Water for Life : Drinking Water, Health, Food, Energy Nexus

Water is a precious resource essential for all forms of life. It can be thought of as the blood of the earth. Although there is plenty of water to meet the demand for the present population and even for a projected population of about 9 billion, there is significant spatial and temporal variation in the global distribution of this precious resource. As a result, there are waterrich and water-poor countries with the latter facing water stress and water scarcity which in extreme situations can lead to water-related conflicts and even 'water-wars.' The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified unsafe drinking water as a major killer in the world. The motivation for writing Water for Life: Drinking Water, Health, Food, Energy Nexus is primarily to throw light on the multi-faceted uses and importance of water in life, in particular to highlight the water, health, food, and energy nexus. It is hoped that the contents will help students in civil engineering, geography, and earth and social sciences to perceive the big picture of water management for all human and biotic populations without causing negative effects on the environment. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Author Bio Chapter 1 Introduction and Scope 1.1 Scope and Layout References Chapter 2 Earth’s Water Resources 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Distribution of Water On Earth 2.3 Water Availability 2.3.1 Some Indicators of Water Availability 2.4 Residence Time 2.5 Sources of Water 2.5.1 Icecaps and Glaciers 2.5.2 Atmospheric Water 2.5.2.1 Troposphere 2.5.2.2 Stratosphere 2.5.2.3 Mesosphere 2.5.2.4 Thermosphere 2.5.2.5 Extracting Water From Fog – Occult Precipitation 2.5.3 Surface Water 2.5.3.1 Major Freshwater Lakes in the World 2.5.3.2 Major Rivers in the World 2.5.4 Groundwater 2.5.4.1 Methods of Recharging Aquifers 2.5.4.2 Problems Associated With Groundwater Extraction 2.5.5 Soil Moisture 2.5.6 Seawater – Desalination 2.5.6.1 Multiple-Effect Distillation 2.5.6.2 Multi-Stage Flash Distillation 2.5.6.3 Vapour Compression Distillation 2.5.6.4 Solar Distillation 2.5.6.5 Electrodialysis 2.5.6.6 Ion Exchange 2.5.6.7 Solvent Extraction 2.5.6.8 Freeze Separation 2.5.6.9 Reverse Osmosis 2.6 Water Withdrawals 2.7 Virtual Water and Water Trade 2.8 Bottled Water 2.9 Water Stress, Water Scarcity and Water Risk 2.10 World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) and UN-Water 2.10.1 Highlights of the Last Four WWDRs 2.11 Water Footprints 2.12 Water Use 2.13 Trends in Streamflow References and Websites for Water Information Chapter 3 Chemistry of Water 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification of Water 3.3 Chemical Composition of a Molecule 3.4 Bonding of Sub-Atomic Particles to Form Molecules 3.5 Geometrical Structure of a Water Molecule 3.6 Physical Properties of Water 3.7 Chemical Properties of Water Molecule 3.8 Unique Properties of Water Chapter 4 Drinking Water – Global Perspective 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Some Statistics On Access to Drinking Water 4.3 Water Scarcity 4.4 International Initiatives 4.5 Disparity in Preventable Deaths Due to Unsafe Water and Sanitation 4.6 Valuing Water 4.7 Water Crises and GDP 4.8 What Can and Should Be Done? 4.8.1 Rainwater Harvesting 4.8.2 Slow Sand Filtration 4.8.3 Xylem Filters 4.8.4 Solar Evaporation 4.8.5 Bioinspired Hydrogel 4.8.6 Diverting Military Spending to Provide Safe Drinking Water 4.8.7 Research and Development, and Education References Chapter 5 Domestic Water – Supply and Demand 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sources of Domestic Water 5.2.1 Rainwater 5.2.1.1 Prepared Catchments 5.2.1.2 Catchwaters 5.2.1.3 Rooftop Catchments 5.2.2 Surface Water 5.2.2.1 Streams and Lakes By Continuous Draft 5.2.2.2 Rivers and Streams Dammed to Form Impounding Reservoirs 5.2.3 Groundwater 5.2.3.1 Natural Springs 5.2.3.2 Wells 5.2.3.3 Well Construction and Development 5.2.4 Imported Water 5.2.5 Recycled Water 5.2.6 Seawater – Desalination 5.3 Domestic Demand 5.3.1 Human’s Biological Requirements 5.3.2 Human’s Requirements Demanded By the Present-Day Living Habits (Personal Hygiene, Waste Disposal, Washing Clothes, ... 