Visual Anatomy & Physiology Plus Mastering A&P withPearson eText -- Access Card Package (3rd Edition) (New A&P Titles by Ric Martini and Judi Nath)

For courses in Two-Semester A&P. Using Art Effectively with the Most Visual Approach to A&P Visual Anatomy & Physiology combines a one-of-a-kind visual approach with a modular organization that uniquely meets the needs of today's students--without sacrificing the comprehensive coverage of A&P topics required for careers in nursing and other allied health professions. The 3rd Edition presents key new features based on recent research about how information is used and digested. New modules in the first chapter emphasize how to use art effectively when studying; new Integrated Figure Questions increases the likelihood you will spend time viewing the art and prompts you to consider what you have just learned; and new SmartArt Videos, accessible via QR code in the book,help in navigating key, complex pieces of art on some of the toughest topics. New Interactive Physiology 2.0 tutorials, SmartArt Video Activities, and a mobile-friendly eText expand the options for students to use Mastering(tm) A&P as an effective practice and learning tool. Also available with Mastering A&P Mastering(tm) A&P is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to engage students and improve results. Instructors ensure that students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics(tm). Students can further master concepts after class through assignments that provide hints and answer-specific feedback. With a wide range of activities available, students can actively learn, understand, and retain even the most difficult concepts. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; Mastering(tm) A&P does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with Mastering A&P, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and Mastering A&P, search for: 0134396405 / 9780134396408 Visual Anatomy & Physiology Plus Mastering A&P with eText -- Access Card Package Package consists of: 0134394690 / 9780134394695 Visual Anatomy & Physiology 0134469550 / 9780134469553 Mastering A&P with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Visual Anatomy & Physiology Mastering A&P should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Cover Brief Table of Contents, Clinical Modules, and Chapter Integration Get Ready for a Whole New Mastering Experience Help Students Use Art More Effectively Focus on Critical Reflection, Media Integration, and Practical Application Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with MasteringA&PTM MasteringA&PTM More Practice, More Learning MasteringA&P Lab Practice Access the Complete Textbook On or Offline with eText 2.0 Instructor and Student Support Title Page Copyright Page About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments Contents 1. An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Section 1: An Introduction to Studying the Human Body 1.1. Using your Textbook Effectively is Key to your Success 1.2. Comprehending the Art is Essential to Understanding A&P 1.3. Break Down the Art in Step-Wise Fashion to Learn the Topic 1.4. Orient Yourself to All Art in the Same Way 1.5. The Learning Outcomes Correspond by Number to the Chapter’s Modules and Indicate what you Should be Able to do After Completing the Chapter Section 1: Review Section 2: A&P in Perspective 1.6. Focused Study is Important for Learning Anatomy and Physiology 1.7. Organisms Share Common Characteristics and Processes 1.8. Anatomy is the Study of Structure and Physiology is the Study of Function 1.9. Structure and Function are Interrelated Section 2: Review Section 3: Levels of Organization 1.10. The Human Body has Multiple Interdependent Levels of Organization 1.11. Cells are the Smallest Units of Life 1.12. Tissues are Specialized Groups of Cells and Cell Products 1.13. Organs and Organ Systems Perform Vital Functions 1.14. Organs of the Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Support and Move the Body and Organs of the Nervous System Provide Rapid Control and Regulation 1.15. Organs of the Endocrine System Secrete Chemicals that are Carried by Organs of the Cardiovascular System, Organs of the Lymphatic System Defend the Body, and Organs of the Respiratory System Exchange Vital Gases 