Viral Infections in Children, Volume II (May 15, 2017)_(3319540920)_(Springer).PDF

"This second one of a two volume set will be of interest to medical microbiologists, practitioners, medical students and other health care providers who are engaged in management and treatment of pediatric viral infections. New evidence on topics related to better clinical management of patients is presented. The book may double as a clinical guide to care with algorithms, Practice Points and photographs and therefore aid the clinical decision making in management of sick children."--Prové de l'editor Preface Contents 1: Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.2.1 Human Rhinovirus 1.2.1.1 Transmission 1.2.1.2 RV in the Lower Airways 1.2.1.3 RV Triggering Asthma Exacerbations 1.2.1.4 RV Causing Asthma 1.2.1.5 RV-Induced Changes 1.2.1.6 Prevention-Treatment 1.2.1.7 RV-C 1.3 Viral URTIs 1.3.1 Diagnosis 1.3.2 Treatment 1.4 Specific Conditions 1.4.1 The Common Cold 1.4.1.1 Symptomatology 1.4.1.2 Diagnosis 1.4.1.3 Treatment–Prevention 1.4.1.4 Sequelae 1.4.2 Acute Viral Rhinosinusitis 1.4.2.1 Symptomatology 1.4.2.2 Diagnosis 1.4.2.3 Treatment 1.4.2.4 Sequelae 1.4.3 Pharyngitis-Tonsillitis 1.4.3.1 Symptoms 1.4.3.2 Diagnosis 1.4.3.3 Treatment 1.4.3.4 Sequelae 1.4.4 Otitis Media 1.4.4.1 Symptoms 1.4.4.2 Diagnosis 1.4.4.3 Treatment 1.4.4.4 Sequalae 1.4.5 Obstructive Conditions of the Upper Respiratory Tract 1.4.5.1 Acute Viral Laryngotracheitis (Viral Croup) 1.4.5.2 Symptomatology 1.4.6 Diagnosis 1.4.6.1 Management 1.4.6.2 Spasmodic Croup 1.4.7 Epiglottitis (Supraglottitis) and Bacterial Tracheitis 1.5 Conclusions References 2: Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Definitions 2.3 Etiology of ALRTI in Children 2.4 Epidemiology of ALRTI 2.4.1 Bacterial-Viral Interactions 2.5 Pathophysiology of Disease 2.6 Diagnosis of an ALRTI 2.7 Clinical Diagnosis of ALRTI 2.8 Radiological Diagnosis of ALRTI 2.9 Investigations for ALRTI 2.10 Severe and Chronic Disease 2.11 Differential Diagnosis of Viral LRTI 2.12 Management of ALRTI 2.13 Prevention of Childhood ALRTI’s 2.14 Prevention of RSV Disease in High-Risk Children 2.15 New RSV Vaccines and Maternal Vaccination 2.16 Parent and Caregiver Education 2.17 Severe Respiratory Syndromes 2.17.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 2.17.2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) 2.17.3 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) 2.17.4 Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) Acute Respiratory Illness 2.17.5 Avian Influenza 2.18 Other Respiratory Virus Associations References Published with Kind Permission of the South African Medical Journal 3: Viral Exanthems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Herpes Viruses 3.2.1 HHV 1 and 2 3.2.1.1 Herpes Gladiatorum 3.2.1.2 Eczema Herpeticum 3.2.1.3 Erythema Multiforme 3.2.2 VZV (HHV 3) 3.2.2.1 Varicella 3.2.2.2 Herpes Zoster 3.2.3 EBV (HHV 4) 3.2.3.1 Reaction with Aminopenicillins 3.2.3.2 Papular Acrodermatitis of Childhood 3.2.4 HHV 6 and 7 3.2.4.1 Roseola Infantum 3.2.4.2 Pityriasis Rosea 3.2.4.3 DRESS Syndrome 3.3 Measles Virus 3.4 Rubella Virus 3.5 Parvovirus B19 3.5.1 Erythema Infectiosum 3.5.2 Papular Pruritic Glove and Socks Syndrome 3.6 Coxsackie Viruses 3.6.1 Hand Foot and Mouth Disease 3.6.2 Eczema Coxsackium 3.7 Molluscum Contagiosum Virus 3.8 Unknown Viral Cause 3.8.1 ULTE (Unilateral Laterothoracic Exanthem) 3.8.2 AGEP (Acute Generalized Exanthemous Pustulosis) 3.9 Nonspecific Viral Exanthems 3.10 Antiviral Vaccines 3.11 Conclusions References 4: Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Case Definitions and Descriptions of Common Syndromes Associated with Viral Infections of the CNS 4.2.1 Encephalitis 4.2.2 Meningitis 4.2.3 Meningoencephalitis 