Volcano-Ice Interaction on Earth and Mars (Geological Society Special Publication, No. 202) (Geological Society Special Publication, No. 202) (Geological Society Special Publication, No. 202)

This volume focuses on magmas and cryospheres on earth and Mars and is the first publication of its kind to combine a thematic set of contributions addressing the diverse range of volcano-ice interactions known or thought to occur on both planets. Understanding those interactions is a comparatively young scientific endeavour, yet it is vitally important for a fuller comprehension of how planets work as integrated systems. It is also topical since future volcanic eruptions on earth may contribute to melting ice sheets and thus to global sea level rise. Papers included here are likely to influence the choice for future Mars missions in exobiologically important areas. On Earth, snow and ice are widespread, not only in extensive ice caps but also as alpine glaciers at high elevations in tropical regions. By contrast, Mars today is an arid volcanic planet with only small polar ice-caps although an abundance of water is believed to be trapped in the cryolithosphere. It is also thought that the planet may have sustained extensive frozen oceans early in its history. The presence of a former hydrosphere, a cryosphere and coincident volcanism thus make Mars the likeliest prospect for the first discoveries of life away from Earth. Much research has assumed that terrestrial volcano-ice systems are plausible analogues for putative Martian examples, but until mankind finally sets foot on Mars, there is no simple test for that assumption. Also available: Glacier-Influenced Sedimentation on High-Latitude Continental Margins - ISBN 1862391203 Statistics in Volcanology - ISBN 1862392080 The Geological Society of LondonFounded in 1807, the Geological Society of London is the oldest geological society in the world, and one of the largest publishers in the Earth sciences.The Society publishes a wide range of high-quality peer-reviewed titles for academics and professionals working in the geosciences, and enjoys an enviable international reputation for the quality of its work.The many areas in which we publish in include:-Petroleum geology-Tectonics, structural geology and geodynamics-Stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleontology-Volcanology, magmatic studies and geochemistry-Remote sensing-History of geology-Regional geology guides Contents......Page 6 Introduction: volcano–ice interaction on Earth and Mars......Page 10 Heat transfer and melting in subglacial basaltic volcanic eruptions: implications for volcanic deposit morphology and meltwater volumes......Page 14 Fig. 1. Geometry of an englacial dyke extending to within a distance .........Page 16 Fig. 2. The pressure, P[sub(t)], in the gas pocket in the tip .........Page 17 Fig. 3. The difference in pressure, P[sub(e)], between the gas in an .........Page 18 Fig. 4. Successive stages in the intrusion of a sill at the .........Page 20 Table 3. Variation with time, t of the extent, E, thickness, d[sub(s)], .........Page 23 Fig. 6. Successive events during and after the intrusion of a sill .........Page 27 Fig. 7. Successive events during and after the intrusion of a sill .........Page 28 Fig. 8. The development of subglacial lava flow structures, (a) Sill reaches .........Page 30 Fig. 10. Diagrammatic representation of key phases of subglacial eruptions. At (1) .........Page 31 Table 2. Examples of the minimum ice thicknesses needed to suppress spontaneous .........Page 21 Table 4. Variation with time, t of the heat flux, q and .........Page 32 Mars: a review and synthesis of general environments and geological settings of magma–H[sub(2)]O interactions......Page 36 Fig. 1. (a) Environments of water and ice on the surface and in .........Page 37 Fig. 3. Near-surface magma interactions. Magma-filled cracks (dykes) propagating from an overpressurized .........Page 39 Fig. 4. Magma and cryosphere–water interactions. Dykes propagating to the surface can .........Page 40 Fig. 5. The range of eruption styles seen or predicted on Mars. .........Page 41 Fig. 6. Generalized configuration of the crust of Mars indicating the basic .........Page 42 Fig. 7. Block diagram illustrating schematic relationships between ascending magma and the .........Page 43 Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of a 30 km-diameter pluton intruded at a neutral .........Page 47 Fig. 9. Slump deposits on the western flanks of Arsia Mons. (a) MOLA .........Page 48 Fig. 10. Memnonia Fossae and Mangala Valles, showing the interpreted relation of .........Page 49 Fig. 11. Elysium Fossae, channels and Amazonian flow deposits, showing the interpreted .........Page 51 Fig. 12. Interaction of a sill intrusion to produce melting, chaos formation .........Page 52 Fig. 13. Relationship between magma placement and effects for flows and sills. .........Page 54 Fig. 14. Cluster of cones north of the Cerberus plains, Eastern Elysium. .........Page 55 Fig. 15. Candidate sub-ice-sheet volcanoes or tuyas in the Hesperian Dorsa Argentea .........Page 57 Fig. 16. Candidate hyaloclastite ridges on Mars in Utopia Planitia interpreted to .........Page 60 The 1969 subglacial eruption on Deception Island (Antarctica): events and processes during an eruption beneath a thin glacier and implications for volcanic hazards......Page 68 Fig. 1. Maps showing (a) the location of Deception Island, and (b) localities .........Page 69 Fig. 2. Sketch map of the Mount Pond glacier showing the positions .........Page 71 Fig. 3. Aerial photographs of the Mount Pond glacier, taken in March .........Page 72 Fig. 4. View of the abandoned Chilean station at Pendulum Cove. The .........Page 74 Fig. 5. View looking SE up fissure F. The fissure floor is .........Page 75 Fig. 7. Panorama looking east toward fissure C showing the sub-vertical ice .........Page 76 Fig. 9. Panorama showing coalesced sediment fans formed mainly during the period .........Page 77 Fig. 10. Series of cartoons illustrating the interpreted eruptive history at Mount .........Page 84 A brief overview of eruptions from ice-covered and ice-capped volcanic systems in Iceland during the past 11 centuries: frequency, periodicity and implications......Page 90 Fig. 1. Map of Iceland, showing the Quaternary volcanic zones (