Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties : a commentary

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties......Page 3 Preface......Page 5 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 15 Arbitral Tribunals......Page 17 Committee of Jurists, League of Nations......Page 19 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)......Page 20 1. Court of Justice (CJ)......Page 21 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)......Page 23 International Court of Justice (ICJ)......Page 24 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)......Page 29 2. Australia......Page 30 8. France......Page 31 13. India......Page 32 18. Peru......Page 33 23. United States......Page 34 Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)......Page 36 Special Tribunal for Lebanon......Page 37 2. Panel......Page 38 Abbreviations......Page 41 General Works......Page 51 Reports of ILC Special Rapporteurs......Page 52 Conference Documents......Page 53 Introduction: On the Role of Treaties in the Development of International Law......Page 55 Preamble......Page 61 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Done at Vienna on 23 May 1969......Page 62 B. Negotiating History......Page 63 II. 2nd Recital: Treaties as a Source of International Law and a Means of Peaceful Cooperation......Page 64 IV. 4th Recital: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes......Page 65 V. 5th Recital: Condition under Which the Respect for Obligations Arising from Treaties Can Be Maintained......Page 67 VIII. 8th Recital: Role of Customary International Law......Page 68 SelectedBibliography......Page 69 Part I: Introduction......Page 70 A. Purpose and Function......Page 71 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 72 II. States......Page 74 Selected Bibliography......Page 77 Article 2 Use of terms......Page 78 1. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 79 2. Designation in International Practice......Page 80 4. Classification of Treaties......Page 81 5. Number of Parties......Page 84 6. Form......Page 85 7. Governing Law......Page 86 8. Intention to Establish a Legal Relationship......Page 90 9. Non-legally Binding Agreements......Page 92 III. Full Powers (para 1 lit c)......Page 94 VI. Third State (para 1 lit h)......Page 95 VII. International Organizations (para 1 lit i)......Page 96 VIII. Use of Terms in Internal Law......Page 97 Selected Bibliography......Page 98 Article 3 International agreements not within the scope of the present Convention ......Page 100 I. International Agreements......Page 101 II. Oral Agreements......Page 102 1. Original Agreement-Making Capacity......Page 103 b) Allocation Through Unilateral Act......Page 104 II. Application of Identical Rules of a Different Source (litb)......Page 105 I. Statehood of Component Units......Page 106 II. Negotiating History......Page 107 III. Agreement-Making Capacity......Page 109 IV. Legal Consequences of ultra vires Acts......Page 111 VI. Agreements Between Component Units of Two Federal States......Page 112 G. Agreements with Dependent Territories......Page 113 I. Agreements with the International Committee of the Red Cross......Page 116 K. Agreements with Non-recognized States......Page 117 L. Agreements with Liberation Movements......Page 119 M. Agreements with Opposition Movements (Civil War Factions)......Page 120 N. Agreements with Indigenous Peoples......Page 122 O. Agreements with Non-governmental Organizations......Page 125 P. Agreements with Individuals or Corporations (State Contracts)......Page 126 SelectedBibliography......Page 129 A. Purpose and Function......Page 131 I. Rules of the Convention Reflecting Customary Law......Page 132 II. Rules Not Reflecting Customary Law......Page 135 III. Non-retroactivity of the Convention......Page 136 IV. Timeline: `Conclusion´ and `Entry into Force´......Page 137 SelectedBibliography......Page 138 A. Purpose and Function......Page 139 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 140 I. Constituent Instruments of International Organizations......Page 141 II. Constituent Instruments of the European Union......Page 142 III. Treaties Adopted Within an International Organization......Page 143 2. Limits of Primacy......Page 146 II. Treaties Adopted Within International Organizations......Page 147 III. Inter se Agreements Between Member States......Page 148 SelectedBibliography......Page 149 Part II: Conclusion and Entry into Force of Treaties......Page 150 Section 1 Conclusion of Treaties ......Page 151 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 152 III. Legal Capacity to Conclude Treaties......Page 154 1. Limitations Under the VCLT......Page 155 3. Limitations under Customary Law......Page 156 4. Limitations of the Power to Conclude Treaties......Page 157 I. Historical Background......Page 158 II. Negotiating History of the 1986 Convention......Page 159 III. Capacity of International Organizations to Conclude Treaties......Page 160 IV. Competence of International Organizations to Conclude Treaties (Treaty-Making Power)......Page 163 Selected Bibliography......Page 164 A. Purpose and Function......Page 165 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 166 I. Full Powers......Page 169 II. Dispense......Page 171 1. Heads of State, Heads of Government and Foreign Ministers......Page 172 3. Representatives Accredited to an International Conference, Organization or Organ......Page 174 Selected Bibliography......Page 176 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 177 I. Lack of Authority of the Acting Person......Page 178 II. The Act