4.2.4 Myelitis 4.2.5 Myelopathy 4.2.6 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 4.2.7 Brain Stem Encephalitis 4.2.8 Autoimmune Encephalitis 4.3 Epidemiology 4.4 Viral Etiology 4.5 Pathogenesis 4.6 Clinical Manifestations 4.6.1 Meningeal Irritation 4.6.2 Encephalopathy 4.6.3 Focal Neurological Signs 4.6.4 Raised Intracranial Pressure 4.6.5 Seizures 4.6.6 Acute Flaccid Paralysis 4.6.7 Systemic Involvement 4.6.7.1 Skin Manifestations 4.6.7.2 Cardiac Manifestations 4.6.7.3 Respiratory Symptoms 4.6.7.4 Gastrointestinal Symptoms 4.6.7.5 Myositis 4.7 Differential Diagnostic Considerations 4.8 Diagnostic Procedures and Special Investigations 4.8.1 Lumbar Puncture 4.8.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid 4.8.2.1 Biochemistry 4.8.2.2 Cell Types 4.8.2.3 Microbiology 4.8.2.4 Cytokines, Chemokines and Associated Mediators 4.8.3 Serology 4.8.4 Imaging 4.8.4.1 Computed Tomography of the Brain 4.8.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4.8.5 Electroencephalogram 4.8.6 Additional Investigations 4.9 Treatment 4.9.1 General Measures 4.9.2 Antiviral Treatment 4.9.3 Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis 4.9.4 Novel Therapies 4.10 Complications and Prognosis 4.11 Prevention 4.12 Specific Viruses 4.12.1 Herpesviridae 4.12.1.1 Herpes Simplex Virus 4.12.1.2 Varicella-Zoster Virus 4.12.1.3 Cytomegalovirus 4.12.1.4 Human Herpes Virus-6 4.12.1.5 Epstein-Barr Virus 4.12.2 Polyomaviridae 4.12.3 Flaviviridae 4.12.4 Paramyxoviridae 4.12.4.1 Measles Virus 4.12.4.2 Mumps Virus 4.12.5 Picornaviridae 4.12.5.1 Enteroviruses 4.12.5.2 Human Parechovirus 4.12.6 Retroviridae 4.12.7 Rhabdoviridae 4.12.8 Togaviridae 4.12.9 Other 4.13 Conclusion References 5: Viral Cardiac Infections 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Myocarditis 5.2.1 Epidemiology 5.2.2 Etiology, Pathology and Pathophysiology 5.2.2.1 Pathology 5.2.2.2 Pathophysiology 5.2.3 Presentation 5.2.3.1 Acute Myocarditis 5.2.3.2 Chronic Myocarditis 5.2.4 Physical Examination (Table 5.2) [11, 48–50, 64, 65] 5.2.4.1 Vital Signs 5.2.4.2 General Appearance 5.2.4.3 Pulmonary 5.2.4.4 Cardiac 5.2.4.5 Abdomen 5.2.4.6 Skin 5.2.4.7 Extremities 5.2.5 Laboratory Evaluation 5.2.6 Electrocardiography (EKG) (Fig. 5.1) 5.2.7 Echocardiography 5.2.8 Radiologic Studies 5.2.8.1 Chest X-Ray (CXR) (Fig. 5.2) 5.2.8.2 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) 5.2.9 Endomyocardial Biopsy (EMB) 5.2.10 Differential Diagnosis 5.2.11 Treatment 5.2.11.1 Acute Treatment 5.3 Pericarditis 5.3.1 Epidemiology 5.3.2 Etiology, Pathology and Pathophysiology 5.3.2.1 Etiology 5.3.2.2 Pathology 5.3.2.3 Pathophysiology 5.3.3 Presentation 5.3.4 Physical Examination 5.3.4.1 Vital Signs 5.3.4.2 General Appearance 5.3.4.3 Cardiac 5.3.4.4 Skin 5.3.4.5 Extremities 5.3.5 Initial Laboratory Evaluation 5.3.6 Electrocardiography 5.3.7 Echocardiography 5.3.8 Radiologic Studies 5.3.9 Differential Diagnosis 5.3.10 Treatment 5.4 Viral Endocarditis 5.5 Cardiac Involvement in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) References 6: Viral Gastroenteritis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Rotavirus (RV) Disease 6.2.1 RV Disease Burden 6.2.2 Virus Structure 6.2.3 Mode of Transmission 6.2.4 Pathogenesis 6.2.5 Clinical 6.2.6 Immunity 6.2.7 Laboratory Diagnosis 6.2.8 RV Vaccines 6.2.8.1 RV Vaccines with Restricted License or in Development 6.2.8.2 RV Vaccine Efficacy 6.2.8.3 RV Vaccine Safety Key Points 6.3 Norovirus (NoV) 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Structure 6.3.3 Clinical 6.3.4 Diagnosis 6.3.5 Immunity to NoV 6.3.6 Treatment and Prevention 6.3.7 Vaccines 6.3.7.1 VLPs Vaccines 6.3.7.2 P Particle Vaccines Key Points 6.4 Astrovirus (HAstV) 6.4.1 Virus Description 6.4.2 Clinical Features 6.4.3 