1.16. Organs of the Digestive System Make Nutrients Available and, with the Urinary System, Excrete Wastes, and Organs of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems Provide for the Continuity of Life Section 3: Review Section 4: Homeostasis 1.17. Homeostatic Regulation Relies on a Receptor, a Control Center, and an Effector 1.18. Negative Feedback Provides Stability and Positive Feedback Accelerates a Process to Completion Smartart Video: Homeostatic Regulation Section 4: Review Section 5: Anatomical Terms 1.19. Anatomical Terms have a Long and Varied History 1.20. Superficial Anatomy and Regional Anatomy Indicate Locations on or in the Body 1.21. Directional Terms and Sectional Planes Describe Specific Points of Reference 1.22. Body Cavities Protect Internal Organs and Allow them to Change Shape Section 5: Review Chapter 1: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 2. Chemical Level of Organization Section 1: Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds 2.1. Atoms are the Basic Particles of Matter 2.2. Typical Atoms Contain Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 2.3. Electrons Occupy Various Energy Levels 2.4. The Most Common Chemical Bonds are Ionic Bonds and Covalent Bonds 2.5. Matter May Exist as a Solid, a Liquid, or a Gas Section 1: Review Section 2: Chemical Reactions 2.6. Chemical Reactions and Energy Transfer are Essential to Cellular Functions 2.7. Chemical Notation is a Concise Method of Describing Chemical Reactions 2.8. Three Basic Types of Chemical Reactions are Important for Understanding Physiology 2.9. Enzymes Lower the Activation Energy Requirements of Chemical Reactions Section 2: Review Section 3: Water in the Body 2.10. Water has Several Important Properties 2.11. Physiological Systems Depend on Water 2.12. Regulation of Body Fluid pH is Vital for Homeostasis Section 3: Review Section 4: Organic Compounds 2.13. All Organic Compounds Contain Carbon and Hydrogen Atoms 2.14. Carbohydrates Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Usually in a 1:2:1 Ratio 2.15. Lipids Often have a Carbon-to-Hydrogen Ratio of 1:2 2.16. Eicosanoids, Steroids, Phospholipids, and Glycolipids have Diverse Functions 2.17. Proteins are Formed from Amino Acids 2.18. Enzymes are Proteins with Important Regulatory Functions 2.19. High-Energy Compounds May Store and Transfer a Portion of Energy Released During Enzymatic Reactions 2.20. DNA and RNA are Nucleic Acids Section 4: Review Chapter 2: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 3. Cellular Level of Organization Section 1: Introduction to Cells 3.1. Cellular Differentiation Produces Specialized Cells 3.2. Cells are the Smallest Living Unit of Life 3.3. The Plasma Membrane Isolates the Cell from its Environment and Performs Varied Functions 3.4. The Cytoskeleton Plays Both a Structural and a Functional Role 3.5. Ribosomes are Responsible for Protein Synthesis and are Often Associated with the Endoplasmic Reticulum 3.6. The Golgi Apparatus is a Packaging Center 3.7. Mitochondria are the Powerhouses of the Cell Section 1: Review Section 2: Structures and Function of the Nucleus 3.8. The Nucleus is the Control Center for Cellular Homeostasis 3.9. The Nucleus Contains DNA, RNA, Organizing Proteins, and Enzymes 3.10. Protein Synthesis Involves DNA, Enzymes, and Three Types of RNA 3.11. Transcription Encodes Genetic Instructions on a Strand of RNA Smartart Video: Transcription 3.12. Translation Builds Polypeptides as Directed by an mRNA Strand Smartart Video: Translation Section 2: Review Section 3: How Substances Enter and Leave the Cell 3.13. The Plasma Membrane is a Selectively Permeable Membrane 3.14. Diffusion is Passive Movement Driven by Concentration Differences 3.15. Osmosis is the Diffusion of Water Molecules Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane 3.16. In Carrier-Mediated Transport, Integral Proteins Facilitate Membrane Passage 3.17. In Vesicular Transport, Vesicles Selectively Carry Materials into or Out of the Cell Section 3: Review Section 4: Cell Life Cycle 3.18. Interphase and Cell Division Make Up the Life Cycle of a Cell 3.19. During Interphase, the Cell Prepares for Cell Division 3.20. Mitosis Distributes Chromosomes Before Cytokinesis Separates the Daughter Cells 3.21. Clinical Module: Tumors and Cancer are Characterized by Abnormal Cell Growth and Division Section 4: Review Chapter 3: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 4. Tissue Level of Organization Section 1: Epithelial Tissue 4.1. Four Types of Tissue Make Up the Body 4.2. Microscopes are Used to Study Cells and Tissues 4.3. Epithelial Tissue Covers Surfaces, Lines Cavities, and Forms Secretory Glands 4.4. Epithelial Cells are Extensively Interconnected, Both Structurally and Functionally 4.5. The Cells in a Squamous Epithelium are Flat and Irregularly Shaped 4.6. Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia Line Several Passageways and Chambers Connected to the Exterior 4.7. Columnar Epithelia Absorb Substances and Protect the Body from Digestive Chemicals 4.8. Glandular Epithelia are Specialized for Secretion 4.9. Exocrine Glands can be Classified by Structure Section 1: Review Section 2: Connective Tissue 4.10. A Matrix Surrounds Connective Tissue Cells 4.11. Loose Connective Tissues Support Other Tissue Types 4.12. Dense Connective Tissues are Dominated by Extracellular Fibers, Whereas Fluid Connective Tissues have a Aqueous Matrix 4.13. Cartilage Provides a Flexible Support for Body Structures 4.14. Bone Provides a Strong Framework for the Body 4.15. Tissue Membranes are Physical Barriers, and Fasciae Support and Surround Organs Section 2: Review Section 3: Muscle Tissue and Nervous Tissue 4.16. Muscle Tissue Outweighs Nervous Tissue by 25:1 4.17. Muscle Tissue is Specialized for Contraction and Nervous Tissue is Specialized for Communication 4.18. Clinical Module: The Response to Tissue Injury Involves Inflammation and Regeneration Section 3: Review Chapter 4: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 5. The Integumentary System Section 1: Functional Anatomy of the Skin 5.1. The Integumentary System Consists of the Skin and Various Accessory Structures 5.2. The Epidermis is Composed of Strata (Layers) that have Various Functions 5.3. Factors Influencing Skin Color Include Epidermal Pigmentation and Dermal Circulation 5.4. The Subcutaneous Layer Connects the Dermis to Underlying Tissues 5.5. Clinical Module: Burns are Significant Injuries that Damage Skin Integrity Section 1: Review Section 2: Accessory Structures of the Skin 5.6. Hair Follicles, Exocrine Glands, and Nails are Also Components of the Integumentary System 5.7. Hair is Composed of Dead, Keratinized Cells Produced in a Specialized Hair Follicle 5.8. Sebaceous Glands and Sweat Glands are Exocrine Glands in the Skin 5.9. Nails are Thick Sheets of Keratinized Epidermal Cells that Protect the Tips of Fingers and Toes 5.10. Clinical Module: Age-Related Changes Affect the Integument 5.11. The Integument Responds to Circulating Hormones and has Endocrine Functions that are Stimulated by Ultraviolet Radiation 5.12. Clinical Module: The Integument can Often Repair Itself, Even After Extensive Damage Section 2: Review Chapter 5: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 6. Bones and Bone Structure Section 1: Introduction to the Structure and Growth of Bones 6.1. The Skeletal System is Made Up of the Axial and Appendicular Divisions 6.2. Bones are Classified According to Shape and Structure and have Varied Bone Markings 6.3. Long Bones Transmit Forces Along the Shaft and have a Rich Blood Supply 6.4. Bone has a Calcified Matrix Maintained and Altered by Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts 6.5. Compact Bone Consists of Parallel Osteons, and Spongy Bone Consists of a Network of Trabeculae 6.6. Appositional Bone Growth Involves the Periosteum and the Endosteum 6.7. Endochondral Ossification Replaces a Cartilage Model with Bone Smartart Video: Endochondral Ossification 6.8. Intramembranous Ossification Forms Bone Without a Prior Cartilage Model 6.9. Clinical Module: Abnormalities of Bone Growth and Development Produce Recognizable Physical Signs Section 1: Review Section 2: Physiology of Bones 6.10. Bones Play an Important Role as Mineral Reservoirs 6.11. The Primary Hormones Regulating Calcium Ion Metabolism and Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitriol, and Calcitonin Smartart Video: Calcium Ion Metabolism 6.12. Clinical Module: A Fracture is a Crack or a Break in a Bone Section 2: Review Chapter 6: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 7. The Skeleton