Water And Development in China: The Political Economy of Shanghai Water Policy (Series on Contemporary China, Vol. 6) (Series on Contemporary China)

There is widespread recognition - among policy-makers, business communities, and scholars - of the importance of improving environmental policy and management in China. Environmental concerns in China have triggered the publication of a number of books on the subject. However, very few books offer an in-depth case study of the environmental challenges in Shanghai. This book aims to explore the extent to which Shanghai has managed to cope with water supply as well as water quality control challenges in terms of its sociopolitical and economic development since 1990, with a special reference to the impact of social actors on water policy. The book focuses on the contributions from each actor in water policy - the most influential actor being the Shanghai government, private companies, environmental NGOs, Shanghai citizens, and international development agencies. The Shanghai water sector, in the recent few years, has been diversified through interactions between the Shanghai government and the newly emergent social actors. Consequently, water policy in Shanghai is influenced by multilateral interactions between these actors with their diverse interests and goals. The book will demonstrate the ways in which these actors in the Shanghai water sector have co-evolved through interactions to formulate a new mode of water policy reflecting the diverse interests of the social actors. Contents 6 Preface 14 Acknowledgements 18 List of Figures 22 List of Tables 24 Notes on Abbreviations 28 Notes on Units 30 Notes on Currency 32 Notes on Translation 34 Chapter 1 Introduction 35 Chapter 2 Political Economy and Water in Shanghai 43 Introduction 43 Political Economy and Water in Shanghai 46 Development of Political Economy in Shanghai 46 Socio-Economic Conditions 51 The Environment 54 Location and Topography 54 Climate and Rainfall 56 Water Resources 57 Water Supply and Water Quality 63 Water Supply and Water Use 63 Water Quality and Pollution 63 Conclusion 74 Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework 77 Introduction 77 Grid/Group Theory 80 Definition 80 Conceptualization 81 Application 84 Political Ecology 90 Definition 91 Conceptualization 92 Application 94 Complexity Theory: Co-Evolutionary Approach 98 Definition 99 Conceptualization 99 Application 101 Conclusion 103 Chapter 4 Institutional Reform in Shanghai Water Policy 107 Introduction 107 Institutional Framework 111 Organizational Structure 112 Institutions: Laws, Regulations, Rules, Measures and Standards 117 Environmental Regulatory Programmes 125 Challenges for Institutional Change 130 Enforcement and Compliance 131 Trade Off between Economic Development and Environmental Protection 135 Conflicts of Interest: Administrative and Organizational Disharmony 138 Public Consultation 139 Limited Achievements in Institutional Change 143 Changes in Organizations and Institutions 143 EIA Enforcement in Shanghai 146 Shanghai Water Authority (SWA) 147 Public Support 150 Conclusion 152 Chapter 5 Development of Civil Movements 157 Introduction 157 Identification of Environmental Groups 162 Evolution of Environmental Groups 162 Typology of Environmental Groups 165 Environmental Groups in Shanghai 172 Government Organized NGOs (GONGOs) 172 NGOs 174 Quasi-Governmental Organizations 182 International NGOs 184 Public Awareness 186 Shanghai Environmental Protection Promotion and Education Center 187 Shanghai Environment Specialty School (Green School) 189 Public Environmental Awareness Surveys 190 Viability of Environmental Movement in Shanghai 195 GONGOs 196 NGOs 198 Quasi-Governmental Organizations 199 International NGOs 202 Public Awareness and Participation 204 Continuous Development of Environmental Movement 205 Evolution of GONGOs 205 Alliances among Environmental Groups 207 Funding for Environmental Education and Awareness Programmes 210 Government's Need to Promote Public Participation and Awareness 211 Conclusion 212 Chapter 6 Private Sector Participation 215 Introduction 215 Understanding of Private Sector Participation 220 The Private Sector in the Chinese Context 220 Institutional Settings 223 Types of Private Sector Participation 226 Overview of Private Sector Participation Projects 227 Water Market Analysis at the National Level 227 Water Market at the Local Level - Shanghai 233 Institutional Change and Challenges in Private Sector Participation 243 Institutional Change 243 Challenges 246 Interactions between the Government, Private Companies and NGOs 254 Conclusion 259 Chapter 7 Impacts of International Development Agencies 265 Introduction 265 Introduction of International Development Agencies 269 Historical Perspectives 269 Entry of International Development Agencies 271 World Bank 274 Shanghai Sewerage Project (SSP) 275 Shanghai Environment Project 283 Asian Development Bank and Other Development Agencies in Shanghai 289 Asian Development Bank: Suzhou Creek Rehabilitation Project (SCRP) 290 Other Development Agencies 292 Ramifications of Involvement from International Development Agencies 299 Challenges 299 Achievements 303 Conclusion 307 Chapter 8 Conclusion 311 Index 319 There Is Widespread Recognition - Among Policy-makers, Business Communities, And Scholars - Of The Importance Of Improving Environmental Policy And Management In China. Environmental Concerns In China Have Triggered The Publication Of A Number Of Books On The Subject. However, Very Few Books Offer An In-depth Case Study Of The Environmental Challenges In Shanghai. This Book Aims To Explore The Extent To Which Shanghai Has Managed To Cope With Water Supply As Well As Water Quality Control Challenges In Terms Of Its Sociopolitical And Economic Development Since 1990, With A Special Reference To The Impact Of Social Actors On Water Policy. The Book Focuses On The Contributions From Each Actor In Water Policy - The Most Influential Actor Being The Shanghai Government, Private Companies, Environmental Ngos, Shanghai Citizens, And International Development Agencies.--jacket. Introduction -- Political Economy And Water In Shanghai -- Theoretical Framework -- Institutional Reform In Shanghai Water Policy -- Development Of Civil Movements -- Private Sector Participation -- Impacts Of International Development Agencies -- Conclusion. Seungho Lee. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.