War and Rights : The Impact of War on Political and Civil Rights

Warfare in Europe contributed to the development of the modern state. In response to external conflict, state leaders raised armies and defended borders. The centralization of power, the development of bureaucracies, and the integration of economies all maximized revenue to support war. But how does a persistent external threat affect the development of a strong state? The “Garrison State” hypothesis argues that states that face a severe security threat will become autocracies. Conversely, the “Extraction School,” argues that warfare indirectly promotes the development of democratic institutions. ? Execution of large-scale war requires the mobilization of resources and usually reluctant populations. In most cases, leaders must extend economic or political rights in exchange for resolving the crisis. Large-scale warfare thus expands political participation in the long run. The authors use empirical statistical modeling to show that war decreases rights in the short term, but the longer and bigger a war gets, the rights of the citizenry expand with the conflict. The authors test this argument through historical case studies—Imperial Russia, Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, African Americans in World War I and II, and the Tirailleurs Senegalese in World War I—through the use of large-N statistical studies—Europe 1900–50 and Global 1893–2011—and survey data. The results identify when, where, and how war can lead to the expansion of political rights. "Warfare in Europe contributed to the development of the modern state. In response to external conflict, state leaders raised armies and defended borders. The centralization of power, the development of bureaucracies, and the integration of economies all maximized revenue to support war. But how does a persistent external threat affect the development of a strong state? The "Garrison State" hypothesis argues that states that face a severe security threat will become autocracies. Conversely, the "Extraction School," argues that warfare indirectly promotes the development of democratic institutions. Execution of large-scale war, requires the mobilization of resource and usually reluctant populations. In most cases, leaders must extend economic or political rights in exchange for resolving the crisis. Large-scale warfare thus expands political participation in the long run. The authors use empirical statistical modeling to show that war decreases rights in the short term, but the longer and bigger a war gets, the rights of the citizenry expand with the conflict. The authors test this argument through historical case studies-Imperial Russia, Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, African Americans in World War I and II, and the Tirailleurs Senegalese in World War I-through the use of large N statistical studies-Europe 1900-50 and Global 1893-2011-and survey data. The results identify when, where, and how war can lead to the expansion of political rights"-- Provided by publisher Warfare in Europe contributed to the development of the modern state. In response to external conflict, state leaders raised armies and defended borders. The centralization of power, the development of bureaucracies, and the integration of economies all maximized revenue to support war. But how does a persistent external threat affect the development of a strong state? The "Garrison State" hypothesis argues that states that face a severe security threat will become autocracies. Conversely, the "Extraction School," argues that warfare indirectly promotes the development of democratic institutions. Execution of large-scale war, requires the mobilization of resource and usually reluctant populations. In most cases, leaders must extend economic or political rights in exchange for resolving the crisis. Large-scale warfare thus expands political participation in the long run. The authors use empirical statistical modeling to show that war decreases rights in the short term, but the longer and bigger a war gets, the rights of the citizenry expand with the conflict. The authors test this argument through historical case studies - Imperial Russia, Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, African Americans in World War I and II, and the Tirailleurs Senegalese in World War I - through the use of large N statistical studies - Europe 1900-50 and Global 1893-2011 - and survey data. The results identify when, where, and how war can lead to the expansion of political rights Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction: War and Rights / David L. Rousseau and Bruce O. Newsome Chapter 2. War, Minorities, and Rights in the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, 1914–1918 / David L. Rousseau and Marcus Schulzke Chapter 3. War and Ethnic Minorities in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union / Timothy K. Blauvelt and David L. Rousseau Chapter 4. Women, Minorities, and War: A Statistical Analysis of Europe, 1900–1955 / David L. Rousseau and Bruce O. Newsome Chapter 5. African American Soldiers in the U.S. Military: Fighting for Political Rights / David L. Rousseau Chapter 6. Colonial Soldiers and Immigrant Soldiers: Citizenship for Military Service / David L. Rousseau and Richard S. Fogarty Chapter 7. War and Women’s Suffrage:A Global Analysis from 1893 to 2011 / David L. Rousseau, J. Michael Greig, and Victor Asal Chapter 8. War and Political Rights in Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988 / David L. Rousseau, Marcus Schulzke, and Steve Sin Chapter 9. Conclusion: War and Rights / David L. Rousseau Notes List of Contributors References Index