5.4 Collection and Storage of Water 5.4.1 Reservoirs 5.4.1.1 Types of Reservoirs 5.4.1.2 Reservoir Site Characteristics 5.4.1.3 Reservoir Physical Characteristics 5.4.1.4 Reservoir Yield 5.4.1.5 Losses From Reservoir Storage 5.4.1.6 Reservoir Sedimentation 5.4.1.7 Sediment Yield 5.4.1.8 Compensation Water 5.4.2 Water Intakes 5.4.2.1 Types of Water Intakes 5.4.2.2 Design of Intakes References Chapter 6 Drinking Water – From Source to Tap 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Treatment Processes 6.2.1 Screening 6.2.2 Coagulation 6.2.3 Flocculation 6.2.4 Sedimentation 6.2.4.1 Horizontal Flow Tanks 6.2.4.2 Multi-Layer Tanks 6.2.4.3 Radial Flow Tanks 6.2.4.4 Hopper Bottom Tanks 6.2.4.5 Settling Tanks 6.2.4.6 Ballasted Sedimentation 6.2.5 Filtration 6.2.5.1 Slow Sand Filtration 6.2.5.2 Rapid Gravity Filtration 6.2.5.3 Pressure Filters 6.2.5.4 Microfiltration 6.2.5.5 Ultrafiltration 6.2.5.6 Nanofiltration 6.2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis 6.2.6 Disinfection 6.2.6.1 Disinfection Systems 6.2.6.2 Distillation 6.2.6.3 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation (With Pre-Filtration) 6.2.6.4 Chlorination 6.2.6.5 Ozonation 6.2.7 Fluoridation 6.2.8 Colour, Taste and Odour 6.2.9 Control of Corrosion and Scale Formation 6.2.10 Removal of Hardness 6.2.11 Aeration 6.3 Sludge Disposal 6.4 Service Reservoirs 6.5 Distribution System 6.5.1 Dead-End System 6.5.2 Grid Iron System 6.5.3 Ring System 6.5.4 Radial System 6.6 Household Water Quality 6.6.1 Contamination at the Source 6.6.2 Contamination During Transport 6.6.3 Contamination During Storage 6.6.4 Treatment 6.6.4.1 Sedimentation 6.6.4.2 Filtration 6.6.4.3 Aeration 6.6.4.4 Disinfection 6.7 Acceptability References Chapter 7 Water and Health 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Water Contamination 7.2.1 Sediment and Debris Contamination 7.2.2 Microbial Contamination 7.2.2.1 Types of Pathogens 7.2.3 Chemical Contamination 7.2.4 Radiological Contamination 7.3 Acceptability 7.4 Water-Borne Diseases 7.4.1 Amoebiasis 7.4.2 Arsenicosis 7.4.3 Ascariasis 7.4.4 Botulism 7.4.5 Campylobacteriosis 7.4.6 Cholera 7.4.7 Cryptosporidiosis 7.4.8 Cyanobacterial Toxins 7.4.9 Dracunculiasis 7.4.10 Dysentery 7.4.11 Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) Infection 7.4.12 Giardia 7.4.13 Hepatitis A 7.4.14 Hepatitis E 7.4.15 Hookworm Infection 7.4.16 Japanese Encephalitis 7.4.17 Lead Poisoning 7.4.18 Legionnaires’ Disease 7.4.19 Leptospirosis 7.4.20 Lymphatic Filariasis 7.4.21 Methaemoglobinemia 7.4.22 Onchocerciasis 7.4.23 Polio 7.4.24 Ring Worm Or Tinea 7.4.25 Rotavirus Infection 7.4.26 Salmonella 7.4.27 Schistosomiasis 7.4.28 Trachoma 7.4.29 Trichuriasis 7.4.30 Typhoid Fever References Chapter 8 Water and Food 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Photosynthesis 8.3 Sources of Food for Human Consumption 8.3.1 Cereals 8.3.1.1 Rice 8.3.1.2 Corn 8.3.1.3 Wheat 8.3.2 Potatoes 8.3.3 Other Staple Foods 8.3.3.1 Vegetables 8.4 Agricultural Demand for Food Production 8.5 Sources of Water for Agriculture 8.5.1 Rainfall 8.5.2 Irrigation 8.6 Water Productivity 8.7 Arable Land Availability for Food Production 8.8 Crop Water Evapo-Transpiration 8.8.1 Transpiration 8.8.2 Evapo-Transpiration (ET) 8.8.3 Reference Evapo-Transpiration (ET0) 8.8.4 Crop Water Requirements 8.9 Water for Livestock 8.10 Water for Fisheries 8.11 Water for Food Processing 8.12 Reuse of Agricultural Water 8.13 Food Security References Chapter 9 Water and Irrigation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Types of Irrigation 9.2.1 Ponded Irrigation 9.2.2 Basin Irrigation 9.2.3 Border Irrigation 9.2.4 Furrow