Relating to the Conclusion of the Treaty......Page 179 IV. Subsequent Confirmation......Page 180 Selected Bibliography......Page 181 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 182 I. Adoption by the Consent of All Participating States (para1)......Page 184 II. Adoption at International Conferences (para2)......Page 186 III. Legal Effects of Adoption......Page 190 Selected Bibliography......Page 191 A. Purpose and Function......Page 192 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 193 II. Authentication by Act (litb)......Page 194 Selected Bibliography......Page 196 A. Purpose and Function......Page 197 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 198 I. Signature, Exchange of Instruments Constituting a Treaty, Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession......Page 200 1. Bilateral Practice......Page 201 2. Multilateral Practice......Page 202 Selected Bibliography......Page 205 A. Purpose and Function......Page 207 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 208 I. Acts Constituting Signature......Page 210 1. Treaty Clauses......Page 211 2. Intention Otherwise Established by the Negotiating States......Page 212 4. No Discernable Intention......Page 214 III. Unsigning......Page 215 Selected Bibliography......Page 217 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 218 I. Exchange of Instruments......Page 220 II. Legal Effect......Page 221 Selected Bibliography......Page 222 A. Purpose and Function......Page 223 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 224 1. Ratification......Page 227 2. Acceptance......Page 229 3. Approval......Page 230 II. Legal Effect......Page 231 2. Ratification Requirement `Otherwise Established´......Page 232 4. Restricted Full Powers......Page 233 IV. Delays and Deadlines......Page 234 V. Lack of Ratification, Acceptance or Approval......Page 236 Selected Bibliography......Page 237 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 238 I. Accession......Page 240 1. Treaty Clauses......Page 241 a) States......Page 242 b) Non-state Entities......Page 244 c) International Organizations......Page 245 3. Subsequent Allowance......Page 246 III. Accession to International Organizations......Page 247 Selected Bibliography......Page 249 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 250 I. Exchange of Instruments......Page 252 II. Deposit......Page 253 III. Notification......Page 254 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 255 Selected Bibliography......Page 257 A. Purpose and Function......Page 258 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 261 C. Elements of Article 18......Page 264 2. Signature or Exchange of Instruments......Page 265 3. Making the Intention Clear Not to Become a Party......Page 266 II. Interim Obligation Triggered by Consent to Be Bound (litb)......Page 267 2. Entry into Force Not Unduly Delayed......Page 268 3. Withdrawal of Consent to Be Bound?......Page 269 III. Contours of the Interim Obligation......Page 270 1. Object and Purpose of the Treaty......Page 271 2. Defeating Object and Purpose......Page 272 3. Obligation to Refrain......Page 273 SelectedBibliography......Page 274 Section 2 Reservations ......Page 275 Article 19 Formulation of reservations......Page 276 A. Definition, Purpose, and Function of Reservations......Page 277 II. The Inter-war Period......Page 279 III. UN-Practice Before the 1951 Advisory Opinion of the ICJ......Page 281 IV. The ICJ´s Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Genocide Convention......Page 282 C. Negotiating History......Page 284 II. Special Rapporteur Waldock and the Discussion in the ILC......Page 285 III. Amendments to the Final Draft During the Vienna Conference......Page 288 IV. The Current Deliberations in the ILC......Page 289 D. Different Types of Reservations......Page 290 I. The ``Formulation´´ of Reservations......Page 292 III. Explicitly Prohibited Reservations (lit a)......Page 294 1. General Considerations......Page 297 2. The Notion of ``Specified´´ Reservations......Page 298 1. General Considerations and Scope of Application......Page 299 2. The Notion of ``Object and Purpose´´......Page 301 a) Reservations to Clauses Concerning Dispute Settlement and the Monitoring of the Implementation of the Treaty......Page 302 b) Reservations to General Human Rights Treaties......Page 304 c) Reservations Relating to the Application of Domestic Law......Page 306 d) Vague and General Reservations......Page 307 e) Reservations Relating to Provisions Embodying Customary Norms......Page 309 f) Reservations to Provisions Embodying Rules of Ius Cogens......Page 310 g) Reservations to Provisions Setting Forth Non-derogable Rules......Page 311 a) The General Principle......Page 312 b) The Role of the Other Parties to the Treaty......Page 314 c) Questions of State Responsibility......Page 315 2. Severability of Reservation and Ratification of the Treaty......Page 316 II. Procedural Issues......Page 318 1. Role of the Depositaries......Page 319 2. Role of Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies......Page 320 3. The Other Parties to the Treaty in Question......Page 321 Selected Bibliography......Page 322 Article 20 Acceptance of and objection to reservations......Page 324 A. Function and Structure......Page 325 B. Negotiating History......Page 326 C. The Principle of Consent......Page 327 I. Acceptance......Page 328 1. General Considerations......Page 330 2. Authors of Objections......Page 331 3. Conditional Objections......Page 332 II. `Plurilateral Treaties´ (para2)......Page 333 III. `Constituent Treaties´ (para3)......Page 