Visual And Non-visual Effects Of Light: Working Environment And Well-being (occupational Safety, Health, And Ergonomics)

The introduction of artificial lighting extends the time of wakefulness after dark and enables work at night, thus disturbing the human circadian rhythm. The understanding of the physiological mechanisms of visual and non-visual systems may be important for the development and use of proper light infrastructure and light interventions for different workplace settings, especially for shift work conditions. Visual and Non-Visual Effects of Light: Working Environment and Well-Being presents the impact of lighting in the working environment on human health, well-being and visual performance. The physiological explanation of the visual and non-visual effects of light on humans which discusses the biological bases of image and non-image forming vision at the cellular level may be of particular interest to any professional in the field of medicine, physiology, and biology. It is one of the intentions of this book to put forward some recommendations and examples of lighting design which take into account both the visual and non-visual effects of light on humans. These may be of particular interest to any professional in the field of lighting, occupational safety and health, and interior design. "What effects on health can a light 'overdose' or light deficiency have? What is bad light? The authors of the monograph provide answers to these questions. Just as for a physicist, the dual nature of light comprises an electromagnetic wave and a photon, the duality of light for a physician comprises visual and non-visual effects." --------------------------------------------------------Prof Jacek Przybylski, Medical University of Warsaw "This is a unique publication in the field of lighting technology. The authors have skillfully combined both the technical and biomedical aspects involved, which is unprecedented in the literature available. As a result, an important study has been created for many professional groups, with a significant impact on the assessment of risks associated with LED sources." --------------------------------------------Prof Andrzej Zając, Military University of Technology, Warsaw Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Series Page......Page 3 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Table of Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 12 Acknowledgments......Page 14 Authors......Page 16 Series Editor......Page 18 1.2 Visual and Non-Visual Response to Light......Page 20 1.4 LED Lighting and Potential Health Hazard......Page 22 1.5 New Idea of Lighting Design – Human-Centric Lighting (HCL)......Page 23 1.6 What Is This Book About?......Page 24 2.1 Optics of the Eye – From the Pupil to the Retina......Page 26 2.2 Photoreceptors......Page 28 2.3.1 Synaptic Connections – Photoreceptor Cells – Bipolar Cells......Page 30 2.3.2 Synaptic Connections – Bipolar Cells – Horizontal Cells (Ribbon Synapse)......Page 31 2.3.4 Synaptic Connections – The Cone Synapse......Page 32 2.3.6 Synaptic Connections – From Rods and Cones to Ganglion Cells......Page 33 2.4 Calculation of Color at the Level of Ganglion Cells......Page 35 2.5 Higher Visual Processing......Page 36 2.6 The Role of Purinergic Signaling in the Retina......Page 38 2.8 Summary......Page 39 3.2 The Discovery, Function, and Diversity of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs); Some Interactions with the Conventional Photoreceptors......Page 42 3.3 Brain Regions Innervated by ipRGCs......Page 44 3.4 Phototransduction by ipRGCs, Physiological Role of Melanopsin, Clinical Implications of Melanopsin Pathways......Page 46 3.5 The Neurobiology of Circadian Rhythms – Do We Need Light?......Page 48 3.6 The Alerting Effects of Light......Page 51 3.7 Summary......Page 52 4.1.2 Lighting Quality......Page 54 4.1.3.1 International/European Lighting Standards......Page 56 4.1.3.2 Standard for Building Design......Page 57 4.2 Lighting Intensity......Page 58 4.3.1 Luminance Distribution......Page 62 4.3.2 Discomfort Glare at Indoor Workplaces......Page 63 4.4 Color Aspects......Page 67 4.4.1 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) and Illuminance Level......Page 68 4.4.2 Color Perception......Page 70 4.6 Summary......Page 71 5.2.1 The Weber Fraction......Page 72 5.3.1 Contrast Sensitivity Function......Page 74 5.3.2 Contrast