Waste Valorisation for Bioenergy and Bioproducts Biofuel, Biogas, and Value-Added Products

Waste Valorization for Bioenergy and Bioproducts: Biofuels, Biogas, and Value-Added Products presents a review of the state-of-the-art of waste valorization from solid, liquid, and gaseous waste streams. The book examines the conversion of waste-to-energy from the following waste streams: Commercial, institutional, and residential food wastes, particularly those currently disposed of in landfills, Biosolids, organic-rich aqueous streams, and sludges from municipal wastewater treatment processes, Manure slurries from concentrated livestock operations, Organic wastes from industrial operations, including, but not limited to, food and beverage manufacturing, biodiesel production, and integrated biorefineries, as well as other industries such as pulp and paper, forest products, and pharmaceuticals. Other sections discuss Biogas derived from any of the above feedstock streams such as landfill gas. Each chapter critically examines the challenges and opportunities in the production of waste-to energy processes, along with addressing the acceptability and marketability of transforming wastes into value-added products. Cover Page Waste Valorization for Bioenergy and Bioproducts: Biofuels, Biogas, and Value-Added Products Copyright List of contributors Foreword Preface 1. Introduction to waste to bioenergy 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Solid wastes 1.3 Agricultural residues 1.4 Pulp and paper industry waste 1.5 Wood and forest waste 1.6 Algae 1.7 Mechanisms to convert solid waste to energy 1.7.1 Pretreatment technologies 1.7.1.1 Physical pretreatment 1.7.1.2 Chemical pretreatment 1.7.1.3 Biological pretreatment 1.7.1.4 Alkaline pretreatment 1.7.1.5 Thermal pretreatment 1.8 Thermochemical conversion pathway 1.8.1 Incineration 1.8.2 Gasification 1.8.3 Torrefaction 1.8.4 Pyrolysis 1.9 Biochemical conversion pathway 1.9.1 Fermentation 1.9.2 Anaerobic digestion 1.10 Liquid waste 1.10.1 Wastewater treatment technologies 1.10.1.1 Conventional treatment 1.10.1.2 Algae-based treatment 1.11 Chemical pathway 1.11.1 Lipid extraction 1.11.2 Transesterification process 1.12 Biofuel upgradation 1.13 Hydrodeoxygenation 1.13.1 Catalytic vapor cracking 1.13.2 Emulsification 1.14 Conclusion References 2. Opportunities and challenges in the production of biofuels from waste biomass 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification of biofuels 2.3 Types of biofuels produced from organic waste 2.4 Biomass waste-to-energy valorization technologies 2.5 Pretreatment methods and their influence on the breakdown of biomass structure 2.6 Emerging sources of waste streams: opportunities and challenges for a sustainable and clean-energy transition 2.7 Types of waste for biofuel production 2.8 Technologies for biofuel production from waste 2.9 Case studies 2.9.1 Anaerobic digestion of food waste 2.9.2 Gasification of municipal solid waste 2.10 Conclusion 2.11 Future prospects of waste-based biofuels Acknowledgement References Further reading 3. Advanced biological pretreatment technologies for the deconstruction of agricultural substrates 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Cost 3.1.2 Odor 3.1.3 Contamination 3.1.4 Limited capacity 3.2 Biological methods of pretreatment 3.2.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis 3.2.2 Microbial fermentation 3.2.2.1 Feedstock preparation 3.2.2.2 Microorganism selection 3.2.2.3 Inoculation 3.2.2.4 Fermentation 3.2.25 Product recovery 3.2.2.6 Purification 3.2.2.7 Product analysis 3.2.3 Consolidated bioprocessing 3.2.3.1 Identifying microorganisms that can perform both enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation 3.2.3.2 Improving the efficiency of the process 3.2.3.3 Scalability 3.2.3.4 Handling the byproducts 3.2.4 Metabolic engineering 3.2.4.1 Identification of metabolic pathways 3.2.4.2 Modification of metabolic pathways 3.2.4.3 Selection and screening of the modified microorganisms 3.2.4.4 Optimization and scale-up 3.3 Advantages and disadvantages of biological methods of pretreatment 3.3.1 Environmentally friendly 3.3.2 Low cost 3.3.3 High conversion rate 3.3.4 Flexibility 3.3.5 Reduced environmental impact 3.3.6 Selectivity 3.3.7 Biocatalysts 3.3.8 Product diversity 3.3.9 Low efficiency 3.3.10 Scalability 3.3.11 Microorganism selection 3.3.12 Complexity 3.3.13 Dependence on microorganisms 3.3.14 Longer time 3.3.15 Feedstock-specific 3.3.16 High cost 3.4 Conclusion and future perspective References 4. Technologies to convert