Water Chemistry, Analysis and Treatment : Pollutants, Microbial Contaminants, Water and Wastewater Treatment

Water chemistry, water sources, water pollutants, and microbiological contaminants are all covered in the book. The basic concepts of water chemistry are well taught. Along with stormwater management and green infrastructure, the book also examines the theoretical underpinnings of a number of water treatment and analysis procedures. Graduate and advanced undergraduate students, environmental researchers, chemists, and lab technicians who work in water and environmental laboratories could all benefi t from this book. Chemical engineers and operators are the primary target audience for the majority of books on the market, thus both technicians and chemists can gain a lot from this book. * Explains water chemistry. * Describes common tests for water analysis. * Describes water and wastewater treatment processes and techniques. Cover Half Title Also of Interest Water Chemistry, Analysis and Treatment: Pollutants, Microbial Contaminants, Water and Wastewater Treatment Copyright Dedication Preface Acknowledgments The Author Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Water Importance 1.3 Safe Drinking Water Act 1.4 Water Contaminants or Pollutants 1.4.1 Contaminant Candidate List 1.4.1.1 Microbial Contaminant Candidates 1.4.1.2 Chemical Contaminant Candidates 1.4.1.3 Contaminants Levels 1.5 Questions 2. Water Chemistry 2.1 Properties of Water (Physical and Chemical Properties) 2.1.1 Density 2.1.2 Solubility 2.1.3 Polarity 2.1.4 Acid–Base Behavior 2.1.5 Water States 2.1.6 Water Redox Reaction (Water Redox Process) 2.1.7 Water’s Cohesive and Adhesive Properties 2.2 Hard Water 2.3 Soft Water 2.4 Heavy Water 2.5 Water Hydrates 2.6 Questions 3. Water Sources 3.1 Natural Resources 3.2 Water Cycle 3.3 Water Supply 3.3.1 Surface Water 3.3.1.1 Lentic Water 3.3.1.2 Lotic Water 3.3.2 Groundwater 3.3.2.1 Groundwater Sources 3.3.3 Rainwater 3.4 Questions 4. Water Pollution and Pollutants 4.1 Water Pollution 4.2 Water Pollution Causes 4.2.1 Agricultural Sector 4.2.2 Sewage and Wastewater 4.2.3 Oil Spills 4.2.4 Radioactive Waste 4.3 Pollution Impacted Water Type 4.3.1 Groundwater Pollution 4.3.2 Surface Water Pollution 4.4 Effects of Water Pollution 4.4.1 On Human Health 4.4.2 On the Environment 4.5 Water Pollutants 4.6 Questions 5. Microbial Contaminants in Water 5.1 Water Consumption as a Source of Disease 5.1.1 Cholera 5.1.2 Salmonellosis 5.1.3 Shigellosis or Bacillary Dysentery 5.1.4 Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains 5.2 Microbial Contaminants in Potable Drinking Water 5.3 Bottled Water Microbiology 5.3.1 Source Water 5.3.2 Water Treatment Before Bottling 5.4 Questions 6. Water Analysis 6.1 Common Water Tests 6.1.1 Color, Odor, and Taste 6.1.2 Turbidity 6.1.3 Jar Test 6.1.4 pH Measurements 6.1.5 Alkalinity 6.1.6 Hardness 6.1.7 Residual Chlorine 6.1.7.1 Diethyl-p-Phenylenediamine Test 6.1.7.2 Orthotolidine Test 6.1.7.3 Chloroscope Test 6.1.7.4 Digital Colorimeters 6.1.8 Chlorides 6.1.9 Sulfates 6.1.10 Dissolved Oxygen 6.1.11 Total Dissolved Solids 6.1.12 Total Suspended Solids 6.1.13 Coliform Bacteria Test 6.1.13.1 Membrane Filter Technique 6.1.13.2 Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique 6.1.13.3 Presence–Absence Method 6.1.13.4 Defined Substrate Technology Method 6.1.13.5 Heterotrophic Plate Count (Standard Plate Count) Method 6.2 Questions 7. Water Quality 7.1 Parameters of Water Quality 7.1.1 Physical Parameters of Water Quality 7.1.1.1 Turbidity 7.1.1.2 Temperature 7.1.1.3 Color 7.1.1.4 Taste and Odor 7.1.1.5 Solids 7.1.1.6 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 7.1.2 Chemical Parameters of Water Quality 7.1.2.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 7.1.2.2 Phosphorus 7.1.2.3 pH 7.1.2.4 Total Organic Carbon 7.1.3 Biological Parameters of Water 7.1.3.1 Bacteria 7.1.3.2 Blue-Green Algae 7.1.3.3 Nutrients 7.1.3.4 Viruses 7.2 Question 8. Water Treatment 8.1 Drinking Water 8.2 Seawater 8.2.1 Distillation (Desalination) 8.2.2 Reverse Osmosis 8.2.3 Electrodialysis 8.2.4 Advantages of Seawater Desalination 8.2.5 Disadvantages of Seawater Desalination 8.3 Municipality and Industrial Water Waste 8.3.1 Sources 8.3.2 Methods of Treatment 8.3.3 Treatment Processes 8.3.3.1 Preliminary Treatment 8.3.3.2 Primary Treatment 8.3.3.3 Secondary Treatment 8.3.3.4 Tertiary or Advanced Treatment 8.4 Questions 9. Water and Wastewater Treatment Techniques 9.1 Coagulation 9.1.1 Coagulants in Water Treatment 9.1.2 Coagulant Aids 9.2 Flocculation 9.2.1 Flocculants 9.3 Sedimentation 9.3.1 Conventional Basins 9.3.2 High-Rate Basins 9.3.3 Sedimentation Influencing Factors 9.4 Softening 9.4.1 Softening Methods 9.4.1.1 Chemical Precipitation Methods 9.4.1.2 Nonprecipitation Methods 9.5 Stabilization 9.5.1 Scale Formation or Deposition 9.5.2 Corrosion 9.5.2.1 Corrosion Types 9.5.2.2 Factors Affecting Corrosion 9.5.3 Sequestration or Sequestering 9.5.4 CaCO3 Deposition Determination 9.5.4.1 Marble Test 9.5.4.2 Baylis Curve 9.5.4.3 Langelier Index 9.5.4.4 Ryznar Stability Index 9.6 Filtration 9.6.1 Granular Media (Bed) Filtration 9.6.1.1 Types of Granular Filters 9.6.1.2 Factors Affecting the Granular Media Filtration 9.6.2 Membrane Filtration 9.6.2.1 Particle Removal Mechanism 9.6.2.2 Types of Membranes 9.7 Disinfection 9.7.1 Chlorination 9.7.2 Chloramination 9.7.3 Chlorine Dioxide 9.7.4 Ultraviolet Light Water Treatment 9.7.5 Ozonation 9.7.6 Photocatalytic Disinfection 9.8 Fluoridation 9.9 Questions 10. Stormwater Management and Green Infrastructure 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Types of Green Infrastructure 10.2.1 Green Roofs 10.2.2 Rain Gardens 10.2.3 Permeable Pavement 10.3 Questions 11. Water as a Renewable Energy Source 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Endless Energy Sources 11.3 Natural Resources 11.4 Renewable Energy Resources 11.5 Hydroelectric or Hydropower Stations 11.6 Types of Hydropower Energy Plants 11.7 Questions Essential Terms Abbreviations Resources and Further Readings Books Journals Internet Resources Index