Irrigation 9.2.5 Overhead Irrigation 9.2.6 Sub-Surface Irrigation 9.2.7 Drip Irrigation 9.2.8 Lift Irrigation 9.2.9 Micro-Irrigation 9.3 Irrigation Requirements 9.4 Ranking of Irrigated Land in the World 9.5 Major Irrigation Projects in the World 9.5.1 China 9.5.2 India 9.5.3 The United States 9.5.4 Pakistan 9.5.5 Iran 9.5.6 Indonesia References Chapter 10 Water and Soil 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Basic Soil Properties 10.2.1 Structure of the Soil 10.2.2 Soil Texture 10.3 Soil Fertility 10.3.1 Fertilizers 10.3.2 Plant Nutrients 10.3.3 Water in Plants 10.4 Soil Erosion 10.5 Slope Failure 10.5.1 Causes and Effects 10.5.2 Prevention 10.5.3 Early Warning 10.5.4 Case Studies 10.6 Physical Properties of Soil 10.6.1 Uniformity Coefficient 10.6.2 Grain Size Distribution 10.6.3 Porosity, N 10.6.4 Void Ratio 10.6.5 Bulk Density 10.6.6 Pore Volume 10.7 Hydraulic Properties of Soil 10.7.1 Specific Retention, S r 10.7.2 Specific Yield, S y (Or, Effective Porosity) 10.7.3 Field Capacity 10.7.4 Permanent Wilting Point 10.8 The Soil Water System 10.8.1 Soil Moisture Content 10.8.2 Soil Water Potential 10.9 Soil Hydraulic Characteristics 10.9.1 Soil Suction – Soil Moisture Content Characteristic 10.9.1.1 Brutsaert Equation 10.9.1.2 Brooks and Corey Equation 10.9.1.3 Vauclin Equation 10.9.1.4 Van Genuchten Equation 10.9.1.5 Other Equations 10.9.2 Soil Hydraulic Conductivity – Soil Moisture Content Characteristic 10.9.3 Soil Diffusivity – Soil Moisture Content Characteristic 10.10 Constitutive Equations 10.10.1 Horizontal Infiltration 10.10.2 Vertical Infiltration 10.10.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions 10.10.3.1 Ponded Condition 10.10.3.2 Rain Condition – Low Rainfall Intensities 10.10.3.3 Rain Condition – High Rain Intensities 10.11 Solutions of the Equations 10.11.1 Ponded Condition – Linearized Solution 10.11.2 Ponded Condition – Non-Linear Solution 10.11.3 Low Rain Condition 10.11.4 High Rain Condition References Chapter 11 Water and Energy 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Water for Energy 11.2.1 Hydro-Electricity 11.2.1.1 Components of a Hydro-Electricity Generating Project 11.2.1.2 Major Hydro-Electric Projects in the World 11.2.2 Pumped Storage Hydropower 11.2.3 Tidal Energy 11.2.4 Wave Energy 11.2.5 Blue (Saline) Energy 11.2.6 Shale Energy – Hydraulic Fracturing 11.3 Energy for Water 11.3.1 Energy for Agriculture 11.3.2 Energy for Domestic Water 11.3.3 Energy for Water Transfer 11.3.3.1 South–North Water Transfer Project 11.3.3.2 California State Water Project (SWP) 11.3.3.3 Other Major Water Transfer Projects 11.3.4 Energy for Bottled Water 11.3.5 Energy for Wastewater References Chapter 12 Water for Transport 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Water Transport in Plants 12.3 Inland Water Transport 12.3.1 Grand Canal 12.4 Ocean Transport 12.4.1 Suez Canal 12.4.2 Panama Canal Reference Chapter 13 Water for Industry 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Types of Industries 13.2.1 Manufacturing Processes 13.2.2 Electricity Generation Industry 13.2.3 Iron and Steel Industry 13.2.4 Textile Industry 13.2.5 Pulp and Paper Manufacturing 13.2.6 Beverage Industry 13.2.7 Automotive Industry References Chapter 14 Water and Recreation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Types of Water Recreation 14.3 Water-Related Tourism 14.3.1 Types of Water-Related Tourism 14.3.1.1 Ocean Tourism 14.3.1.2 Canal Tourism 14.3.1.3 Beach Tourism 14.3.1.4 River Tourism 14.3.1.5 Water Park Tourism 14.3.1.6 Ski Tourism 14.3.1.7 Hot Spring Tourism 14.4 Quality Requirements for Water Recreation 14.5 Health Hazards of Water Recreation 14.6 Guidelines for Avoiding Health Hazards Reference Chapter 15 Water and Disasters 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Types of Water-Related Disasters 15.2.1 Floods 15.2.2 Droughts 15.2.3 Storms 15.2.3.1 Monsoons 15.2.3.2 Cyclones 15.2.4 Landslides 15.2.5 Avalanches 15.2.6 