336 1. Legal Effects of Acceptance (lita and litc)......Page 339 2. Legal Effects of Objection (para4 litb)......Page 340 V. Acceptance Through Non-objection (para5)......Page 342 SelectedBibliography......Page 343 A. Function and Structure......Page 344 B. Negotiating History......Page 345 2. Formal Validity (Art23)......Page 347 1. General Effects......Page 348 2. Relations of the Reserving State Towards the Accepting State (para1 lita)......Page 349 a) Nature of the Reservation......Page 350 III. Relations Between All Other States (para2)......Page 351 1. General Remarks......Page 352 2. Inapplicability of the Provisions Concerned......Page 353 3. Extensive Effects......Page 354 Selected Bibliography......Page 356 A. Function and Structure......Page 357 B. Negotiating History......Page 358 2. Partial Withdrawal......Page 359 3. Form of Withdrawal......Page 360 a) Competent Authority......Page 362 b) Violation of Internal Rules Regarding the Withdrawal of Reservations......Page 363 II. Withdrawal of Objections (para2)......Page 364 aa) The General Principle Underlying para3......Page 365 bb) Exceptions to the Principle......Page 366 cc) Model Clauses......Page 367 b) Substantive Effect......Page 368 c) Effect of Partial Withdrawal of a Reservation......Page 369 a) Substantive Effect......Page 370 bb) Autonomous Determination by the Withdrawing State......Page 371 Selected Bibliography......Page 372 A. Function and Structure......Page 373 B. Negotiating History......Page 374 a) Addressees......Page 375 b) Reservations to Constituent Instruments of an International Organization......Page 376 d) Statement of Reasons......Page 377 e) Procedure of Communication......Page 378 f) Manifestly Impermissible Reservations......Page 379 3. Competence to Formulate Reservations......Page 380 II. Confirmation (paras2 and 3)......Page 381 Selected Bibliography......Page 383 1.1.1 Object of Reservations......Page 384 1.1.8 Reservations Made Under Exclusionary Clauses......Page 385 1.3.1 Method of Implementation of the Distinction Between Reservations and Interpretative Declarations......Page 386 1.4.3 Statements of Non-recognition......Page 387 1.5.1 ``Reservations´´ to Bilateral Treaties......Page 388 1.7.2 Alternatives to Interpretative Declarations......Page 389 2.1.4 Absence of Consequences at the International Level of the Violation of Internal Rules Regarding the Formulation of Reservations......Page 390 2.1.7 Functions of Depositaries......Page 391 2.2.3 Reservations Formulated upon Signature When a Treaty Expressly So Provides......Page 392 2.4.1 Form of Interpretative Declarations......Page 393 2.4.7 Late Formulation of an Interpretative Declaration......Page 394 2.5.4 Formulation of the Withdrawal of a Reservation at the International Level......Page 395 A. Deferment of the Effective Date of the Withdrawal of a Reservation......Page 396 2.5.12 Withdrawal of an Interpretative Declaration......Page 397 2.6.6 Joint Formulation......Page 398 2.6.13 Time Period for Formulating an Objection......Page 399 2.7.5 Effective Date of Withdrawal of an Objection......Page 400 2.8.1 Tacit Acceptance of Reservations......Page 401 2.8.8 Organ Competent to Accept a Reservation to a Constituent Instrument......Page 402 2.9.1 Approval of an Interpretative Declaration......Page 403 2.9.7 Formulation and Communication of Approval, Opposition or Recharacterization......Page 404 3.1.1 Reservations Expressly Prohibited by the Treaty......Page 405 3.1.8 Reservations to a Provision Reflecting a Customary Norm......Page 406 3.1.13 Reservations to Treaty Provisions Concerning Dispute Settlement or the Monitoring of the Implementation of the Treaty......Page 407 3.2.3 Cooperation of States and International Organizations with Treaty Monitoring Bodies......Page 408 3.3.3 Effect of Collective Acceptance of an Impermissible Reservation......Page 409 3.6.1 Permissibility of Approvals of Interpretative Declarations......Page 410 4.1.3 Establishment of a Reservation to a Constituent Instrument of an International Organization......Page 411 4.2.4 Effect of an Established Reservation on Treaty Relations......Page 412 4.3.3 Non-entry into Force of the Treaty for the Author of a Reservation When Unanimous Acceptance Is Required......Page 413 4.3.6 Effect of an Objection on Provisions Other than Those to Which the Reservation Relates......Page 414 4.5.1 Nullity of an Invalid Reservation......Page 415 4.7.1 Clarification of the Terms of the Treaty by an Interpretative Declaration......Page 416 5.1.1 Newly Independent States......Page 417 5.1.4 Establishment of New Reservations Formulated by a Successor State......Page 418 5.1.6 Territorial Scope of Reservations in Cases Involving a Uniting of States......Page 419 5.2.1 Maintenance by the Successor State of Objections Formulated by the Predecessor State......Page 420 5.2.4 Reservations of the Predecessor State to Which No Objections Have Been Made......Page 421 5.3.2 Maintenance by a Successor State Other than a Newly Independent State of Express Acceptances Formulated by the Predecessor State......Page 422 5.4.1 Interpretative Declarations Formulated by the Predecessor State......Page 423 Section 3 Entry into Force and Provisional Application of Treaties......Page 424 A. Purpose and Function......Page 425 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 426 III. Agreement on the Entry into Force (para 1)......Page 428 IV. Lack of Agreement: Consent to Be Bound by the Treaty......Page 434 V. Ratification After Entry into Force (para 3)......Page 435 VI. Matters Arising Before Entry into Force (para 