Wastewater treatment in the fishery industry : FAO fisheries technical paper 355

This document provides an introduction and orientation to fish processors on the concepts of fisheries wastewater characterization and to the various types of treatment that can be applied. Similar to most processing industries, fish processing operations produce wastewater, which contains active organic contaminating organisms in soluble, colloidal and particulate form. Depending on the particular operation, the degree of contamination may be small (e.g., washing operations), mild (e.g., fish filleting), or heavy (e.g., bloodwater drained from fish storage tanks). The magnitude of the problem created by these wastewater streams cannot be generalized, and is strictly related to the individual case, since the impact depends, inter alia on the strength of the effluent, the rate of discharge, and the assimilatory capacity of the receiving waterbody. Section 2 (Characterization) explains the main pollution parameters that may have to be taken into account when characterizing a wastewater and also when evaluating the quality or efficiency of a wastewater treatment system. Section 3 (Primary treatment) deals first with the most simple operations that can be performed on an effluent in order to reduce its contaminant load, such as screening and settling. The separation of oil and grease is explained, followed by a description of flotation. Section 4 is devoted to the biological treatments. The concepts of aerobic and anaerobic processes are explained, followed by description of the most common operations of biological treatment. The aeration systems are explained in detail, since they are a key factor for the success of aerobic treatments. Section 5 explains the most common operations of physicochemical treatment: first the coagulation and flocculation used essentially to remove colloidal matter present in wastewaters; and then the disinfection processes such as chlorination and ozonation. Section 6 deals with the most simple treatment processes for sludges generated during the primary biological and physicochemical. treatment. Section 7 discusses economic issues related to wastewater treatment processes. This document presents fish processors with an introduction to the concepts of fisheries wastewater characterization and the various types of treatment utilised. The topics dealt with include characterization analysis, primary treatment, biological treatment, physicochemical treatment including disinfection, sludge treatment and disposal. Economic considerations are among the most important parameters that influence the final decision on which process should be chosen for wastewater treatment and these are presented in the final section. This review documents the available literature on geographical information systems (GIS) including information from both scientific papers and local reports. It examines the status of GIS methodology and technology and the application of GIS to marine fisheries.