waste to bio-oil, biochar, and biogas 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Technologies for converting waste to bio-oil 4.2.1 Pyrolysis process 4.2.2 Feedstocks used in pyrolysis 4.2.3 Applications of bio-oil 4.3 Technologies for converting waste to biochar 4.3.1 Pyrolysis process 4.3.2 Feedstocks used in pyrolysis 4.3.3 Agricultural waste 4.3.4 Forestry residues 4.3.5 Energy crops 4.3.6 Municipal solid waste 4.3.7 Applications of biochar 4.3.8 Soil amendment 4.3.9 Water treatment 4.3.10 Animal feed 4.3.11 Energy production 4.3.12 Other applications 4.4 Technologies for converting waste to biogas 4.4.1 Anaerobic digestion process 4.4.2 Feedstocks used in anaerobic digestion 4.4.3 Applications of biogas 4.5 Environmental benefits of waste-to-energy technologies 4.5.1 Reducing waste in landfills 4.5.2 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions 4.5.3 Reducing reliance on nonrenewable energy sources 4.6 Life cycle assessment and technoeconomic analysis of waste-to-energy technologies 4.7 Challenges and opportunities in waste-to-energy technologies 4.8 Conclusion Abbreviations References 5. Energy recovery from waste biomass through gasification 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Gasification 5.2.1 Definition 5.2.2 Reaction mechanism 5.2.3 Gasifiers 5.2.3.1 Fixed-bed gasifier 5.2.3.2 Entrained-flow gasifier 5.2.3.3 Fluidized-bed gasifier 5.2.3.4 Plasma gasifier 5.2.3.5 Rotary kiln gasifier 5.2.4 Biomass characteristics 5.2.5 Operating conditions 5.2.5.1 Temperature 5.2.5.2 Pressure 5.2.5.3 Gasifying agents 5.2.5.4 Catalysts 5.2.6 End products 5.2.6.1 Heat and electricity 5.2.6.2 Hydrogen 5.2.6.3 Chemicals and biofuels 5.3 Commercialization of gasification 5.3.1 Current status 5.3.2 Techno-economic analysis of gasification 5.3.3 Life-cycle assessment of gasification 5.4 Challenges and future prospects of gasification 5.5 Conclusions References 6. Bio-oil production from waste and waste plastics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biomass waste as pyrolysis feed 6.2.1 Characteristics 6.2.2 Pretreatment 6.2.3 Particle size 6.3 Plastic waste as pyrolysis feed 6.3.1 Common types 6.3.2 Important properties 6.4 Pyrolysis 6.4.1 Pyrolysis process 6.4.2 Pyrolysis reactor 6.4.2.1 Batch and semibatch 6.4.2.2 Fixed and fluidized bed 6.4.3 Catalyst 6.4.4 Pyrolysis products 6.4.4.1 Char 6.4.4.2 Gas 6.4.4.3 Bio-oil 6.5 Critical factors in pyrolysis 6.5.1 Temperature 6.5.2 Reactor types 6.5.3 Residence time and pressure 6.5.4 Catalyst types for biomass waste pyrolysis 6.5.5 Catalyst for plastic pyrolysis 6.6 Conclusions and future perspectives References 7. Bio-oil production from plastics and microplastics wastes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Classification of plastics 7.2.1 Technologies for plastic management 7.2.2 Landfill 7.2.3 Incineration 7.2.4 Recycling 7.2.5 Pyrolysis 7.2.6 Gasification 7.2.7 Hydrogenation 7.2.8 Biodegradation of plastics 7.3 Pyrolysis of plastic waste 7.4 Factors affecting pyrolysis 7.4.1 Feedstock selection 7.4.2 Effect of catalyst 7.4.3 Effect of temperature 7.4.4 Reactor consideration 7.5 Liquefaction 7.6 Conclusions References 8. Syngas from residual biogenic waste 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Conversion technologies 8.2.1 Gasification 8.2.2 Solar-driven gasification 8.2.3 Chemical looping gasification 8.2.4 Carbon dioxide gasification 8.2.5 Supercritical water gasification 8.2.6 Thermal arc plasma gasification 8.2.7 Staged gasifier 8.2.8 Entrained bed gasifier 8.2.9 Fixed-bed gasifier 8.2.10 Updraft fixed-bed gasifier 8.2.11 Downdraft gasifier 8.2.12 Fluidized-bed gasifier 8.2.13 Circulating fluidized-bed gasifier 8.2.14 Bubbling fluidized-bed gasifier 8.3 Upgradation of syngas 8.3.1 Conversion of raw syngas to pure syngas 8.3.2 Conversion of tar to hydrogen 8.3.3 Conversion of syngas to liquid hydrocarbons 8.3.4 Conversion of anthropogenic carbon dioxide into tunable syngas 8.3.5 Conversion of syngas into clean diesel production 8.3.6 Conversion of syngas into liquefied petroleum gas 8.3.7 Conversion of syngas into hydrogen-rich syngas 8.3.8 Conversion of syngas into alcohol 8.4 Properties of syngas 8.4.1 Laminar explosion properties of syngas 8.4.2 Flammability limits of syngas 8.4.3 Laminar flame velocity of syngas 8.4.4 Composition and heating value of syngas 8.5 Computational fluid dynamics employed in a combustion chamber to generate syngas 8.6 Conclusions References 9. Fermentable sugars from agricultural wastes 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fruit and vegetable industry wastes as prebiotic source 9.3 Use of residues for the production of fructooligosaccharides 9.3.1 Microbial production of fructooligosaccharides 9.4 Pretreatment technologies of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of fermentable sugars: Biotransformation of biofuel ... 