4)......Page 436 D. The Role of the Depositary in the Determination of the Exact Date of Entry into Force......Page 438 Selected Bibliography......Page 439 A. Purpose and Function......Page 441 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 445 I. Treaty......Page 447 II. Some Other Manner (para 1 litb)......Page 448 III. Negotiating States......Page 449 V. Unilateral Termination of the Provisional Application (para2)......Page 450 VI. Provisional Application and National Law......Page 451 Selected Bibliography......Page 454 Part III: Observance, Application and Interpretation of Treaties......Page 456 Section 1 Observance of Treaties......Page 457 A. Purpose and Function......Page 458 I. Historical Background......Page 459 II. Negotiating History......Page 461 C. Will, Consent and Obligation......Page 463 D. Foundation......Page 464 II. Good Faith......Page 465 III. Basic Norm, Rule of Recognition......Page 466 IV. International Customary Law......Page 467 V. General Principle of Law......Page 468 3. Internationalized Contracts......Page 469 II. In Force......Page 470 III. Legally Binding Force (Obligations)......Page 471 1. Reciprocal Obligations......Page 472 2. Non-reciprocal Obligations......Page 473 3. Obligations erga omnes partes......Page 475 1. Good Faith Performance of the Treaty......Page 476 2. Duty Not to Defeat Object and Purpose of the Treaty......Page 477 V. Compliance (International Relations Theories)......Page 478 F. The Rule pacta sunt servanda Within Domestic Law......Page 479 G. Member States and Treaty Obligations of International Organizations......Page 480 Selected Bibliography......Page 482 A. Purpose and Function......Page 483 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 484 I. Treaties in Force......Page 485 II. Provisions of Internal Law......Page 486 2. Reservations Safeguarding Internal Law......Page 487 3. 1986 Convention: Conflicting Rules of International Organizations......Page 488 I. No Recognized Ground of Justification......Page 490 E. International Treaties Within the National Legal Order......Page 492 I. Doctrinal Foundations: Monism and Dualism......Page 493 II. Domesticated Treaties: Dualistic Approach......Page 495 III. Direct Application of Treaties: Monistic Approach......Page 497 IV. Mixed Approach: Transformation à la carte......Page 498 V. Placement Within the National Legal Order......Page 499 VI. Pro-treaty Interpretation: Avoiding Conflicts......Page 501 II. Placement Within the Hierarchy of International Organization Rules......Page 502 Selected Bibliography......Page 503 Section 2 Application of Treaties......Page 504 A. Purpose and Function......Page 505 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 506 I. Unless a Different Intention Appears from the Treaty or Is Otherwise Established......Page 508 III. Act/Fact......Page 510 V. Took Place/Ceased to Exist......Page 511 Selected Bibliography......Page 515 A. Purpose and Function......Page 516 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 517 I. Unless a Different Intention Appears from the Treaty or Is Otherwise Established......Page 518 II. Treaty......Page 521 III. Bind......Page 522 IV. Entire Territory of Each State Party......Page 523 V. `Moving Treaty Frontiers´ Rule......Page 525 VI. Extra-Territorial Application of Treaties......Page 529 Selected Bibliography......Page 530 Article 30 Application of successive treaties relating to the same subject matter......Page 531 A. Purpose and Function......Page 532 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 533 I. Successive Treaties......Page 535 II. Relating to the Same Subject Matter......Page 536 III. Primacy of the UN Charter (para1)......Page 537 IV. Conflict Clauses (para2)......Page 538 V. Treaties Lacking a Conflict Clause (paras3 and 4)......Page 540 VI. State Responsibility (para5)......Page 542 VII. Unresolved Treaty Conflicts......Page 543 Selected Bibliography......Page 544 Section 3 Interpretation of Treaties ......Page 545 Article 31 General rule of interpretation......Page 546 A. Purpose and Function......Page 547 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 551 I. Interpretation Is Always Required......Page 554 III. Who Is Competent to Interpret a Treaty?......Page 555 IV. The Temporal Element of Interpretation......Page 558 V. Does One Size Fit All?......Page 561 VI. Rules of Interpretation Outside the VCLT?......Page 563 1. Ordinary Meaning of the Terms......Page 566 2. Context......Page 568 3. Object and Purpose......Page 570 4. In Good Faith......Page 573 II. Certain Elements of `Context´ (para2)......Page 574 III. Interpretative Means Additional to the Context (para3)......Page 577 1. Subsequent Agreements (lit a)......Page 578 2. Subsequent Practice (litb)......Page 579 3. Relevant Rules of International Law: The Systemic Approach (litc)......Page 585 IV. Special Instead of Ordinary Meaning (para4)......Page 593 Selected Bibliography......Page 595 A. Purpose and Function......Page 596 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 597 1. Preparatory Work of the Treaty......Page 599 2. Circumstances of Conclusion......Page 603 3. Other Supplementary Means......Page 605 II. Admissible Use of the Supplementary Means......Page 606 1. Confirm the Meaning......Page 607 2. Determine the Meaning......Page 608 3. Recourse......Page 610 Selected Bibliography......Page 611 A. Purpose and Function......Page 612 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 614 1. Authentic Languages......Page 616 2. The General Rule of Equal Authority......Page 618 3. Different Agreement of the Parties......Page 