Tsunami 15.2.6.1 Tsunami Generated By Seismicity 15.2.6.2 Tsunami in Tonga (2022) 15.2.6.3 Tohoku Earthquake in Japan (2011) 15.2.6.4 Indian Ocean – Sumatra and Andaman Earthquake and Tsunami (2004) 15.2.6.5 Indonesia – Krakatau (1883) 15.2.6.6 Europe – Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami (1755) 15.2.6.7 Deadliest Tsunamis Since 1900 15.2.7 Water-Related Biological Disasters 15.3 Mitigative Measures 15.3.1 Structural 15.3.2 Non-Structural 15.4 International Initiatives 15.4.1 International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) 15.4.2 Yokohama Strategy and Related Plan of Action 15.4.3 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) 15.4.4 United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) 15.4.5 Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005–2015 15.4.6 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 15.4.7 International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction 15.4.8 UNESCO’s Contribution 15.4.9 International Flood Initiative (IFI) References Chapter 16 Water-Related Conflicts 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Causes of Water-Related Conflicts 16.3 Types of Conflicts 16.4 Strategies to Reduce Water-Related Conflicts 16.4.1 Natural Resources, Science and Engineering Approaches 16.4.2 Political and Legal Tools 16.4.3 Economic and Financial Tools 16.4.4 Policy and Governance Strategies 16.5 Major Water Conflicts in the World 16.5.1 Nile River Basin 16.5.2 Mekong River Basin 16.5.3 Indus River Basin 16.5.4 Jordan River Basin 16.5.5 Brahmaputra River Basin 16.5.6 Chronology of Water Conflicts References Appendix Names in Use for Water in Some Languages Author Index Subject Index "Water is a precious resource essential for all forms of life, and although there is plenty of water to meet the demand for the present population - and even for a projected population of 9 billion - there is significant spatial and temporal variation in its distribution. This results in water rich and water poor countries, water-related conflicts, and unsafe drinking water, a major killer identified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Water for Life: Drinking Water, Health, Food, Energy Nexus covers these issues, highlighting the multi-facted used and importance of water in life: water resources, chemistry of water, drinking water, and the links between water and health, food, irrigation, soil, energy, transport, industry, recreation, disasters, and conflicts. The book is accessible and clear, with technical elements. It is ideal as a background supplementary text to support more specialist study across civil engineering, geography, and social sciences, and will guide readers to see the big picture of environmentally sustainable water management for all human and other biotic lives"-- Provided by publisher Water is a precious resource essential for all forms of life, and although there is plenty of water to meet the demand for the present population – and even for a projected population of 9 billion – there is significant spatial and temporal variation in its distribution. This results in water rich and water poor countries, water-related conflicts, and unsafe drinking water, a major killer identified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Water for Life: Drinking Water, Health, Food, Energy Nexus covers these issues, highlighting the multi-facted uses and importance of water in life: water resources, chemistry of water, drinking water, and the links between water and health, food, irrigation, soil, energy, transport, industry, recreation, disasters, and conflicts. The book is accessible and clear, with technical elements. It is ideal as a background supplementary text to support more specialist study across civil engineering, geography, and social sciences, and will guide readers to see the big picture of environmentally sustainable water management for all human and other biotic lives.