Section 1: Axial Skeleton 7.1. The Axial Skeleton Includes Bones of the Head, Vertebral Column, and Trunk 7.2. The Skull has Cranial and Facial Components that are Usually Bound Together by Sutures 7.3. Facial Bones Dominate the Anterior Aspect of the Skull, and Cranial Bones Dominate the Posterior Surface 7.4. The Lateral and Medial Aspects of the Skull Share Many Bone Markings 7.5. The Foramina on the Inferior Surface of the Skull Mark the Passageways for Nerves and Blood Vessels 7.6. The Shapes and Markings of the Sphenoid, Ethmoid, and Palatine Bones are the Best Seen in the Isolated Bones 7.7. Each Orbital Complex Contains One Eye, and the Nasal Complex Encloses the Nasal Cavities 7.8. The Mandible Forms the Lower Jaw and the Associated Bones of the Skull Perform Specialized Functions 7.9. Fontanelles Permit Cranial Growth in Infants and Small Children 7.10. The Vertebral Column has Four Spinal Curves, and Vertebrae Share a Basic Structure that Differs Regionally 7.11. There are Seven Cervical Vertebrae and Twelve Thoracic Vertebrae 7.12. There are Five Lumbar Vertebrae 7.13. The Sacrum and Coccyx Consist of Fused Vertebrae 7.14. The Thoracic Cage Protects Organs in the Chest and Provides Sites for Muscle Attachment Section 1: Review Section 2: Appendicular Skeleton 7.15. The Appendicular Skeleton Includes the Limb Bones and the Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 7.16. The Pectoral Girdles—The Clavicles and Scapulae—Connect the Upper Limbs to the Axial Skeleton 7.17. The Humerus of the Arm Articulates with the Radius and Ulna of the Forearm 7.18. The Wrist Consists of Carpal Bones and the Hand Consists of Metacarpal Bones and Phalanges 7.19. The Hip Bone Forms by the Fusion of the Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis 7.20. The Pelvis Consists of the Two Hip Bones, the Sacrum, and the Coccyx 7.21. The Adult Male and Female Skeletons have Significant Differences 7.22. The Femur, Tibia, and Patella Meet at the Knee 7.23. The Ankle and Foot Consist of Tarsal Bones, Metatarsal Bones, and Phalanges Section 2: Review Chapter 7: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 8. Joints Section 1: Joint Structure and Movement 8.1. Joints are Classified According to Structure and Movement 8.2. Synovial Joints are Freely Movable and Lines with a Synovial Membrane 8.3. Anatomical Organization Determines the Motion at Synovial Joints 8.4. Specific Terms are Used to Describe Movements with Reference to the Anatomical Position 8.5. Specific Terms Describe Rotation and Special Movements Section 1: Review Section 2: Axial and Appendicular Joints 8.6. Axial Joints have Less Range of Motion than Appendicular Joints 8.7. The Vertebral Column Includes Three Types of Joints 8.8. Clinical Module: Intervertebral Disc Disease and Osteoporosis are Common Age-Related Health Problems 8.9. The Shoulder and Hip are Ball-and-Socket Joints 8.10. The Elbow and Knee are Hinge Joints 8.11. Clinical Module: Arthritis can Disrupt Normal Joint Structure and Function Section 2: Review Chapter 8: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 9. Skeletal Muscle Tissue Section 1: Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 9.1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue Enables Body Movement and Other Vital Functions 9.2. Skeletal Muscle Contains Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissues, Blood Vessels, and Nerves 9.3. Skeletal Muscle Fibers Contain T Tubules and Sarcoplasmic Reticula that Surround Contractile Myofibrils Made Up of Sarcomeres 9.4. The Sliding of Thin Filaments Past Thick Filaments Produces Muscle Contraction 9.5. Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Neurons have Excitable Plasma Membranes that Produce and Carry Electrical Impulses Called Action Potentials 9.6. A Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contracts when Stimulated by a Motor Neuron 9.7. A Muscle Fiber Contraction Uses ATP in a Cycle that Repeats During the Contraction Section 1: Review Section 2: Functional Properties of Skeletal Muscle 9.8. Muscle Tension Develops from the Events that Occur During Excitation-Contraction Coupling 9.9. Tension is Greatest when Muscle Fibers are Stimulated at Optimal Length 9.10. The Peak Tension Developed by a Skeletal Muscle Depends on the Frequency of Stimulation and