9.4.1 Lignocellulosic residues 9.4.2 Sugarcane by-products 9.4.3 Coffee by-products 9.4.4 Agrifood residues 9.5 Conclusions References 10. Bioethanol production from residues and waste 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Bioethanol feedstock and fuel properties 10.3 Handling and pretreatment of biomass and biowaste 10.4 Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation 10.5 Distillation and dehydration 10.6 Environmental assessment of bioethanol in comparison with fossil fuels 10.7 Conclusion References 11. Butanol production from lignocellulosic biomass wastes 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Lignocellulosic biomass materials 11.2.1 Celluloses polymer 11.2.2 Hemicelluloses polymer 11.2.3 Lignin polymer 11.3 Butanol generations 11.3.1 First generation of butanol 11.3.2 Second generation of butanol 11.3.3 Third generation of butanol 11.4 Abundance and composition of lignocellulosic biomass wastes 11.5 Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass wastes for butanol production 11.6 Strains for fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass for butanol production 11.7 Method of butanol production from lignocellulosic biomass wastes 11.8 Lignocellulosic biomass wastes as feedstocks for butanol production via ABE fermentation 11.9 Perception, challenge, and future study 11.10 Conclusion References 12. Overview of biodiesel production from liquid wastes 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Biodiesel 12.2.1 First-generation biodiesel 12.2.2 Second-generation biodiesel 12.2.3 Third-generation biodiesel 12.3 Waste 12.3.1 Liquid wastes 12.3.2 Fats, oil, or grease 12.3.3 Sewage sludge 12.3.4 Hazardous household liquids 12.3.4.1 Organic wastewater 12.3.4.2 Inorganic wastewater 12.3.5 Storm water 12.4 Liquid waste conversion pathways 12.4.1 Chemical pathways 12.4.1.1 Catalytic transesterification Homogeneous catalytic reactions Two-step transesterification reactions Heterogeneous catalytic reactions Enzymatic catalytic reactions 12.4.1.2 Noncatalytic transesterification 12.4.2 Thermochemical pathways 12.4.2.1 Fat, oil, and grease Hydrothermal liquefaction 12.4.2.2 Sewage sludge Pyrolysis Gasification Liquefaction 12.4.3 Biochemical pathways 12.4.3.1 Sewage sludge 12.4.3.2 Oil, fats, and grease 12.5 Conclusion References Further reading 13. Biodiesel production from municipal waste 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Municipal waste: Classification and characteristics 13.2.1 Urban solid waste 13.2.1.1 Lipids 13.2.1.2 Carbohydrates 13.2.1.3 Proteins 13.2.1.4 Natural fibers 13.2.1.5 Artificial organic materials 13.2.2 Characteristics of MSW 13.2.3 Municipal liquid waste 13.3 Adverse impacts of MW on the human–environment scenario 13.3.1 Health impacts of MW 13.3.2 Environmental impacts of MW 13.4 Energy recovery from MW 13.4.1 Biochemical conversion 13.4.1.1 Respiratory digestion 13.4.1.2 Aerobic digestion 13.4.1.3 Composting 13.4.1.4 Landfill gas power 13.4.2 Thermochemical conversion 13.4.2.1 Incineration (combustion) 13.4.2.2 Gasification 13.4.2.3 Pyrolysis 13.5 Oil extraction from MW organic fraction 13.5.1 Lipid extraction via Soxhlet extraction technology 13.5.2 Lipid extraction via water extraction 13.6 Biodiesel production from MW organic fraction 13.7 Challenges and solutions 13.8 Conclusions References 14. Thermochemical conversion of microalgae into biofuels 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Cellular structure and characteristics of microalgae 14.3 Microalgal lipid content and lipid composition 14.4 Thermochemical processes of converting microalgae into biofuels 14.4.1 Gasification of microalgae 14.4.2 Pyrolysis of microalgae 14.4.3 Liquefaction of microalgae 14.4.4 Incineration/combustion 14.5 Advantages and challenges of thermochemical conversion of microalgae 14.5.1 Advantages of using thermochemical processes to convert microalgae 14.5.2 Challenges of using thermochemical processes to convert microalgae 14.6 Conclusions References 15. Production of liquid biofuels from microalgal biomass 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Microalgae cultivation, harvesting, and extraction oil (lipid) 15.3 Oil and residue conversion 15.4 Lipids concentration 15.5 