Viral Infections in Children, Volume I (May 12, 2017)_(3319540327)_(Springer).PDF

The purpose of this book is to provide a synthesis of the ever evolving field of pediatric viral infections. The most common and exotic pediatric viral infections are fully reviewed in this first one of a two volume set. All contributions are written by recognized experts in the field. The publication will appeal to medical microbiologists, practitioners, medical students and other health care providers with a pediatric interest. The known literature on viral infections in children is summarized and discussed in the light of changes in thinking as a result of novel and new evidence. Preface Contents 1: Congenital Viral Infections 1.1 Congenital Zika Virus Infection 1.1.1 Vectors 1.1.2 Routes of Transmission 1.1.3 Pathogenesis 1.1.4 Clinical Features 1.1.5 Diagnosis 1.1.5.1 Indications for Laboratory Testing 1.1.5.2 Laboratory Testing Options 1.1.6 Differential Diagnosis 1.1.7 Treatment 1.1.8 Prevention 1.2 Congenital Rubella Infection 1.2.1 Routes of Transmission and Pathogenesis 1.2.2 Pathogenesis 1.2.3 Clinical Features 1.2.4 Diagnosis 1.2.5 Treatment 1.2.6 Prevention 1.2.7 Prognosis 1.3 Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection 1.3.1 Routes of Transmission 1.3.2 Pathogenesis 1.3.3 Clinical Features 1.3.4 Diagnosis 1.3.4.1 Diagnosis of Maternal Infection 1.3.4.2 Diagnosis of Congenital CMV Infection in the Infant 1.3.5 Treatment 1.3.6 Prevention 1.3.7 Prognosis 1.4 Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection 1.4.1 Routes of Transmission 1.4.2 Clinical Features 1.4.2.1 Skin, Eye, Mouth (SEM) Disease 1.4.2.2 Central Nervous System (CNS) Disease (HSV Meningoencephalitis) 1.4.2.3 Disseminated HSV Disease 1.4.3 Diagnosis 1.4.4 Treatment 1.4.5 Management of Asymptomatic Neonates Who Are Exposed to HSV During Delivery 1.4.6 Prevention 1.4.7 Prognosis 1.5 Parvovirus B19 Infection 1.5.1 Routes of Transmission 1.5.2 Clinical Features 1.5.3 Diagnosis 1.5.4 Management 1.5.5 Prevention 1.6 Congenital Varicella Syndrome 1.6.1 Route of Transmission 1.6.2 Pathogenesis 1.6.3 Clinical Features 1.6.4 Diagnosis 1.6.4.1 Prenatal Diagnosis 1.6.4.2 Congenital Varicella Syndrome in the Neonate 1.6.5 Management 1.6.6 Prevention 1.6.7 Prognosis 1.7 Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission 1.7.1 Transmission 1.7.2 Clinical Manifestations 1.7.3 Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission 1.7.3.1 Preconception Counseling for HIV-Infected Women 1.7.3.2 Antepartum Care for HIV-Infected Women 1.7.3.3 Intrapartum Care for HIV-Infected Women 1.7.3.4 Postpartum Care References 2: Influenza 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Virological Data 2.3 Epidemiology Including Pandemics 2.3.1 Burden of Disease 2.3.2 Groups at Risk for Severe Disease 2.3.3 Seasonality 2.3.4 Pandemic Influenza 2.4 Transmission and Pathogenesis of Disease 2.5 Clinical Manifestations 2.5.1 Diagnostic Testing 2.6 Therapeutic Options 2.7 Vaccines and Guidelines for Vaccination 2.7.1 Process of Annual Vaccine Selection 2.7.2 Groups Recommended to Receive Annual Influenza Vaccination 2.7.3 Available Influenza Vaccines (Table 2.4) 2.7.3.1 Trivalent Inactivated Vaccine (IIV3) and Quadrivalent Inactivated Vaccine (IIV4) 2.7.3.2 Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) 2.7.3.3 Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine 2.7.4 Influenza Vaccine Dosage and Administration 2.7.5 Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness 2.7.6 Contraindications to Influenza Vaccination [35, 39] 2.7.7 Influenza Vaccine Adverse Events 2.7.7.1 Other Measures for Prevention of Influenza References 3: HIV Infection 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Epidemiology 3.3 Viral Structure, Immunopathogenesis, and Life Cycle 3.3.1 The Virus 3.3.2 Immunopathogenesis 3.3.3 Life Cycle of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 3.4 Transmission 3.5 Diagnosis 3.5.1 What Laboratory Tests to Perform? 