Vitamin K in Health and Disease (Oxidative Stress and Disease)

Vitamin K: Past, Present, Future Essential for normal blood coagulation, possible roles in bone, vascular, and tumor metabolism, and a nutrient critical to the health of the newborn infant -- these are just some of the many health-promoting aspects of Vitamin K. Vitamin K in Health and Disease navigates the exciting research venues that have opened in the past few years surrounding this micro nutrient, particularly its role in skeletal and cardiovascular health. It also provides the historical timeline of vitamin K research and discovery that began in the 1930s. Comprehensive in scope, this book offers complete coverage of the chemistry of Vitamin K; deficiency signs and nutritional assessment; metabolism and biochemistry; and pharmacology. It also presents up-to-date scientific studies on the nutritional, metabolic, and medical aspects along with a review of current dietary requirements and the difficulty involved in establishing an appropriate dietary reference intake for Vitamin K. Extensive References, More than 45 Illustrations, Numerous Tables Based on John Suttie’s 35 years of experience directing a broad vitamin K research program, this work discusses plasma and non-plasma Vitamin K-dependent proteins. It also includes helpful tables on food sources, population intake of Vitamin K, and the impact of diet on the circulating levels of the vitamin – highlighting the role of vitamin K in health and disease. Vitamin K in Health and Disease provides a foundation for future innovations in research and in determining the best ways to implement current knowledge. 3392_fm.pdf......Page 2 Contents......Page 4 Preface......Page 7 Author......Page 9 Table of Contents......Page 0 3392_ch01.pdf......Page 10 References......Page 18 3392_ch02.pdf......Page 22 2.2 Active Forms of Vitamin K......Page 23 2.3.1 Coumarin Derivatives......Page 29 2.3.2 1,3-Indandiones......Page 32 2.3.4 Other Antagonists......Page 33 2.3.5 Inactive Forms of Vitamin K as Inhibitors......Page 34 2.4 Use of Vitamin K to Supplement Diets and Rations......Page 36 2.5.1 Biosynthesis......Page 37 2.5.2 Chemistry......Page 39 2.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Vitamin K......Page 40 References......Page 42 3392_ch03.pdf......Page 47 3.2.1 Phylloquinone Content of Foods......Page 49 3.2.2 Dietary Intake of Phylloquinone......Page 52 3.2.3 Vitamin K in Milk......Page 54 3.2.4 Dihydrophylloquinone in Foods......Page 55 3.2.5 Menaquinones in Foods......Page 57 3.3.1 Plasma Phylloquinone......Page 58 3.3.2 Plasma Concentrations of Other K Vitamers......Page 61 3.4 Current Status of Research Efforts......Page 62 References......Page 63 3392_ch04.pdf......Page 71 4.1.2 Demonstration of the Vitamin K-Dependent γ-Glutamyl......Page 73 4.1.3 General Properties of the Carboxylase System......Page 75 4.1.4 Purification, Cloning, and Distribution of the Carboxylase......Page 80 4.1.5 Enzymatic Action and Processivity......Page 81 4.1.6 Topology and Physiological Control of the Carboxylase......Page 83 4.2.1 Demonstration of the Epoxide Reductase......Page 86 4.2.2 Purification and Properties of the Enzyme......Page 87 4.2.3 Topology and Mechanism of Action of the Enzyme......Page 88 4.3 Current Status of Research Efforts......Page 90 References......Page 91 3392_ch05.pdf......Page 100 5.2.2 Pathway of Prothrombin Activation......Page 103 5.2.3 Structure of Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors......Page 105 5.2.4 Assays for Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors......Page 110 5.2.5 Genetic Variants of Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors......Page 111 5.2.6 Abnormal (des-γ-Carboxy) Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors......Page 113 5.3.1 Osteocalcin......Page 114 5.3.2 Matrix Gla Protein......Page 117 5.4.1 Conus Snail Venoms......Page 118 5.4.2 Snake Venoms......Page 120 5.5.1 Gas6......Page 121 5.5.3 Periostin......Page 122 5.5.7 Other Gla-Containing Proteins......Page 123 5.6 Current Status of Research Efforts......Page 124 References......Page 125 3392_ch06.pdf......Page 140 6.1.2 Bioavailability of Vitamin K from Foods......Page 141 6.1.3 Plasma Transport and Cellular Uptake of Vitamin K......Page 143 6.2 Utilization of Menaquinones from the Gut......Page 146 6.3 Vitamin K in Various Organs and Tissues......Page 148 6.4.1 Synthesis of Menaquinone-4 from Phylloquinone......Page 152 6.4.2 Degradation and Excretion of Vitamin K......Page 155 6.5 Current Status of Research Efforts......Page 159 References......Page 160 3392_ch07.pdf......Page 167 7.1.2 Adult Human Deficiencies......Page 170 7.2 Control of Anticoagulant Therapy......Page 171 7.3.1 Relationship to Markers of Vitamin K Status......Page 175 7.3.3 Dietary Supplementation of Vitamin K and Bone Health......Page 177 7.4.1 Relationship of Ectopic Calcification to Matrix Gla Protein......Page 180 7.4.2 Genetic Diseases......Page 181 7.4.4 Other Possible Interactions Involving MGP......Page 182 7.5 Current Status of Research Efforts......Page 183 References......Page 185 3392_ch08.pdf......Page 200 8.1.2 Establishment of the Current DRI for Vitamin K......Page 203 8.2 Vitamin K Requirement of Domestic and Companion Animals......Page 205 8.3 Dietary and Physiological Factors Influencing Vitamin K Status......Page 209 8.4 Hazards of the Ingestion of Large Amounts of Vitamin K......Page 211 8.5 Additional Reports of Biological Effects of Vitamin K......Page 212 References......Page 214 084933392X.pdf......Page 1

Vitamin K: Past, Present, Future

Essential for normal blood coagulation, possible roles in bone, vascular, and tumor metabolism, and a nutrient critical to the health of the newborn infant — these are just some of the many health-promoting aspects of Vitamin K. Vitamin K in Health and Disease navigates the exciting research venues that have opened in the past few years surrounding this micro nutrient, particularly its role in skeletal and cardiovascular health. It also provides the historical timeline of vitamin K research and discovery that began in the 1930s.

Comprehensive in scope, this book offers complete coverage of the chemistry of Vitamin K; deficiency signs and nutritional assessment; metabolism and biochemistry; and pharmacology. It also presents up-to-date scientific studies on the nutritional, metabolic, and medical aspects along with a review of current dietary requirements and the difficulty involved in establishing an appropriate dietary reference intake for Vitamin K.

Extensive References, More than 45 Illustrations, Numerous Tables

Based on John Suttie’s 35 years of experience directing a broad vitamin K research program, this work discusses plasma and non-plasma Vitamin K-dependent proteins. It also includes helpful tables on food sources, population intake of Vitamin K, and the impact of diet on the circulating levels of the vitamin — highlighting the role of vitamin K in health and disease. Vitamin K in Health and Disease provides a foundation for future innovations in research and in determining the best ways to implement current knowledge.

Historical background Active forms, antagonists, physical properties, and synthesis of vitamin K Dietary intake of vitamin K and the vitamin K content of foods and plasma The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and vitamin K epoxide reductase Vitamin K-dependent proteins Absorption, storage, and metabolism of vitamin K Public health concerns related to vitamin K status Vitamin K requirements, toxicity, and other metabolic interactions.