آیا انسان در گذشته بیشتر آبزی بود؟ پنجاه سال پس از آلیستر هاردی - فرضیات آبی دربارهٔ تکامل انسان

Annotation. The book starts from the observation that humans are very different from the other primates. Why are we naked? Why do we speak? Why do we walk upright? Fifty years ago, in 1960, marine biologist Sir Alister Hardy tried to answer this when he announced his so-called aquatic hypothesis: human ancestors did not live in dry savannahs as traditional anthropology assumes, but have adapted to live at the edge between land and water, gathering both terrestrial and aquatic foods. This eBook is an up-to-date collection of the views of the most important protagonists of this long-neglected theory of human evolution at the 50th anniversary of its announcement in 1960. It brings together the views of leading scientists such as anthrolopogy professor Phillip Tobias, marine biologist Richard Ellis, waterbirth gynaecologist Michel Odent, nutritional biologist Michael Crawford and science writer Elaine Morgan Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors 1. Revisiting Water and Hominin Evolution • Phillip V. Tobias 2. Littoral Man and Waterside Woman: The Crucial Role of Marine and Lacustrine Foods and Environmental Resources in the Origin, Migration and Dominance of Homo sapiens • C. Leigh Broadhurst, Michael Crawford and Stephen Munro 3. A Wading Component in the Origin of Hominin Bipedalism • Algis V. Kuliukas 4. Early Hominoids: Orthograde Aquarboreals in Flooded Forests? • Marc Verhaegen, Stephen Munro, Pierre-François Puech, and Mario Vaneechoutte 5. Pachyosteosclerosis in Archaic Homo: Heavy Skulls for Diving, Heavy Legs for Wading? • Stephen Munro and Marc Verhaegen 6. Aquatic Scenarios in the Thinking on Human Evolution: What are they and how do they Compare? • Algis V. Kuliukas and Elaine Morgan 7. Human Breath-Hold Diving Ability Suggests a Selective Pressure for Diving During Human Evolution • Erika Schagatay 8. Marine Adaptations in Human Kidneys • Marcel F. Williams 9. Obstetrical Implications of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis • Michel Odent 10. Superior Underwater Vision Shows Unexpected Adaptability of the Human Eye • Anna Gislén and Erika Schagatay 11. Human Aquatic Color Vision • Wang-Chak Chan 12. Seafood, Diving, Song and Speech • Mario Vaneechoutte, Stephen Munro and Marc Verhaegen 13. Aquagenesis: Alister Hardy, Elaine Morgan and the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis • Richard Ellis 14. Just Add Water: The Aquatic Ape Story in Science • Tess Williams 15. Langdon’s Critique of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis: It’s Final Refutation, or Just Another Misunderstanding? • Algis V. Kuliukas Index