Sensitivity and Suprathreshold Visibility......Page 76 5.4 Visual Acuity......Page 78 5.5 Relative Visual Performance (RVP)......Page 79 5.6 The Lateral Inhibition Phenomenon......Page 80 5.7 Flicker and Stroboscopic Effect as a Hazardous Problem of Performance......Page 82 5.7.1 Critical Fusion Frequency......Page 84 5.8.1 Artificial Light Sources......Page 85 5.8.3 Color Rendering Index Ra......Page 86 5.8.4 Color Fidelity Index Rf and Color Gamut Rg......Page 87 5.9 Light Sources and Their Impact on Well-Being and Visual Performance......Page 89 5.9.1 Classification of Solid-State Light Sources......Page 90 5.9.2.1 LED Advantages......Page 91 5.9.2.2 LED Disadvantages......Page 93 5.10 Summary......Page 94 6.2 α-Opic Metrics......Page 96 6.3 Circadian Light and Circadian Stimulus......Page 100 6.4 Equivalent Melanopic Lux......Page 105 6.5 Circadian Action Factor......Page 107 6.7 Universal Illuminance......Page 108 6.9 Circadian Potency......Page 110 6.10 Effective Watts and Melanopic-Photopic Ratios......Page 111 6.11 Summary......Page 113 7.1 Living in Biological Darkness......Page 114 7.3 Dynamic Lighting......Page 115 7.3.1 Daylight Oriented – Horizontal Illuminance Controlled......Page 116 7.3.2 Supporting Occupants’ Activity – Horizontal Illuminance Controlled......Page 117 7.3.3 Diurnal Synchronization – Vertical (at the Eye) Illuminance Controlled......Page 121 7.4 Lighting Design with Circadian Metrics......Page 124 7.4.1 Circadian Stimulus (CLA Model) in Lighting Design......Page 125 7.4.1.1 Examples of Dynamic Lighting Schedules......Page 126 7.4.2 Equivalent Melanopic Lux in Lighting Design......Page 128 7.4.3 Comparison of CS and EML......Page 129 7.5 Summary......Page 132 8.1.1 Shift Work Tolerance......Page 134 8.1.2 Shift Work Disorder......Page 136 8.2.1 Dealing with Conflicting Visual and Non-Visual Needs......Page 138 8.2.2.1 Short-Term (Rotating) Night Shift Work......Page 139 8.2.2.2 Rotating “Swing Shift” Night Work......Page 142 8.2.2.3 Long-Term (Permanent) Night Shift Work......Page 144 8.2.2.4 Circadian Stimulus in Designing Lighting for Shift Work......Page 145 8.2.3.2 Localized Luminaire......Page 146 8.2.3.3 General Lighting......Page 156 8.3 Summary......Page 158 9.1 The Philosophy of Human-Centric Lighting......Page 160 9.2 General Guidelines......Page 161 9.3.2 Principles Beyond the Standard Lighting Codes......Page 162 9.4.1 Circadian Lighting Guidelines......Page 163 9.4.2 Cognitive and Creative Performance vs Some Lighting Aspects......Page 164 9.5 Importance of Room Surface Reflectance and Color......Page 165 9.6.1 CCT vs Spectral Power Distribution (SPD)......Page 166 9.6.2 Cautious Exposure to Blue Light......Page 168 9.6.3 Circadian Lighting and Glare......Page 169 9.7 Estimated Benefits of Circadian Lighting for Employers......Page 170 9.8 Summary......Page 171 10.2.1 Flicker Assessment......Page 172 10.2.2 Stroboscopic Effect Assessment......Page 174 10.3 Spatial Distribution of Luminance in the Field of View (Luminance Map)......Page 176 10.4 Glare Assessment......Page 178 10.4.2 Simulation Assessment of Glare......Page 179 10.4.3 Objective Assessment of Glare at Indoor Workplaces......Page 180 10.4.4 Uncertainty of UGR Determination......Page 181 10.4.5 UGR Determination – the Problem of the Angular Size of Glare Sources......Page 182 10.5.1 Spectroradiometric Method......Page 183 10.5.2 Radiometric/Dosimetric Method......Page 184 10.6.1 Basic Assessment Methods......Page 186 10.6.2 Brain Activity Recognition: EEG and fMRI......Page 187 10.6.3 Light Impact on Alertness......Page 188 10.6.4 Signals from Which Electrodes Should Be Considered in the Alertness Assessment......Page 189 10.7 Summary......Page 190 References......Page 194 Index......Page 216 "The publication will present the impact of light in the working environment on human well-being and health. It will define the consequences of inadequate lighting on visual comfort, eye strain and shifts in the circadian cycle and their consequences for safety and health. This book will be useful for any professional or aspiring professional in the field of lighting, occupational psychology and health, medicine, physiology, chronobiology, as well as interior design. Postgraduate students, lighting designers, employers, services, employment law and supervisors determining the tolerance of work by individuals with health issues"-- Provided by publisher