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SPSS Statistics: A Practical Guide gives students step-by-step guidance through the process of using SPSS software to analyse, interpret and report on data. This spiral bound text is concise yet detailed, and is praised for its friendly, practical, and visual pedagogical approach that focuses on ‘doing’. The illustrated step-by-step examples work through each statistical procedure and are followed by interpretation and reporting of results in APA style. Resources for the instructor include Instructor Manual, PowerPoints, practical exercises and datasets, revision quizzes, syntax sets, and more. HalfTitle Page Title Page Imprint Page Brief Contents Contents Guide to the text Guide to the online resources Preface About the authors Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Getting Started With SPSS Statistics 1.1. Introduction 1.1.1. Data View 1.1.2. Variable View 1.2. Creating a Data File 1.3. Conclusion Chapter 2: Working With Data 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Compute 2.2.1. Illustrated Example of Summed Scale Scores 2.3. Recode 2.3.1. Illustrated Example of Category Recoding 2.4. Missing Value Analysis 2.4.1. Illustrated Example of Missing Age Data Replacement 2.5. Split File 2.5.1. Illustrated Example of Splitting Output by Gender 2.6. Select Cases 2.6.1. Illustrated Example of Selecting Cases Above a Specified Age 2.7. Conclusion Chapter 3: Summarising and Displaying Data 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Frequencies 3.2.1. Illustrated Example of Frequencies 3.2.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure 3.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output 3.2.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Viewer 3.3. Descriptives 3.3.1. Illustrated Example of Descriptives 3.3.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure 3.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output 3.4. Explore 3.4.1. Illustrated Example of Explore 3.4.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure 3.4.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output 3.4.1.3. The SPSS Statistics Chart Editor 3.5. Chart Builder 3.5.1. Illustrated Example of the Chart Builder 3.6. Conclusion Chapter 4: One Sample t Test 4.1. Purpose of the One Sample t Test 4.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One Sample t Test 4.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Signficiant One Sample t Test 4.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 4.3.2. Analysing the Data 4.3.2.1. Assumptions 4.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) 4.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 4.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: One Sample t Test) 4.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test) 4.3.3. Follow Up Analyses 4.3.3.1. Effect Size 4.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 4.3.5. Summary 4.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Signficiant One Sample t Test 4.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 4.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: One Sample t Test) 4.4.3. Follow Up Analyses 4.4.3.1. Effect Size 4.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 4.5. One Sample t Test Checklist Chapter 5: Independent Samples t Test 5.1. Purpose of the Independent Samples t Test 5.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Independent Samples t Test 5.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Significant Independent Samples t Test 5.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 5.3.2. Analysing the Data 5.3.2.1. Assumptions 5.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) 5.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 5.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance & the t Test) 5.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance & the t Test) 5.3.3. Follow Up Analyses 5.3.3.1. Effect Size 5.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 5.3.5. Summary 5.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Significant Independent Samples t Test 5.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 5.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance & the t Test) 5.4.3. Follow Up Analyses 5.4.3.1. Effect Size 5.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 5.5. Bayesian Independent Sample Inference 5.5.1. Analysing the Data 5.5.2. SPSS Statistics Output 5.5.3. APA Style Results Write-Up 5.6. Independent Samples t Test Checklist Chapter 6: Paired Samples t Test 6.1. Purpose of the Paired Samples t Test 6.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Paired Samples t Test 6.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Signficant Paired Samples t Test 6.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 6.3.2. Analysing the Data 6.3.2.1. Assumptions 6.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality & Normality of Difference Scores) 6.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality & Normality of Difference Scores) 6.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test) 6.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test) 6.3.3. Follow Up Analyses 6.3.3.1. Effect Size 6.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 6.3.5. Summary 6.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Signficant Paired Samples t Test 6.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality & Normality of Difference Scores) 6.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Paired Samples t Test) 6.4.3. Follow Up Analyses 6.4.3.1. Effect Size 6.4.3.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Power) 6.4.3.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Power) 6.4.3.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Sample Size) 6.4.3.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Sample Size) 6.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 6.5. Paired Samples t Test Checklist Chapter 7: One-Way Between Groups ANOVA 7.1. Purpose of the One-Way Between Groups ANOVA 7.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way Between Groups ANOVA 7.