimation of Subjective Wellbeing 38.2.4 Statistical Grouping of Individual IDS Scores 38.3 Results and Discussion 38.3.1 Ranked IDS Scores 38.3.2 Differences in Mean IDS Values 38.3.3 Cluster Analysis 38.4 Conclusions References 39 Development Trade-Offs in the Mekong: Simulation-Based Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Livelihoods 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Material and Methods 39.2.1 Development Context of the Nam Xong 39.2.2 Participatory Process: Implementing the ChaRL Framework 39.2.3 The MerSim Model 39.2.4 Purpose of the Model 39.2.5 State Variables 39.2.6 Emergence 39.2.7 Household Data for Parameterisation 39.2.8 Adaptation and Objective 39.2.9 Adaptation and Objective 39.2.10 Initialisation and Submodels 39.3 Results and Discussion 39.4 Conclusions References 40 Groundwater Institutions and Governance in North India: Cases of Hoshiarpur and Jammu Districts 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Material and Methods 40.3 Results and Discussion 40.3.1 Groundwater Resource Conditions-1 40.3.2 Effective Management of Groundwater Using Economic Instruments-2 40.3.3 Groundwater Exploitation-3 40.3.4 Groundwater and Rural Livelihoods-4 40.3.5 On-Farm Water Management-5 40.4 Conclusions References 41 The Effect of Cotton Management Practices on Water Use Efficiency and Water Security Challenges in Pakistan 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Material and Methods 41.2.1 Study Area and Sampling 41.2.2 Profile of the Study Area 41.2.3 Methods and Techniques 41.3 Results and Discussion 41.3.1 The Farming Practices of Cotton Producers 41.3.2 The Efficiency in Water Use 41.4 Conclusions References 42 Multi-stakeholder Negotiating Platforms for Effective Water Governance: A Case of Mashi Basin, Rajasthan, India 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Water Governance 42.3 Water Resource Management 42.4 Review of Water Resource Management Approaches 42.5 Our Model of Mashi River Basin Parliament 42.5.1 General Features of Mashi River Basin 42.6 Key Governance Features of the Parliament References 43 Economic Benefits of EbA Measures to Assure Water Security: A Case Study on EbA for Sediment Trap Versus Dredging 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Case Study in Huai Sai Bat River Basin, Thailand 43.2.1 Huai Sai Bat River Basin, Thailand 43.3 Nong Yai Reservoir in Huai Sai Bat River Basin: EbA Measure Sediment Trap Versus Business as Usual Dredging 43.4 Conclusion References Part VII Wastewater Engineering and Management 44 Coping with Salinity Intrusion in South-Western Bangladesh: The Continuing Struggle 44.1 Introduction 44.2 Rationale of the Study 44.3 Methodology 44.4 Findings and Discussion 44.4.1 Salinity Intrusion and Shrimp Cultivation 44.4.2 Agriculture and Risk Reduction Process 44.4.3 Coping Mechanisms to Overcome Food Insecurity 44.4.4 Strategies to Meet the Sweet Water Crisis 44.4.5 Actions to Face Salinity Induced Diseases 44.4.6 Salinity and the Role of Local Representatives 44.4.7 Salinity and Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) 44.5 Concluding Remarks References 45 Reclaimed Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Turkey 45.1 Introduction 45.2 Material and Methods 45.2.1 Study Area 45.2.2 Wastewater Management in Konya Region. 45.2.3 Effects of Long Term Irrigation with Untreated Wastewater in Konya 45.2.4 Effects of Long Term Irrigation with Untreated Wastewater in Braunschweig 45.2.5 Important Aspects for Wastewater Irrigation 45.3 Results and Discussion 45.4 Conclusions References 46 Domestic Wastewater for Climate Mitigation 46.1 Introduction 46.2 Material and Methods 46.2.1 WaCCliM Approach 46.3 Results and Discussion 46.3.1 Example Thailand, Chiang Mai Case Study and Mitigation Options 46.3.2 Scaling Up for Climate Smart Utilities; Co-benefits Challenge and Opportunities to Overcome Barriers 46.4 Conclusions References 47 Making the Case for Wastewater Irrigation in Bangladesh 47.1 Introduction 47.2 Methods and Background 47.3 Results and Discussion 47.3.1 Current Practices and Feasibility 47.3.2 Socio Economic Aspects: Opportunity and Challenges 47.3.3 Coping with Climate Change 47.3.4 Bangladesh Perspective 47.4 Recommendation 47.5 Conclusions References 48 Monitoring of Performance of Deammonification Process in Treating Wastewater in a Pilot Study, KTH, Sweden 48.1 Introduction 48.2 Material and Methods 48.2.1 Pilot Plant Description 48.2.2 Measurement of Selected Parameters 48.2.3 Collected Data of the Parameters 48.2.4 Modelling Software 48.3 Results and Discussion 48.3.1 Trial with PCA 48.4 Trial one with PLS (Y = OA Efficiency) 48.5 Conclusions References Part VIII Disaster Risk Assessment and Management 49 Assessment of Urban Flood Resilience for Water, Sanitation and Storm Water Drainage Sectors in Two Cities of India 49.1 Introduction 49.2 Flood Management vs. Flood Resilience: Indian Perspective 49.3 Flood Resilience of WSS Sectors 49.4 Aim and Objectives 49.5 Material and Methods 49.6 Study City Selection 49.7 Designing Survey Questionnaire 49.8 Flood Resilience Appraisal 49.9 Results and Discussion 49.9.1 Geomorphological Setup and Impact on Urban Flooding 49.10 Infrastructure and Institutional Appraisal (WSS Sectors) 49.11 Cost of Inaction-Financial Cost of Damage to Critical Infrastructure 49.12 Financial