the Number of Muscle Fibers Stimulated Smartart Video: Motor Units and Recruitment 9.11. Muscle Contractions May be Isotonic or Isometric; Isotonic Contractions May be Concentric or Eccentric 9.12. Muscle Contraction Requires Large Amounts of ATP that May be Produced Anaerobically or Aerobically Smartart Video: Anaerobic Vs. Aerobic Production of ATP 9.13. Muscles Fatigue and May Need an Extended Recovery Period 9.14. Fast, Slow, and Intermediate Skeletal Muscle Fibers Differ in Size, Internal Structure, Metabolism, and Resistance to Fatigue 9.15. Clinical Module: Many Factors can Result in Muscle Hypertrophy, Atrophy, or Paralysis Section 2: Review Chapter 9: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 10. The Muscular System Section 1: Functional Organization of the Muscular System 10.1. The Axial and Appendicular Muscles have Different Functions 10.2. Muscular Power and Range of Motion are Influenced by Fascicle Organization and Leverage 10.3. The Origins and Insertions of Muscles Determine their Actions, While their Names can Provide Clues to Appearance And/Or Function 10.4. The Skeletal Muscles can be Assigned to the Axial Division or the Appendicular Division Based on Origins and Functions Section 1: Review Section 2: Axial Muscles 10.5. There are Four Groups of Axial Muscles 10.6. The Muscles of Facial Expression are Important in Eating and Useful for Communication 10.7. The Extrinsic Eye Muscles Position the Eye and the Muscles of Mastication Move the Lower Jaw 10.8. The Muscles of the Tongue are Closely Associated with the Muscles of the Pharynx and Neck 10.9. The Muscles of the Vertebral Column Support and Align the Axial Skeleton 10.10. The Oblique and Rectus Muscles Form the Muscular Walls of the Trunk 10.11. The Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Support the Organs of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Section 2: Review Section 3: Appendicular Muscles 10.12. The Appendicular Muscles Stabilize, Position, and Support the Limbs 10.13. The Largest Appendicular Muscles Originate on the Trunk 10.14. Muscles that Position Each Pectoral Girdle Originate on the Occipital Bone, Superior Vertebrae, and Ribs 10.15. Muscles that Move the Arm Originate on the Clavicle, Scapula, Thoracic Cage, and Vertebral Column 10.16. Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand Originate on the Scapula, Humerus, Radius, or Ulna 10.17. Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers Originate on the Humerus, Radius, Ulna, and Interosseous Membrane 10.18. The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Originate on the Carpal and Metacarpal Bones and Associated Tendons and Ligaments 10.19. The Muscles that Move the Thigh Originate on the Pelvis and Associated Ligaments and Fasciae 10.20. The Muscles that Move the Leg Originate on the Pelvis and Femur 10.21. The Extrinsic Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes Originate on the Tibia and Fibula 10.22. The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Originate on the Tarsal and Metatarsal Bones and Associated Tendons and Ligament 10.23. The Deep Fascia Divides the Limb Muscles into Separate Compartments Section 3: Review Chapter 10: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 11. Nervous Tissue Section 1: Cellular Organization of the Nervous System 11.1. The Nervous System has Three Divisions: The CNS, PNS, and ENS 11.2. Neurons are Nerve Cells Specialized for Intercellular Communication 11.3. Neurons are Classified on the Basis of Structure and Function 11.4. Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, and Microglia are Neuroglia of the CNS 11.5. Schwann Cells and Satellite Cells are the Neuroglia of the PNS Section 1: Review Section 2: Neurophysiology 11.6. Neuronal Activity Depends on Changes in Membrane Potential 11.7. Differences in Electrochemical Gradients Determine the Resting Membrane Potential 11.8. Three Types of Gated Ion Channels Change the Permeability of the Plasma Membrane 11.9. Graded Potentials are Localized Changes in the Membrane Potential 11.10. Action Potentials are All-or-None Events for Communication that Begin with Membrane Potential Reversal 11.11. Action Potentials May Affect Adjacent Portions of the Plasma Membrane Through Continuous Propagation or Saltatory Propagation 11.12. At a