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Significant One-Way Between Groups ANOVA 7.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 7.3.2. Analysing the Data 7.3.2.1. Assumptions 7.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) 7.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 7.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance & the ANOVA) 7.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance & the ANOVA) 7.3.3. Follow Up Analyses 7.3.3.1. Effect Size 7.3.3.1.1. Effect Size Calculations for the Omnibus ANOVA 7.3.3.1.2. Effect Size Calculations for the Contrasts and Comparisons 7.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 7.3.5. Summary 7.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Significant One-Way Between Groups ANOVA 7.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 7.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance & the ANOVA) 7.4.3. Follow Up Analyses 7.4.3.1. Effect Size 7.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 7.5. One-Way Between Groups ANOVA Checklist Chapter 8: Factorial Between Groups ANOVA 8.1. Purpose of the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA 8.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the Factorial Between Groups ANOVA 8.3. Illustrated Example of a Factorial ANOVA with a Significant Interaction 8.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 8.3.2. Analysing the Data 8.3.2.1. Assumptions 8.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) 8.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 8.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) 8.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance and the ANOVA) 8.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses 8.3.3.1. Simple Effects and Comparisons 8.3.3.2. Effect Size (Omega-Squared) 8.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 8.4. Illustrated Example of a Factorial ANOVA with a Non-Significant Interaction 8.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output 8.4.2. APA Style Results Write-Up 8.5. Conclusion 8.6. Factorial Between Groups ANOVA Checklist Chapter 9: One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA and Mixed Model ANOVA 9.1. Introduction 9.2. One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA 9.3. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA 9.4. Illustrated Example of a One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA 9.4.1. Setting Up The SPSS Statistics Data File 9.4.2. Analysing the Data 9.4.2.1. Assumptions 9.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) 9.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 9.4.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity, & the ANOVA) 9.4.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity, & the ANOVA) 9.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up 9.5. Mixed Model ANOVA 9.6. Questions We Could Answer Using the Mixed Model ANOVA 9.7. Illustrated Example of a Mixed Model ANOVA 9.7.1. Setting Up The SPSS Statistics Data File 9.7.2. Analysing the Data 9.7.2.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity, Homogeneity of Covariance Matrices & the Mixed Model ANOVA) 9.7.2.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Homogeneity of Variance, Sphericity, Homogeneity of Covariance Matrices & the Mixed Model ANOVA) 9.7.3. APA Style Results Write-Up 9.8. One-Way Repeated Measures and Mixed Model ANOVA Checklist Chapter 10: One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) 10.1. Purpose of the One-Way ANCOVA 10.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the One-Way ANCOVA 10.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Significant One-Way ANCOVA 10.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 10.3.2. Analysing the Data 10.3.2.1. Assumptions 10.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) 10.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 10.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes) 10.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes) 10.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity) 10.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) 10.3.2.8. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance & the ANCOVA) 10.3.2.9. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance & the ANCOVA) 10.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up 10.3.4. Summary 10.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistically Non-Significant One-Way ANCOVA 10.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 10.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Homogeneity of Regression Slopes) 10.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) 10.4.4. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance & the ANCOVA) 10.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up 10.5. One-Way ANCOVA Checklist Chapter 11: Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) 11.1. Purpose of the MANOVA 11.2. Questions We Could Answer Using the MANOVA 11.3. Illustrated Example of a Statistcally Significant MANOVA 11.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 11.3.2. Analysing the Data 11.3.2.1. Assumptions 11.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Univariate Normality) 11.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality) 11.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers) 11.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers) 11.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Linearity) 11.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) 11.3.2.8. SPSS Advanced Statistics Procedure (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance and the MANOVA) 11.3.2.9. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance and the MANOVA) 11.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up 11.3.4. Summary 11.4. Illustrated Example of a Statistcally Non-Significant MANOVA 11.4.1. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Univariate Normality) 11.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Multicollinearity and Multivariate Outliers) 11.4.