620 III. Presumption of Identical Meaning (para3)......Page 622 IV. Reconciling Different Meanings (para4)......Page 624 Selected Bibliography......Page 626 Section 4 Treaties and Third States......Page 627 A. Purpose and Function......Page 628 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 629 II. Third State......Page 632 III. Obligations......Page 635 3. Indirect Obligations......Page 636 IV. Rights......Page 643 D. Legal Consequences of Violations......Page 644 E. Third States and Objective Regimes......Page 645 I. Negotiating History......Page 647 II. Treaties Giving Rise to erga omnes Obligations......Page 651 III. Dispositive or `Real´ Treaties......Page 653 IV. Constitutive or Semi-legislative and Status Treaties......Page 658 V. Conclusion......Page 665 Selected Bibliography......Page 666 A. Purpose and Function......Page 667 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 668 V. Intention to Establish an Obligation......Page 669 VI. Consent......Page 670 VII. In Writing......Page 673 D. Legal Consequences......Page 675 Selected Bibliography......Page 676 A. Purpose and Function......Page 677 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 678 I. Right......Page 682 V. Intention to Accord a Right......Page 683 VI. Assent......Page 685 I. Time of Emergence of the Right......Page 690 III. Compliance with the Conditions for the Exercise of the Right (para2)......Page 691 Selected Bibliography......Page 693 A. Purpose and Function......Page 694 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 695 C. Scope of the Provision......Page 698 IV. Revocation or Modification (para 1)......Page 700 V. Consent (para1)......Page 701 VI. Unless It Is Established That They Had Otherwise Agreed (para1)......Page 702 X. By the Parties (para2)......Page 703 XII. Intended Not to Be Revocable or Subject to Modification (para2)......Page 704 Selected Bibliography......Page 705 A. Purpose and Function......Page 706 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 708 II. A Rule Set Forth in a Treaty......Page 709 III. Becoming Binding upon a Third State......Page 711 IV. Customary Rule of International Law......Page 712 V. Recognized as Such......Page 715 Selected Bibliography......Page 717 Part IV: Amendment and Modification of Treaties......Page 718 A. Purpose and Function......Page 719 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 720 II. Agreement......Page 722 V. Except Insofar as the Treaty May Otherwise Provide......Page 726 Selected Bibliography......Page 727 A. Purpose and Function......Page 728 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 730 I. Unless the Treaty Otherwise Provides (para 1)......Page 731 II. Proposal and Rights of Other Contracting States (para 2)......Page 732 IV. States Parties Not Becoming a Party to the Amending Agreement (para 4)......Page 734 V. State Becoming a Party to the Treaty After the Entry into Force of the Amending Agreement (para 5)......Page 735 Selected Bibliography......Page 736 A. Purpose and Function......Page 737 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 739 I. Modification Provided for by the Treaty (para 1 lit a)......Page 741 II. Modification Not Prohibited by the Treaty (para 1 lit b)......Page 742 III. Notification (para 2)......Page 744 SelectedBibliography......Page 745 Part V: Invalidity, Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties......Page 746 Section 1 General Provisions......Page 747 A. Purpose and Function......Page 748 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 751 I. Validity of a Treaty or of the Consent of a State to Be Bound by a Treaty (para 1)......Page 752 II. Application of the Present Convention (para 1)......Page 753 III. Termination, Denunciation or Withdrawal (para 2)......Page 754 IV. Application of the Provisions of the Treaty (para 2)......Page 755 V. Application of the Present Convention (para 2)......Page 756 VI. Suspension of the Operation of a Treaty (para 2)......Page 758 Selected Bibliography......Page 759 A. Purpose and Function......Page 760 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 761 II. Shall Not in Any Way Impair the Duty of Any State to Fulfil Any Obligation Embodied in the Treaty......Page 763 IV. Independently of the Treaty......Page 764 Selected Bibliography......Page 766 Article 44 Separability of treaty provisions......Page 767 A. Purpose and Function......Page 768 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 769 II. Principle of Integrity in the Case of Invalidity, Termination or Suspension According to the VCLT (para 2)......Page 771 III. Compulsory Separability in the Case of Invalidity, Termination or Suspension According to the VCLT (para 3)......Page 772 IV. Facultative Separability in the Case of Invalidity Due to Fraud or Corruption (para 4)......Page 775 V. Compulsory Integrity in the Case of Invalidity Due to Coercion or Conflict with ius cogens (para 5)......Page 776 Selected Bibliography......Page 777 A. Purpose and Function......Page 778 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 780 I. Loss of a Right Under Articles 46-50, 60 and 62......Page 781 II. After Becoming Aware of the Facts......Page 782 IV. Implied Acquiescence (lit b)......Page 783 Section 2 Invalidity of Treaties......Page 786 A. Purpose and Function......Page 787 I. Historical Background......Page 788 II. Negotiating History......Page 792 I. Violations of Internal Law May Not Be Invoked......Page 795 II. Exception: Manifest Violation of Internal Law of Fundamental Importance Regarding Competence to Conclude Treaties......Page 796 1. Internal