Synapse, Information Travels from the Presynaptic Cell to the Postsynaptic Cell 11.13. Postsynaptic Potentials are Responsible for Information Processing in a Neuron 11.14. Information Processing Involves Interacting Groups of Neurons and Various Neurotransmitters that Encode Information as Action Potential Frequency Section 2: Review Chapter 11: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 12. The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes Section 1: Functional Organization of the Spinal Cord 12.1. The Spinal Cord can Function Independently from the Brain 12.2. The Spinal Cord has 31 Segments with 31 Pairs of Nerves 12.3. The Spinal Meninges, Consisting of the Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater, Surround the Spinal Cord 12.4. Gray Matter Integrates Sensory and Motor Functions, and White Matter Carries Information 12.5. Spinal Nerves have a Similar Anatomical Structure and Distribution Pattern 12.6. Each Ramus of a Spinal Nerve Provides Sensory and Motor Innervation to a Specific Region 12.7. Spinal Nerves Form Nerve Plexuses that Innervate the Skin and Skeletal Muscles 12.8. The Cervical Plexus Innervates the Muscles of the Neck and Diaphragm 12.9. The Brachial Plexus Innervates the Pectoral Girdles and Upper Limbs 12.10. The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses Innervate the Skin and Skeletal Muscles of the Trunk and Lower Limbs Section 1: Review Section 2: Introduction to Reflexes 12.11. CNS Neurons are Grouped into Neuronal Pools, which Form Neural Circuits 12.12. Reflexes are Vital to Homeostasis Smartart Video: The Reflex Arc 12.13. The Stretch Reflex is a Monosynaptic Reflex Involving Muscle Spindles 12.14. Withdrawal Reflexes and Crossed Extensor Reflexes are Polysynaptic Reflexes 12.15. Clinical Module: The Brain can Inhibit or Facilitate Spinal Reflexes, and Reflexes can be Used to Determine the Location and Severity of Damage to the CNS Section 2: Review Chapter 12: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 13. The Brain, Cranial Nerves, and Sensory and Motor Pathways Section 1: Functional Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves 13.1. The Brain Develops from a Hollow Neural Tube 13.2. Each Region of the Brain has Distinct Structural and Functional Characteristics 13.3. The Cranial Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Protect and Support the Brain 13.4. The Medulla Oblongata Contains Autonomic Reflex Centers, Relay Stations, and Ascending and Descending Tracts 13.5. The Pons Links the Cerebellum to the Brain and Spinal Cord and has Vital Autonomic Reflex Centers 13.6. The Cerebellum Coordinates Learned and Reflexive Patterns of Muscular Activity at the Subconscious Level 13.7. The Midbrain Regulates Auditory and Visual Reflexes and Controls Alertness 13.8. The Diencephalon Consists of the Epithalamus, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus 13.9. The Limbic System is a Functional Group of Tracts and Nuclei Located in the Cerebrum and Diencephalon 13.10. The Basal Nuclei of the Cerebrum Adjust and Refine Ongoing Voluntary Movements 13.11. Superficial Landmarks Divide the Cerebral Hemispheres into Lobes 13.12. The Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex have Regions with Specific Functions 13.13. White Matter Connects the Cerebral Hemispheres and the Lobes of Each Hemisphere and Links the Cerebrum to the Rest of the Brain 13.14. Clinical Module: Brain Activity can be Monitored Using External Electrodes; the Record is Called an Electroencephalogram, or EEG 13.15. The Twelve Pairs of Cranial Nerves are Classified as Sensory, Special Sensory, Motor, or Mixed Nerves Section 1: Review Section 2: Sensory and Motor Pathways 13.16. Sensations Carried by Sensory Pathways to the CNS Begin with Transduction at a Sensory Receptor 13.17. Receptors are Classified by Function or Response to the Stimulus 13.18. Tactile Receptors have a Simple Structure and are Abundant in the Skin 13.19. Three Major Somatic Sensory Pathways Carry Information from the Skin and Muscles to the CNS 13.20. The Somatic Nervous System Controls Skeletal Muscles Through Upper and Lower Motor Neurons 13.21. There are Multiple Levels of Somatic Motor Control 13.22. Clinical Module: Nervous System Disorders May Result from Problems with Neurons, Pathways, or a