WATER-FROM-AIR QUICK GUIDE : second edition

Technical and scientific aspects of water-from-air machine (atmospheric water generator) operation are introduced and explained for prospective buyers, owners, and users of this equipment. The knowledge in this guide is valuable for making cost-effective decisions about using the freshwater resource that exists in Earth’s atmosphere. Historical Perspective 1 Applications 2 Dehumidifiers with a Difference 4 Practicality in Relation to Cities with Water Scarcity 9 Effect of Climate Change on the Water-from-Air Resource 10 Effect of Droughts on the Water-from-Air Resource 13 Water Vapour Density 19 Dew-point 24 Processors of Atmospheric Water Vapour 27 Properties of Liquid Water Near Its Freezing Point 32 Water-from-Air Machine Schematic View 33 Advantages of Water-from-Air 34 Water-from-Air Niches 34 Computer Simulations 35 Limits to Mechanical Dehumidification Efficiency 36 System Sizes and Markets 38 Water Phase Change Methods 39 Energy Cost of Water 39 Water-from-Air Power Sources 40 Water Treatment Methods 41 Case Studies 42 Amortization of Water Cost 43 Water-from-Air Equipment Supplier Checklist for Credibility 44 Environmental Impact on the Atmospheric Water Reservoir 51 Precipitation Enhancement 52 Indirect Environmental Impacts 52 Conclusion 52 References for Appendix 1 53 Revisions to Dehumidifier Standard Test Conditions 69 Appropriateness of Non-standard Test Conditions 71 Normalizing Examples 72 Example 1: PV Power Supply for an AWG, Input Power 1.05 kW 73 Example 2: PV Power Supply for an AWG, Input Power 2.1 kW 76 Solar PV Power Supplies for Examples 1 and 2 79 Price Ratios for Off-grid Solar PV Systems Applied to Two AWGs 81 Water Quality—Microbiological 83 Water Quality—Physical and Chemical 84 Purpose 1. Water-from-Air Historical Perspective Applications Dehumidifiers with a Difference 2. Water Vapour is a Water Resource 3. Where are Water-from-Air Systems Practical? Practicality in Relation to Cities with Water Scarcity Effect of Climate Change on the Water-from-Air Resource Effect of Droughts on the Water-from-Air Resource 4. Two Properties of the Air to Know Water Vapour Density Dew-point 5. Water-from-Air Machines Processors of Atmospheric Water Vapour Properties of Liquid Water Near Its Freezing Point Water-from-Air Machine Schematic View Advantages of Water-from-Air Water-from-Air Niches Computer Simulations Limits to Mechanical Dehumidification Efficiency System Sizes and Markets Water Phase Change Methods Energy Cost of Water Water-from-Air Power Sources Water Treatment Methods Case Studies Amortization of Water Cost Water-from-Air Equipment Supplier Checklist for Credibility 6. The Future of Water-from-Air Technologies Water-from-Air Reading List References Appendix 1: Environmental impact Environmental Impact on the Atmospheric Water Reservoir Precipitation Enhancement Indirect Environmental Impacts Conclusion References for Appendix 1 Appendix 2: Guide to the Water-from-Air Resource Chart Appendix 3: Dew-point and Water Vapour Density against Site Elevation above Sea Level Appendix 4: Hourly Analysis of the WFA Resource Appendix 5: Normalizing Water Production Rates Method Revisions to Dehumidifier Standard Test Conditions Appropriateness of Non-standard Test Conditions Normalizing Examples Appendix 6: Economics of Off-grid Solar PV For WFA Example 1: PV Power Supply for an AWG, Input Power 1.05 kW Example 2: PV Power Supply for an AWG, Input Power 2.1 kW Solar PV Power Supplies for Examples 1 and 2 Price Ratios for Off-grid Solar PV Systems Applied to Two AWGs Appendix 7: Drinking-Water Quality Guidelines Water Quality—Microbiological Water Quality—Physical and Chemical APPENDIX 8: Atlas of the water Vapour density field at Earth’s surface by month APPENDIX 9: Water-from-Air Resource Charts for 23 Cities with water Scarcity Glossary Index