Law......Page 797 2. Regarding Competence to Conclude Treaties......Page 798 3. Fundamental Importance......Page 800 4. Manifest Violation......Page 803 III. Invocation as a Ground for Invalidating Consent......Page 807 I. Extension of Art46 to Treaties Concluded by International Organizations......Page 808 1. Rules of the Organization......Page 809 3. Fundamental Importance......Page 810 4. Manifest Violation......Page 811 E. Customary International Law Status......Page 815 Selected Bibliography......Page 816 A. Purpose and Function......Page 817 I. Historical Background......Page 818 II. Negotiating History......Page 820 1. Specific Restriction Relating to a Particular Treaty......Page 821 2. Restriction on Authority to Express Consent of a State to Be Bound by a Treaty......Page 822 3. Omission to Observe Restriction May Not Be Invoked......Page 823 II. Exception: Notification of the Restriction to the Other Negotiating States Prior to the Representative Expressing Consent......Page 824 D. 1986 Convention......Page 825 Selected Bibliography......Page 826 A. Purpose and Function......Page 827 I. Historical Background......Page 829 II. Negotiating History......Page 830 2. Error in a Treaty......Page 831 3. Error Relating to a Fact or Situation......Page 834 a) Fact or Situation Assumed to Exist at the Time the Treaty Was Concluded......Page 837 b) Fact or Situation Forming an Essential Basis of Its Consent......Page 838 II. Exception: Inexcusable Error......Page 840 1. Contribution to the Error......Page 841 2. Error Despite Being Put on Notice......Page 842 D. 1986 Convention......Page 844 Selected Bibliography......Page 845 A. Purpose and Function......Page 846 I. Historical Background......Page 848 II. Negotiating History......Page 849 I. Fraud......Page 850 a) Misrepresentation......Page 851 b) Intention to Deceive......Page 854 2. Conduct of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties......Page 3 Preface......Page 5 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 15 Arbitral Tribunals......Page 17 Committee of Jurists, League of Nations......Page 19 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)......Page 20 1. Court of Justice (CJ)......Page 21 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)......Page 23 International Court of Justice (ICJ)......Page 24 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)......Page 29 2. Australia......Page 30 8. France......Page 31 13. India......Page 32 18. Peru......Page 33 23. United States......Page 34 Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)......Page 36 Special Tribunal for Lebanon......Page 37 2. Panel......Page 38 Abbreviations......Page 41 General Works......Page 51 Reports of ILC Special Rapporteurs......Page 52 Conference Documents......Page 53 Introduction: On the Role of Treaties in the Development of International Law......Page 55 Preamble......Page 61 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Done at Vienna on 23 May 1969......Page 62 B. Negotiating History......Page 63 II. 2nd Recital: Treaties as a Source of International Law and a Means of Peaceful Cooperation......Page 64 IV. 4th Recital: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes......Page 65 V. 5th Recital: Condition under Which the Respect for Obligations Arising from Treaties Can Be Maintained......Page 67 VIII. 8th Recital: Role of Customary International Law......Page 68 SelectedBibliography......Page 69 Part I: Introduction......Page 70 A. Purpose and Function......Page 71 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 72 II. States......Page 74 Selected Bibliography......Page 77 Article 2 Use of terms......Page 78 1. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 79 2. Designation in International Practice......Page 80 4. Classification of Treaties......Page 81 5. Number of Parties......Page 84 6. Form......Page 85 7. Governing Law......Page 86 8. Intention to Establish a Legal Relationship......Page 90 9. Non-legally Binding Agreements......Page 92 III. Full Powers (para 1 lit c)......Page 94 VI. Third State (para 1 lit h)......Page 95 VII. International Organizations (para 1 lit i)......Page 96 VIII. Use of Terms in Internal Law......Page 97 Selected Bibliography......Page 98 Article 3 International agreements not within the scope of the present Convention ......Page 100 I. International Agreements......Page 101 II. Oral Agreements......Page 102 1. Original Agreement-Making Capacity......Page 103 b) Allocation Through Unilateral Act......Page 104 II. Application of Identical Rules of a Different Source (litb)......Page 105 I. Statehood of Component Units......Page 106 II. Negotiating History......Page 107 III. Agreement-Making Capacity......Page 109 IV. Legal Consequences of ultra vires Acts......Page 111 VI. Agreements Between Component Units of Two Federal States......Page 112 G. Agreements with Dependent Territories......Page 113 I. Agreements with the International Committee of the Red Cross......Page 116 K. Agreements with Non-recognized States......Page 117 L. Agreements with Liberation Movements......Page 119 M. Agreements with Opposition Movements (Civil War Factions)......Page 120 N. Agreements with Indigenous Peoples......Page 122 O. Agreements with Non-governmental Organizations......Page 125 P. Agreements with Individuals or Corporations (State Contracts)......Page 126 SelectedBibliography......Page 129 A. Purpose and Function......Page 131 I. Rules of the Convention Reflecting Customary Law......Page 132 II. Rules Not Reflecting Customary Law......Page 135 III. Non-retroactivity of the Convention......Page 