Production of biodiesel from microalgae 15.6 Life cycle analysis 15.7 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 16. Fuel and value-added chemical production from biodiesel by-product glycerol 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Glycerol conversion to chemicals 16.2.1 Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to diols and other chemicals 16.2.2 Metal oxide- and mixed metal oxide–supported catalysts 16.2.3 Zeolite-based supported catalysts 16.2.4 Bimetallic-based catalysts 16.2.5 Hybrid carbon-metal-supported catalysts 16.3 Glycerol gas-phase hydrogenation 16.4 Glycerol oxidation chemicals 16.5 Glycerol conversion to energy 16.6 Reforming of glycerol to hydrogen energy 16.7 Glycerol conversion to chemical fuels 16.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 17. Waste valorization of sugarcane bagasse for biohydrogen production 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Valorization of biomass waste 17.1.2 Why biomass energy 17.2 Sources of first, second, and third generations of biomass 17.2.1 Sugarcane bagasse 17.2.2 Advantages of sugarcane industry by-products utilization 17.3 Cellulosic materials 17.3.1 Lignocellulosic materials 17.3.2 Biohydrogen production 17.3.3 Consolidated bioprocessing 17.3.4 Hydrogen strategies 17.4 Conclusion References 18. Gas to liquids from biogas and landfill gases 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Landfill gas system 18.2.1 Landfill gas operational 18.2.2 Landfill gas treatment 18.2.3 Landfill gas storage and utilization 18.3 Liquid biomethane conversion 18.3.1 Cryogenic method 18.3.2 Tri-reforming method 18.3.3 TRM Fischer–Tropsch synthesis method 18.4 Conclusions References 19. Dry reforming of methane from biogas 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Anaerobic digestion and biogas 19.2.1 Anaerobic digestion 19.2.2 Natural gas, biogas, and biomethane 19.3 Biogas upgrading via carbon dioxide removal technologies 19.4 Biogas upgrading via carbon dioxide utilization technologies 19.4.1 Dry reforming of methane process 19.4.1.1 DRM thermodynamics 19.4.1.2 Catalytic DRM Challenges of catalytic DRM Catalytic modification strategy 19.4.2 Plasma technology to convert carbon dioxide and methane 19.4.2.1 Microwave plasma technology 19.5 Conclusions References 20. Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass through biorefinery concepts 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Lignocellulose structure 20.3 Biorefinery approach—relevance and status 20.4 Classification of biorefinery 20.4.1 Platforms 20.4.2 Products 20.4.3 Feedstock 20.4.3.1 Dedicated crops 20.4.3.2 Residues 20.4.4 Processes 20.5 Lignocellulosic biorefinery pathway 20.5.1 Lignocellulosic feedstock 20.5.1.1 Agricultural waste 20.5.1.2 Garden waste 20.5.1.3 Food waste 20.5.2 Pretreatment 20.5.2.1 Physical pretreatment 20.5.2.2 Chemical pretreatment 20.5.2.3 Physiochemical pretreatment 20.5.2.4 Biological pretreatment 20.5.3 Cellulases and saccharification/cellulose hydrolysis 20.5.4 Lignocellulosic biofuels 20.5.4.1 Bioethanol 20.5.4.2 Biohydrogen 20.5.4.3 Biomethane 20.5.4.4 Biodiesel 20.5.4.5 Biojet-kerosene 20.5.4.6 Additional high-tech biofuels 20.6 Valorization of lignocellulosic waste 20.6.1 Value added products 20.7 Integrated biorefineries 20.8 Circular bioeconomy 20.9 Sustainability and life cycle assessment 20.10 Technoeconomic analysis 20.11 Biorefinery complexity index 20.12 Case study 20.12.1 Objective 20.12.2 Scope 20.12.3 Audience 20.12.4 Rationale 20.12.5 Expected results and deliverables 20.12.6 Actions taken/workflow/tools used/simulations and analyses 20.12.7 Challenges and solutions 20.12.8 Results 20.12.9 Learning and knowledge outcomes 20.13 Government policies 20.14 Challenges and prospects 20.15 Summary References 21. Life cycle perspective assessment of waste-based biofuels 21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Classification of biofuels 21.1.1.1 Primary biofuels 21.1.1.2 Secondary biofuels 21.1.2 Feedstock for biodiesel production 21.1.2.1 First-generation feedstocks 21.1.2.2 Second-generation feedstock 21.1.2.3 Third-generation feedstock 21.1.2.4 Fourth-generation feedstock 21.2 Life cycle assessment of biofuels 21.2.1 Brief methodological overview of life cycle assessment 21.2.1.1 Scope and goal of LCA 21.2.1.2 Functional unit 21.2.1.3 System boundary 21.2.1.4 Interpretation of results 21.2.2 Life cycle assessment of waste biofuel 21.2.3 Case study of biodiesel products derived from soybean oil and waste cooking oil 21.2.4 Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production by using impregnated magnetic biochar derived from waste palm kernel shell 21.3 Conclusion References 22. Life Cycle Assessment applied to waste-to-energy technologies 22.1 Objective 22.1.1 Documenting the need for LCA on the specified sector 22.2 Methodology 22.2.1 Inventory analysis 22.2.1.1 Understanding the stages of life cycle inventory Step 1: visualizing the life cycle: designing a flow diagram for analysis Step 2: data collection plan Step 3: collect data Step 4: assess and record the findings of the LCI 22.2.2 Environmental impact evaluation 22.2.2.1 Important phases in assessing life cycle impacts 22.2.3 Evaluation of LCA findings 22.2.3.1 Utilizing life cycle interpretation to compare different options 22.3 Discussions 22.4 Simulation and analysis 22.4.1 Evaluated case 22.5 Discussion and concluding remarks References Further reading Glossary Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z Waste Valorisation for Bioenergy and Bioproducts: Biofuel, Biogas, and Value-Added Products presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of waste valorization from solid, liquid, and gaseous waste streams. The book thoroughly examines the conversion of waste-to-energy from the following waste streams: • Commercial, institutional, and residential food wastes, particularly those currently disposed of in landfills. • Biosolids, organic-rich aqueous streams, and sludges from municipal wastewater treatment processes. • Manure slurries from concentrated livestock operations. • Organic wastes from industrial operations, including,but not limited to, food and beverage manufacturing, biodiesel production, and integrated biorefineries, as well as other industries such as pulp and paper, forest products, and pharmaceuticals. • Biogas derived from any of the above feedstock streams such as landfill gas. Each chapter critically examines the challenges and opportunities in the production of waste-to energy processes, along with addressing the acceptability and marketability of transforming wastes into value-added products. The final chapters analyze the techno-economic viability and the sustainability dimensions of valorizing biological wastes. Waste Valorisation for Bioenergy and Bioproducts: Biofuel, Biogas, and Other Value-Added Products from Different Waste Streams is a one-stop resource for graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers involved in waste-to-energy and waste management, and will be of interest to environmental, chemical, and process engineers involved in bioenergy and renewable energyPresents the state-of-the-art of waste valorization strategies and emerging technologies that have the potential to revolutionize waste-to-energyExamines the challenges and opportunities in scaling up production and improving acceptability and marketability of waste-to-energy technologies and conversion to value-added productsEvaluates a range of parameters, including the techno-economic viability and sustainability dimensions for the valorization of liquid, solid, and gaseous waste streams, providing a comparison of the medium to long term performance of relevant Waste-to-Energy technologies Microalgal Biomass for Bioenergy Applications presents current methods, practical applications, and research trends on diverse biofuel products from microalgae. This comprehensive book provides analyses of microalgal biology, chemical and molecular engineering techniques to scale-up algal biomass processes and biofuels conversion, and economic feasibility of value-added bioenergy co-products from a variety of microalgal strains. Sections cover microalgal biomass availability, suitability, potential for biofuel applications, scientific and methodical aspects of biomass harvesting, sustainable and commercial applications of microalgal biofuels, including LCA, and the technological limitations and future perspectives on microalgal biofuels. Each section offers in-depth knowledge on the fundamental and practical aspects with reference to biofuels and bioenergy production from microalgae. This book will be a valuable update for students, researchers and industry professionals working in bioenergy, and will be of interest to microbial and environmental scientists and phycologists interested in practical applications for microalgae. Reviews all aspects of microalgal biodiversity and its structure in context of cultivation, conversation, harvesting and advantages over other conventional biomass Examines key steps and integrated approaches to enhance biofuels