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Linearity) 11.4.4. SPSS Advanced Statistics Output (Part 4: Homogeneity of Variance-Covariance and the MANOVA) 11.4.5. APA Style Results Write-Up 11.5. MANOVA Checklist Chapter 12: Correlation 12.1. Purpose of Correlation 12.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Correlation 12.3. Illustrated Example of a Bivariate Correlation 12.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 12.3.2. Analysing the Data 12.3.2.1. Assumptions 12.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) 12.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 12.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity) 12.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Linearity and Homoscedasticity) 12.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Correlation) 12.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Correlation) 12.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses 12.3.3.1. Effect Size 12.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 12.3.5. Summary 12.4. Illustrated Example of a Partial Correlation 12.4.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure 12.4.2. SPSS Statistics Output 12.4.3. APA Style Results Write-Up 12.5. Correlation Checklist Chapter 13: Multiple Regression 13.1. Purpose of Multiple Regression 13.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Multiple Regression 13.3. Illustrated Example of a Linear Multiple Regression 13.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 13.3.2. Analysing the Data 13.3.2.1. Assumptions 13.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality and Univariate Outliers) 13.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality and Univariate Outliers) 13.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: The Remaining Assumptions and the Linear Multiple Regression) 13.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: The Remaining Assumptions and the Linear Multiple Regression) 13.3.3. Follow-Up Analyses 13.3.3.1. Effect Size 13.3.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 13.3.5. Summary 13.4. Illustrated Example of a Hierarchical Multiple Regression 13.4.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 13.4.2. Analysing the Data 13.4.2.1. Assumptions 13.4.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure 13.4.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output 13.4.3. Follow-Up Analyses 13.4.3.1. Effect Size 13.4.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 13.5. Purpose of Mediation and Moderation 13.6. Illustrated Examples of Mediation and Moderation 13.6.1. Analysing the Data 13.6.1.1. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Mediation) 13.6.1.2. SPSS Statistics Output 13.6.1.3. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Moderation) 13.6.1.4. SPSS Statistics Output 13.6.1.5. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Probing a Moderation via Simple Slopes) 13.6.1.6. SPSS Statistics Output 13.6.2. APA Style Results Write-Up 13.7. Multiple Regression Checklist Chapter 14: Logistic Regression 14.1. Purpose of Logistic Regression 14.2. Questions We Could Answer Using Logistic Regression 14.3. Illustrated Example of Binary Logistic Regression 14.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 14.3.2. Analysing the Data 14.3.2.1. Assumptions 14.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Multicollinearity) 14.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Multicollinearity) 14.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Logit Linearity) 14.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Logit Linearity) 14.3.2.6. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers) 14.3.2.7. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 3: Logistic Regression and Outliers) 14.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up 14.3.4. Summary 14.4. Logistic Regression Checklist Chapter 15: Factor Analysis 15.1. Purpose of a Factor Analysis 15.2. Questions We Could Answer Using a Factor Analysis 15.3. Illustrated Example of Analysing the Factors Underlying a Smoking Questionnaire 15.3.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 15.3.2. Analysing the Data 15.3.2.1. Assumptions 15.3.2.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 1: Normality) 15.3.2.3. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 1: Normality) 15.3.2.4. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Part 2: Factor Analysis) 15.3.2.5. SPSS Statistics Output (Part 2: Factor Analysis) 15.3.3. APA Style Results Write-Up 15.3.4. Summary 15.4. Factor Analysis Checklist Chapter 16: Reliability Analysis 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Cronbach’s Alpha 16.2.1. Illustrated Example of the Reliability of Personality Domain Scores 16.2.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 16.2.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Reversing Negatively Scaled Items) 16.2.1.3. SPSS Statistics Procedure (Cronbach’s Alpha) 16.2.1.4. SPSS Statistics Output 16.2.1.5. APA Style Results Write-Up 16.3. Cohen’s Kappa 16.3.1. Illustrated Example Two of Reliability Between Two Raters 16.3.1.1. Setting Up the SPSS Statistics Data File 16.3.1.2. SPSS Statistics Procedure 16.3.1.3. SPSS Statistics Output 16.3.1.4. APA Style Results Write-Up 16.4. Reliability Analysis Checklist Chapter17: Non-Parametric Procedures 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Chi-Square (c2) Test for Goodness of Fit 17.3. Chi-Square (c2) Test of Contingencies 17.4. Mann-Whitney U Test 17.5. McNemar Test of Change 17.6.Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 17.7. Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA 17.8. Cochran’s Q Test 17.9. Friedman ANOVA 17.10. Cramer’s V 17.11. Spearman’s Rho and Kendall’s Tau-B 17.12. Non-Parametric Checklist Chapter 18: Working with Syntax 18.1. Purpose of Working with Syntax 18.2. Using Syntax to Conduct an Independent Samples t Test 18.2.1. Generating Syntax to Test the Normality Assumption 18.2.2. Command Syntax for Testing the Normality Assumption 18.2.3. Generating Syntax for Assessing Homogeneity of Variance and Running the t Test 18.2.4. Command Syntax for Assessing Homogeneity of Variance and Running the t Test 18.3. Summary References Index