136 IV. Timeline: `Conclusion ́ and `Entry into Force ́......Page 137 SelectedBibliography......Page 138 A. Purpose and Function......Page 139 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 140 I. Constituent Instruments of International Organizations......Page 141 II. Constituent Instruments of the European Union......Page 142 III. Treaties Adopted Within an International Organization......Page 143 2. Limits of Primacy......Page 146 II. Treaties Adopted Within International Organizations......Page 147 III. Inter se Agreements Between Member States......Page 148 SelectedBibliography......Page 149 Part II: Conclusion and Entry into Force of Treaties......Page 150 Section 1 Conclusion of Treaties ......Page 151 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 152 III. Legal Capacity to Conclude Treaties......Page 154 1. Limitations Under the VCLT......Page 155 3. Limitations under Customary Law......Page 156 4. Limitations of the Power to Conclude Treaties......Page 157 I. Historical Background......Page 158 II. Negotiating History of the 1986 Convention......Page 159 III. Capacity of International Organizations to Conclude Treaties......Page 160 IV. Competence of International Organizations to Conclude Treaties (Treaty-Making Power)......Page 163 Selected Bibliography......Page 164 A. Purpose and Function......Page 165 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 166 I. Full Powers......Page 169 II. Dispense......Page 171 1. Heads of State, Heads of Government and Foreign Ministers......Page 172 3. Representatives Accredited to an International Conference, Organization or Organ......Page 174 Selected Bibliography......Page 176 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 177 I. Lack of Authority of the Acting Person......Page 178 II. The Act Relating to the Conclusion of the Treaty......Page 179 IV. Subsequent Confirmation......Page 180 Selected Bibliography......Page 181 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 182 I. Adoption by the Consent of All Participating States (para1)......Page 184 II. Adoption at International Conferences (para2)......Page 186 III. Legal Effects of Adoption......Page 190 Selected Bibliography......Page 191 A. Purpose and Function......Page 192 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 193 II. Authentication by Act (litb)......Page 194 Selected Bibliography......Page 196 A. Purpose and Function......Page 197 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 198 I. Signature, Exchange of Instruments Constituting a Treaty, Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession......Page 200 1. Bilateral Practice......Page 201 2. Multilateral Practice......Page 202 Selected Bibliography......Page 205 A. Purpose and Function......Page 207 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 208 I. Acts Constituting Signature......Page 210 1. Treaty Clauses......Page 211 2. Intention Otherwise Established by the Negotiating States......Page 212 4. No Discernable Intention......Page 214 III. Unsigning......Page 215 Selected Bibliography......Page 217 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 218 I. Exchange of Instruments......Page 220 II. Legal Effect......Page 221 Selected Bibliography......Page 222 A. Purpose and Function......Page 223 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 224 1. Ratification......Page 227 2. Acceptance......Page 229 3. Approval......Page 230 II. Legal Effect......Page 231 2. Ratification Requirement `Otherwise Established ́......Page 232 4. Restricted Full Powers......Page 233 IV. Delays and Deadlines......Page 234 V. Lack of Ratification, Acceptance or Approval......Page 236 Selected Bibliography......Page 237 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 238 I. Accession......Page 240 1. Treaty Clauses......Page 241 a) States......Page 242 b) Non-state Entities......Page 244 c) International Organizations......Page 245 3. Subsequent Allowance......Page 246 III. Accession to International Organizations......Page 247 Selected Bibliography......Page 249 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 250 I. Exchange of Instruments......Page 252 II. Deposit......Page 253 III. Notification......Page 254 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 255 Selected Bibliography......Page 257 A. Purpose and Function......Page 258 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 261 C. Elements of Article 18......Page 264 2. Signature or Exchange of Instruments......Page 265 3. Making the Intention Clear Not to Become a Party......Page 266 II. Interim Obligation Triggered by Consent to Be Bound (litb)......Page 267 2. Entry into Force Not Unduly Delayed......Page 268 3. Withdrawal of Consent to Be Bound?......Page 269 III. Contours of the Interim Obligation......Page 270 1. Object and Purpose of the Treaty......Page 271 2. Defeating Object and Purpose......Page 272 3. Obligation to Refrain......Page 273 SelectedBibliography......Page 274 Section 2 Reservations ......Page 275 Article 19 Formulation of reservations......Page 276 A. Definition, Purpose, and Function of Reservations......Page 277 II. The Inter-war Period......Page 279 III. UN-Practice Before the 1951 Advisory Opinion of the ICJ......Page 281 IV. The ICJ ́s Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Genocide Convention......Page 282 C. Negotiating History......Page 284 II. Special Rapporteur Waldock and the Discussion in the ILC......Page 285 III. Amendments to the Final Draft During the Vienna Conference......Page 288 IV. The Current Deliberations in the ILC......Page 289 D. Different Types of