3.5.1.1 HIV Virological Assays 3.5.1.2 Point of Care (POC) HIV Virological Assays 3.5.1.3 HIV Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) HIV RNA NAAT HIV DNA NAAT 3.5.1.4 HIV Antigen Tests (P24 Antigen) 3.5.1.5 HIV Antibody Tests 3.5.2 HIV Testing Strategies 3.6 Natural History and Classification 3.6.1 The Natural History of Paediatric HIV Infection 3.6.2 Classification of HIV Infection 3.7 Clinical Manifestations 3.7.1 Systemic Manifestations/Effects of HIV Infection 3.7.1.1 Malnutrition and Growth Failure 3.7.1.2 Skin 3.7.1.3 Hematological 3.7.1.4 CNS and Development 3.7.1.5 Respiratory 3.7.1.6 GIT 3.7.1.7 CVS 3.7.1.8 Renal 3.7.1.9 Malignancies 3.7.1.10 Opportunistic Infections 3.8 Management 3.8.1 General 3.8.2 Prophylaxis 3.8.2.1 Co-trimoxazole 3.8.2.2 Tuberculosis 3.8.2.3 Cryptococcus (Cr) 3.8.3 Infant Feeding 3.8.4 Nutrition 3.8.5 Immunization 3.8.6 Antiretroviral Treatment 3.8.6.1 When to Start? 3.8.6.2 What to Start? 3.8.6.3 How to Monitor? 3.8.6.4 HIV Drug Resistance (DR) Testing 3.8.6.5 Special Issues with Treatment Adolescents 3.8.6.6 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) 3.9 Prevention 3.9.1 PMTCT 3.9.2 Vaccines References 4: Tuberculosis and Other Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Children 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Tuberculosis 4.2.1 Prevention 4.2.2 Diagnosis 4.2.3 Treatment 4.2.3.1 TB Treatment and ART 4.2.3.2 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) 4.3 Other Opportunistic Infections 4.3.1 Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia (PJP) 4.3.2 Molluscum Contagiosum 4.3.3 Human Papilloma Virus 4.3.4 Herpes Simplex Virus 4.3.5 Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) 4.3.6 Cytomegalovirus 4.3.7 Cryptococcosis 4.3.8 Tinea, Onychomycosis and Candida 4.3.9 Cryptosporidium 4.3.10 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 4.3.11 Kaposi Sarcoma 4.4 Conclusion References 5: Emerging Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Viral Diseases 5.1 Hemorrhagic Fevers 5.1.1 Epidemiological Aspects of EVD 5.1.2 Clinical Aspects of EVD 5.1.3 Laboratory Diagnosis of EVD 5.1.4 Treatment and Prevention of EVD 5.2 Arboviral Diseases 5.2.1 Epidemiological Aspects of ZIKV 5.2.2 Clinical Aspects of ZIKV 5.2.2.1 Complications of ZIKV Infection 5.2.3 Laboratory Diagnosis of ZIKV 5.2.4 Treatment and Prevention of ZIKV 5.3 Rabies 5.3.1 Epidemiological Aspects 5.3.2 Clinical Aspects 5.3.3 Laboratory Diagnosis 5.3.4 Treatment and Prevention 5.4 Conclusion References 6: Diagnosis of Viral Infections 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Collecting and Sending Clinical Samples to the Laboratory 6.2.1 Type of Specimen 6.3 Methods Used in Diagnostic Virology 6.3.1 Electron Microscopy 6.3.2 Histology/Cytology 6.3.3 Virus Isolation 6.3.4 Nucleic Acid Detection Methods 6.3.4.1 Multiplex PCR Assays 6.3.4.2 Future Trends 6.3.5 Application of Molecular Virology Diagnostics in Clinical Management of Patients 6.3.5.1 Qualitative vs. Quantitative PCR 6.3.5.2 Antiviral Resistance 6.3.6 Serology 6.3.6.1 Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) 6.3.6.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay for Antibody Detection (ELISA) 6.3.6.3 Neutralization Assays 6.3.6.4 Other Serological Techniques 6.3.6.5 Future Trends in Serology 6.3.7 Quality Assurance and Control 6.4 Conclusion References 7: The Microbiome in Healthy Children 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Prenatal Factors 7.3 Birth and Postnatal Factors 7.4 The Virome and Mycobiome 7.5 Probiotic Supplements References 8: Viral-Bacterial Interactions in Childhood Respiratory Tract Infections 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Respiratory Viruses 8.2.1 Common Respiratory Viruses 8.2.1.1 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 8.2.1.2 Human Rhinovirus 8.2.1.3 Adenovirus 8.2.1.4 Influenza Virus 8.2.1.5 Human Parainfluenza Virus 8.2.1.6 Human Metapnuemovirus 8.2.1.7 Human Coronavirus 8.2.1.8 Human Bocavirus 8.2.2 Viral Co-infections 8.3 Respiratory Bacteria 8.3.1 Common Respiratory Bacteria 8.3.1.1 Streptococcus pneumoniae 8.3.1.2 Haemophilus influenzae 8.3.1.3 Moraxella catarrhalis 8.3.1.4 Staphylococcus aureus 8.3.2 Bacterial Interactions 8.4 Epidemiology of Viral-Bacterial Co-infections 8.4.1 Historical Context 8.4.2 Clinical Evidence of Viral-Bacterial Co-infections in Children 8.5 Mechanisms for Viral-Bacterial Interactions 8.5.1 Viral Promotion of Secondary Bacterial Infections 8.5.1.1 Decreased Bacterial Clearance 8.5.1.2 Increased Bacterial Adherence 8.5.2 Bacterial Promotion of Secondary Viral Infections 8.6 Conclusion References Index