Diagnosis 6.4.4 Prevention 6.5 Enteric Adenovirus 6.5.1 Virus Description 6.5.2 Diagnosis 6.5.3 Clinical Features 6.5.4 Prevention 6.6 Sapovirus 6.6.1 Diagnosis 6.7 Potential Pathogenic Viruses in the GIT Tract 6.7.1 Aichi Virus 6.7.2 Torovirus 6.7.3 Picornavirus 6.7.4 Other Viral Families 6.7.4.1 Key Points 6.8 Conclusion References 7: Viral Hepatitis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Hepatotrophic Viruses 7.2.1 Hepatitis A 7.2.2 Virus Structure 7.2.3 Epidemiology and Transmission 7.2.4 Clinical Presentations of Hepatitis A 7.2.5 Complications of Hepatitis A 7.2.6 Diagnosis of Hepatitis A 7.2.7 Prevention of Hepatitis A 7.2.8 Treatment of Hepatitis A 7.2.9 Hepatitis B 7.2.10 Virus Structure 7.2.11 Transmission of Hepatitis B 7.2.11.1 Horizontal Transmission 7.2.11.2 Perinatal Transmission 7.2.11.3 Sexual Transmission 7.2.11.4 Percutaneous Transmission: Needle-Stick Injuries [25] 7.2.12 Clinical Presentations of Hepatitis B 7.2.13 Acute Hepatitis B 7.2.13.1 Early Prodromal Phase 7.2.13.2 Preicteric Phase 7.2.13.3 Icteric Phase 7.2.13.4 Convalescent Phase 7.2.14 Fulminant Hepatitis B 7.2.15 Chronic Hepatitis B 7.2.15.1 Natural History 7.2.16 Extrahepatic Manifestations 7.2.17 HIV/HBV Co-infection 7.2.18 Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B 7.3 Management of Hepatitis B Infection 7.3.1 Acute Hepatitis B [28, 29, 59] 7.3.2 Chronic Hepatitis B 7.3.3 Goals of Therapy 7.3.4 Indications for Treatment 7.3.5 Treatment Options 7.3.5.1 Treatment Recommendations [60] 7.3.6 Prevention of Hepatitis B 7.3.6.1 The Efficacy of Universal HBV Vaccination 7.3.6.2 Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission 7.3.6.3 Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) 7.3.6.4 Effectiveness of PEP 7.4 Hepatitis C 7.4.1 Virus Structure 7.4.2 Transmission of Hepatitis C 7.4.2.1 Parenteral Transmission 7.4.2.2 Non-parenteral Transmission 7.4.2.3 Household Transmission 7.4.3 Clinical Presentations of Hepatitis C 7.4.4 Extrahepatic Manifestations of Hepatitis C 7.4.5 HIV/HCV Co-infection 7.4.6 Diagnosis of Hepatitis C 7.4.7 Pretreatment Clinical Evaluation 7.4.8 Prevention 7.4.9 Treatment of Hepatitis C 7.5 Hepatitis D 7.5.1 Epidemiology and Transmission 7.5.2 Clinical Presentations [105] 7.5.3 Diagnosis 7.5.4 Prevention and Treatment 7.6 Hepatitis E 7.6.1 Virus Structure 7.6.2 Epidemiology and Transmission 7.6.3 Clinical Presentations 7.6.4 Diagnosis 7.6.5 Prevention and Treatment 7.7 Herpes Viruses 7.7.1 Herpes Virus Structure 7.8 Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV) 1 and 2 7.8.1 Epidemiology and Transmission 7.8.2 Clinical Presentations 7.8.2.1 Hepatitis 7.8.3 HSV Diagnosis 7.8.4 Treatment and Prevention 7.9 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 7.9.1 Virus Structure 7.9.2 Epidemiology and Transmission 7.9.3 Clinical Presentation [130] 7.9.4 CMV Diagnosis 7.9.5 Treatment and Prevention 7.10 Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) 7.10.1 Epidemiology and Transmission 7.10.2 Clinical Presentations 7.10.3 Diagnosis 7.10.4 Treatment 7.10.5 Prevention 7.11 Coxsackie Virus 7.11.1 Virus Structure 7.11.2 Epidemiology and Transmission 7.11.3 Clinical Presentation 7.11.4 Laboratory Diagnosis 7.11.5 Prevention and Treatment References Index "This second one of a two volume set will be of interest to medical microbiologists, practitioners, medical students and other health care providers who are engaged in management and treatment of pediatric viral infections. New evidence on topics related to better clinical management of patients is presented. The book may double as a clinical guide to care with algorithms, Practice Points and photographs and therefore aid the clinical decision making in management of sick children."--Prové de l'editor