Combination of the Two Section 2: Review Chapter 13: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 14. The Autonomic Nervous System Section 1: Functional Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System 14.1. Ganglionic Neurons of the ANS Control Visceral Effectors 14.2. The ANS Consists of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions 14.3. The Sympathetic Division has Chain Ganglia, Collateral Ganglia, and the Adrenal Medullae, Whereas the Parasympathetic Division has Terminal or Intramural Ganglia 14.4. The Two ANS Divisions Innervate Many of the Same Structures, But the Innervation Patterns are Different 14.5. The Functional Differences between the Two ANS Divisions Reflect their Divergent Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics 14.6. Membrane Receptors at Target Organs Mediate the Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation Section 1: Review Section 2: Autonomic Regulation and Control Mechanisms 14.7. The ANS Adjusts Visceral Motor Responses to Maintain Homeostasis 14.8. The ANS Provides Precise Control Over Visceral Functions 14.9. Most Visceral Functions are Controlled by Visceral Reflexes 14.10. Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors Initiate Important Autonomic Reflexes Involving Visceral Sensory Pathways 14.11. The Autonomic Nervous System has Multiple Levels of Motor Control Section 2: Review Chapter 14: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 15. The Special Senses Section 1: Olfaction and Gustation 15.1. A Generator Potential is a Depolarization of the Membrane 15.2. Olfaction Involves Specialized Chemoreceptive Neurons and Delivers Sensations Directly to the Cerebrum 15.3. Gustation Involves Epithelial Chemoreceptor Cells Located in Taste Buds 15.4. Gustatory Reception Relies on Membrane Receptors and Ion Channels, and Sensations are Carried by Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus Nerves Section 1: Review Section 2: Vision 15.5. The Eyes Form Early in Embryonic Development 15.6. Accessory Structures of the Eye Provide Protection While Allowing Light to Reach the Interior of the Eye 15.7. The Hollow Eyeball has a Layered Wall and Fluid-Filled Anterior and Posterior Cavities 15.8. The Structures of the Eye Direct Light Along a Visual Axis to the Fovea Centralis of the Retina 15.9. Focusing of Light Produces a Sharp Image on the Retina 15.10. The Neural Layer of the Retina Contains Multiple Layers of Specialized Photoreceptors, Neurons, and Supporting Cells 15.11. Photoreception Occurs in the Outer Segment of Rod and Cone Cells 15.12. Photoreception Involves Activation, Bleaching, and Reassembly of Visual Pigments 15.13. The Visual Pathways Distribute Visual Information from Each Eye to Both Cerebral Hemispheres 15.14. Clinical Module: Refractive Problems Result from Abnormalities in the Cornea or Lens or in the Shape of the Eye Section 2: Review Section 3: Equilibrium and Hearing 15.15. Equilibrium and Hearing Involve the Internal Ear 15.16. The Ear is Divided into the External Ear, the Middle Ear, and the Internal Ear 15.17. In the Internal Ear, the Bony Labyrinth Protects the Membranous Labyrinth and its Receptors 15.18. Hair Cells in the Semicircular Ducts Respond to Rotation; Hair Cells in the Utricle and Saccule Respond to Gravity and Linear Acceleration 15.19. The Cochlear Duct Contains the Hair Cells of the Spiral Organ that Function in Hearing 15.20. Sound Waves Lead to Movement of the Basilar Membrane in the Process of Hearing 15.21. The Vestibulocochlear Nerve Carries Equilibrium and Hearing Sensations to the Brainstem 15.22. Clinical Module: Aging is Associated with Many Disorders of the Special Senses; Trauma, Infection, and Abnormal Stimuli May Cause Problems at Any Age Section 3: Review Chapter 15: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 16. The Endocrine System Section 1: Hormones and Intercellular Communication 16.1. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Release Chemical Messengers that Bind to Target Cells 16.2. Hormones May be Amino Acid Derivatives, Peptides, or Lipid Derivatives 16.3. The Endocrine System Includes Organs and Tissues with Primary and Secondary Hormone-Secreting Roles 16.4. Hormones Affect Target Cells After Binding to Receptors in the Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, or Nucleus 16.5. The Hypothalamus Exerts Direct or Indirect Control Over the Activities of Many Endocrine Organs 16.6. The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland Produces and Releases 7 Tropic Hormones, While the Posterior Lobe Releases 2 Hormones 16.7. Negative Feedback Mechanisms Control the Secretion Rates of the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland 16.8. The Thyroid Gland Contains Follicles and Requires Iodine to Produce Hormones that Stimulate Tissue Metabolism 16.9. Parathyroid Hormone, Produced by the Parathyroid Glands, is the Primary Regulator of Blood Calcium Ion Levels 16.10. The Adrenal Hormones are Involved in Metabolic Regulation, Electrolyte Balance, and Stress Responses 16.11. The Pancreatic Islets Secrete Insulin and Glucagon, which Regulate Glucose Use by Most Cells Smartart Video: The Pancreas and Regulation of Blood Glucose 16.12. The Pineal Gland of the Epithalamus Secretes Melatonin, which Affects the Circadian Rhythm 16.13. Clinical Module: Diabetes Mellitus is an Endocrine Disorder Characterized by an Excessively High Blood Glucose Level Section 1: Review Section 2: Hormones and System Integration 16.14. Hormones Interact to Produce Coordinated Physiological Responses 16.15. Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume Involves Hormones from Primary Endocrine Organs and from Endocrine Tissues in the Heart and Kidneys 16.16. Normal Growth Requires the Cooperation of Many Endocrine Organs 16.17. The Stress Response is a Predictable Response to Any Significant Threat to Homeostasis 16.18. Clinical Module: Overproduction or Underproduction of Hormones can Cause Endocrine Disorders Section 2: Review Chapter 16: Review Study Outline Chapter Review Questions Chapter Integration 17. Blood Section 1: Plasma and Formed Elements 17.1. Blood is the Fluid Portion of the Cardiovascular System 17.2. Blood is a Fluid Connective Tissue Containing Plasma and Formed Elements 17.3. Formed Elements are Produced by Stem Cells in Red Bone Marrow Section 1: Review Section 2: Structure and Function of Formed Elements 17.4. Hematology is the Study of Blood and Blood-Forming Tissues 17.5. Red Blood Cells, the Most Common Formed Elements, Contain Hemoglobin that Transports Respiratory Gases 17.6. Red Blood Cells are Continually Produced and their Components Recycled or Eliminated 17.7. Blood Type is Determined by the Presence or Absence of Specific Surface Antigens on RBCs 17.8. Clinical Module: Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn is an Rbc-Related Disorder Caused by a Cross-Reaction between Fetal and M For courses in Two-Semester A&P. Using Art Effectively with the Most Visual Approach to A&P Visual Anatomy & Physiology combines a one-of-a-kind visual approach with a modular organization that uniquely meets the needs of today's students—without sacrificing the comprehensive coverage of A&P topics required for careers in nursing and other allied health professions. The 3rd Edition presents key new features based on recent research about how information is used and digested. New modules in the first chapter emphasize how to use art effectively when studying; new Integrated Figure Questions increases the likelihood you will spend time viewing the art and prompts you to consider what you have just learned; and new SmartArt Videos, accessible via QR code in the book,help in navigating key, complex pieces of art on some of the toughest topics. New Interactive Physiology 2.0 tutorials, SmartArt Video Activities, and a mobile-friendly eText expand the options for students to use Mastering TM A&P as an effective practice and learning tool. Also available with Mastering A&P MasteringTM A&P is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to engage students and improve results. Instructors ensure that students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning CatalyticsTM. Students can further master concepts after class through assignments that provide hints and answer-specific feedback. With a wide range of activities available, students can actively learn, understand, and retain even the most difficult concepts. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MasteringTM A&P does not come packaged with this content. 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