Costs of Resilience References 50 Vulnerability to Disaster in a Multi-hazard Coastal Environment in Bangladesh 50.1 Introduction 50.2 Materials and Methods 50.3 Results and Discussion 50.3.1 Socio-Economic Profiles of the Respondents 50.3.2 Drivers 50.3.3 Pressures 50.3.4 State 50.3.5 Impacts 50.3.6 Responses 50.4 Conclusion References 51 Analysis of Public Perceptions on Urban Flood in Phnom Penh, Cambodia 51.1 Introduction 51.2 Materials and Methods 51.2.1 Study Area 51.2.2 Questionnaire Survey 51.2.3 Verification of Flood Depth 51.3 Results and Discussion 51.3.1 Spatial Distribution of Samples and General Information of Respondents 51.3.2 Flood Situations 51.3.3 Flood Impacts and Responses 51.3.4 Causes of Flood 51.3.5 Suggestions of Local People to Cope with Floods 51.4 Conclusions References 52 Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Drought in the Central Highlands of Vietnam 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Study Area 52.3 Methodology 52.3.1 SWAT Hydrological Model 52.3.2 Drought Analysis Method 52.3.3 Climate Change Scenarios 52.4 Results and Discussion 52.4.1 Calibration and Validation of the SWAT Model 52.4.2 Climate Change Scenarios 52.4.3 Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow 52.4.4 Analysis of Changes in Severity, Duration, Frequency of the Hydro-Meteorological and Agricultural Droughts 52.5 Conclusions References 53 Optimized Operation of Red-River Reservoirs System in the Context of Drought and Water Conflicts 53.1 Introduction 53.2 Data and Methods 53.2.1 Climate and Reservoir System 53.2.2 Objective Functions 53.2.3 Constraints 53.2.4 Downstream Model 53.2.5 Operation Policy Function 53.2.6 Optimization Procedures 53.3 Results and Discussion 53.3.1 Downstream Model 53.3.2 Optimal Operation Policy Function 53.4 Conclusions References Part IX Community Engagement for Water Security Enhancement 54 Integrated Information Dissemination System for Coastal Agricultural Community 54.1 Introduction 54.2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 54.2.1 ICT-Enabled Services and Projects 54.2.2 ICT Model and Solutions to Combat Climate Change 54.3 Result and Discussion 54.3.1 The INDICA Framework 54.3.2 Adaptation Assessment 54.3.3 Information Need Assessment (INA) 54.3.4 ICT Measures and Strategies 54.3.5 Piloting and Dissemination 54.3.6 Information Channeling Through Stakeholders 54.4 Limitations of the Framework 54.5 Conclusion References 55 Citizen Science on Water Resources Monitoring in the Nhue River, Vietnam 55.1 Introduction 55.2 Material and Methods 55.2.1 Nhue River Overview 55.2.2 Research Method 55.3 Results and Discussion 55.3.1 Selecting and Constructing CS Observation Points 55.3.2 Participants in CS 55.3.3 Data Collecting and Sending Methods 55.3.4 Evaluating Water Level Obtained from CS 55.3.5 Reporting and Exploiting Water Level Values from CS 55.4 Conclusions References 56 Remuneration for Conservation: An Ecosystem Service Changing Lives in the Hills of Bangladesh 56.1 Introduction 56.2 Material and Methods 56.2.1 Study Area 56.2.2 Research Methods 56.3 Results and Discussion 56.3.1 Situation Prior to Establishment of GFWS 56.3.2 Mechanism of GFWS 56.3.3 Maintenance of GFWS 56.3.4 Supports of GFWS 56.4 Conclusions References 57 Role of Citizen Science in Safe Drinking Water in Nepal: Lessons on Water Quality Monitoring from Brazil 57.1 Introduction 57.2 Theoretical Framework 57.2.1 Identifying Research Gaps in Nepal 57.2.2 Translating Conceptual Idea from Brazil to Nepal 57.3 Conceptual Framework 57.3.1 Baseline Study 57.3.2 Conceptual Preparation and Analysis 57.3.3 Stakeholders’ Integration 57.3.4 System Configuration 57.3.5 System Structure Assessment 57.3.6 Detailed Field Survey and Implementation (From Data Collection to Dissemination) 57.3.7 Sustainability Assessment and Information Transfer 57.4 Conclusions References 58 Community Mitigation Approaches to Combat Safe Water Scarcity in the Context of Salinity Intrusion in Coastal Bangladesh 58.1 Introduction 58.2 Study Area 58.3 Methodology 58.4 Results and Discussion 58.4.1 Socio-economic Profile 58.4.2 Present Water Quality of the Study Areas 58.4.3 Impact of Salinity on Drinking Water and Environment 58.4.4 Current Mitigation Approaches at Different Levels 58.5 Conclusions References This book assesses the current water-security situation in Asia. The thematic areas of the book discuss the United Nation’s sustainable development goals with a particular focus on Goal 6 (“Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation”) and Goal 13 (“Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts”). Asia has been facing a number of water-related challenges for decades due to multiple factors such as increasing population, socio-economic development, urbanization and migration, and climate change now poses an additional threat. While significant efforts have been made by governments in Asia, much more work is needed to make Asian societies water-secure. Given its multi-disciplinary approach, the book is a valuable resource for researchers involved in the further development of water-security concepts, approaches, and methodologies. In addition, it helps policymakers, planners, and practitioners to formulate sustainable water- security enhancement strategies grounded in sound scientific evidence to protect human well-being.