production from microalgae Explains the fundamentals, practical aspects, and scale-up techniques for the production of biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen and biobutanol from microalgal biomass Includes breakthroughs, recent advances and challenges in microalgal biomass processing as feedstock for renewable biofuels Analyzes chemical and molecular engineering techniques to scale-up algal biomass processes and biofuels conversion, and the economic feasibility of value-added bioenergy co-products from a variety of microalgal strains Sustainability of Methylic and Ethylic Biodiesel Production Routes: Social and Environmental Impacts via Multi-criteria and Principal Component Analyses using Brazilian Case Studies presents an innovative, quantitative methodology for the assessment of the social and environmental sustainability of methylic and ethylic production routes. Sections explain the key steps in assessing the social and environmental impacts of biofuel production chains, including an overview of biodiesel properties and its production chains, common metrics for environmental, social and economic impacts, explain sustainability indicator variabilities and detect similarities among different classes of sustainability indicators, and cover techno-economic considerations. Finally, several appendices provide readers with MATLAB codes for solving Principal Component Analysis and Multi-Criterial Sustainability Analysis problems in the context of biodiesel chains or in the context of agronomy and agronomics. This book is an invaluable reference for anyone working on biofuels and bioenergy, including scientific, technical, management, social, environmental and policy professionals. Presents analytical methodologies for the sustainability assessment of biodiesel processes using case studies from the Brazilian biodiesel sector Explains Multi-Criteria Sustainability Analysis for ranking technologies and producing chains in terms of environmental and social sustainability from large sets of indicators and statistics Provides MATLAB-based examples of Principal Component Analysis and Multi-Criteria Analysis problems Offers case studies from the second largest biodiesel chain in the world, Brazil Agroenergy: Renewable and Sustainable Energy presents developments in agroenergy. With a particular focus on sustainability, each section of the book – crop productivity, biofuel production based on feedstock generation, and bioenergy production technologies – addresses different aspects of the agroenergetic production chain, identifying strategies for enhanced yields and reduced risks. Sample sections explain the theoretical and economic aspects related to crop productivity, along with issues related to circular economy, lifecycle assessments, and impacts of future climate scenarios. Other chapters discuss biofuel production based on feedstock generation, describe the valorization of biomass residues, address pretreatment issues, and more. This book will be of interest to scientists, researchers, engineers, industrial practitioners, graduate and postgraduate students, and anyone working in any agroenergy sector. Examines all aspects related to agroenergy, with a focus on the sustainability of the sector Analyzes crop productivity and explains how to improve yields for biofuel production Discusses bioenergy production technologies and the residue usage for further transformation Biomass to Bioenergy: Modern Technological Strategies for Biorefineries provides an in-depth review of the latest innovations and developments in biomass conversion technologies for energy and biochemical products. The book presents the fundamental principles, recent developments, challenges and solutions, innovative state-of-the-art technologies and future perspectives on biorefining technologies of waste biomass resources to biofuel production.Presents applications of thermochemical conversion and reforming technologies for waste biomass to biofuels, including the main biomass conversion technologies for biomass-to-liquid, biomass-to-gas and gas-to-liquidOffers solutions to the technical issues of bio-refinery, as well as addressing supply chain management and lifecycle and techno-economic assessments of biorefineryProvides fundamental principles, recent developments, challenges and solutions, innovative state-of-the-art technologies, and future perspective on biorefining technologiesExamines the challenges for the large-scale implementation of thermochemical biomass conversion technologies to biofuels and biochemicals