Reservations......Page 290 I. The ``Formulation ́ ́ of Reservations......Page 292 III. Explicitly Prohibited Reservations (lit a)......Page 294 1. General Considerations......Page 297 2. The Notion of ``Specified ́ ́ Reservations......Page 298 1. General Considerations and Scope of Application......Page 299 2. The Notion of ``Object and Purpose ́ ́......Page 301 a) Reservations to Clauses Concerning Dispute Settlement and the Monitoring of the Implementation of the Treaty......Page 302 b) Reservations to General Human Rights Treaties......Page 304 c) Reservations Relating to the Application of Domestic Law......Page 306 d) Vague and General Reservations......Page 307 e) Reservations Relating to Provisions Embodying Customary Norms......Page 309 f) Reservations to Provisions Embodying Rules of Ius Cogens......Page 310 g) Reservations to Provisions Setting Forth Non-derogable Rules......Page 311 a) The General Principle......Page 312 b) The Role of the Other Parties to the Treaty......Page 314 c) Questions of State Responsibility......Page 315 2. Severability of Reservation and Ratification of the Treaty......Page 316 II. Procedural Issues......Page 318 1. Role of the Depositaries......Page 319 2. Role of Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies......Page 320 3. The Other Parties to the Treaty in Question......Page 321 Selected Bibliography......Page 322 Article 20 Acceptance of and objection to reservations......Page 324 A. Function and Structure......Page 325 B. Negotiating History......Page 326 C. The Principle of Consent......Page 327 I. Acceptance......Page 328 1. General Considerations......Page 330 2. Authors of Objections......Page 331 3. Conditional Objections......Page 332 II. `Plurilateral Treaties ́ (para2)......Page 333 III. `Constituent Treaties ́ (para3)......Page 336 1. Legal Effects of Acceptance (lita and litc)......Page 339 2. Legal Effects of Objection (para4 litb)......Page 340 V. Acceptance Through Non-objection (para5)......Page 342 SelectedBibliography......Page 343 A. Function and Structure......Page 344 B. Negotiating History......Page 345 2. Formal Validity (Art23)......Page 347 1. General Effects......Page 348 2. Relations of the Reserving State Towards the Accepting State (para1 lita)......Page 349 a) Nature of the Reservation......Page 350 III. Relations Between All Other States (para2)......Page 351 1. General Remarks......Page 352 2. Inapplicability of the Provisions Concerned......Page 353 3. Extensive Effects......Page 354 Selected Bibliography......Page 356 A. Function and Structure......Page 357 B. Negotiating History......Page 358 2. Partial Withdrawal......Page 359 3. Form of Withdrawal......Page 360 a) Competent Authority......Page 362 b) Violation of Internal Rules Regarding the Withdrawal of Reservations......Page 363 II. Withdrawal of Objections (para2)......Page 364 aa) The General Principle Underlying para3......Page 365 bb) Exceptions to the Principle......Page 366 cc) Model Clauses......Page 367 b) Substantive Effect......Page 368 c) Effect of Partial Withdrawal of a Reservation......Page 369 a) Substantive Effect......Page 370 bb) Autonomous Determination by the Withdrawing State......Page 371 Selected Bibliography......Page 372 A. Function and Structure......Page 373 B. Negotiating History......Page 374 a) Addressees......Page 375 b) Reservations to Constituent Instruments of an International Organization......Page 376 d) Statement of Reasons......Page 377 e) Procedure of Communication......Page 378 f) Manifestly Impermissible Reservations......Page 379 3. Competence to Formulate Reservations......Page 380 II. Confirmation (paras2 and 3)......Page 381 Selected Bibliography......Page 383 1.1.1 Object of Reservations......Page 384 1.1.8 Reservations Made Under Exclusionary Clauses......Page 385 1.3.1 Method of Implementation of the Distinction Between Reservations and Interpretative Declarations......Page 386 1.4.3 Statements of Non-recognition......Page 387 1.5.1 ``Reservations ́ ́ to Bilateral Treaties......Page 388 1.7.2 Alternatives to Interpretative Declarations......Page 389 2.1.4 Absence of Consequences at the International Level of the Violation of Internal Rules Regarding the Formulation of Reservations......Page 390 2.1.7 Functions of Depositaries......Page 391 2.2.3 Reservations Formulated upon Signature When a Treaty Expressly So Provides......Page 392 2.4.1 Form of Interpretative Declarations......Page 393 2.4.7 Late Formulation of an Interpretative Declaration......Page 394 2.5.4 Formulation of the Withdrawal of a Reservation at the International Level......Page 395 A. Deferment of the Effective Date of the Withdrawal of a Reservation......Page 396 2.5.12 Withdrawal of an Interpretative Declaration......Page 397 2.6.6 Joint Formulation......Page 398 2.6.13 Time Period for Formulating an Objection......Page 399 2.7.5 Effective Date of Withdrawal of an Objection......Page 400 2.8.1 Tacit Acceptance of Reservations......Page 401 2.8.8 Organ Competent to Accept a Reservation to a Constituent Instrument......Page 402 2.9.1 Approval of an Interpretative Declaration......Page 403 2.9.7 Formulation and Communication of Approval, Opposition or Recharacterization......Page 404 3.1.1 Reservations Expressly Prohibited by the Treaty......Page 405 3.1.8 Reservations to a Provision Reflecting a Customary Norm......Page 406 3.1.13 Reservations to Treaty Provisions Concerning Dispute Settlement or the Monitoring of the Implementation of the Treaty......Page 407 3.2.3 Cooperation of States and International Organizations with Treaty Monitoring Bodies......Page 408 3.3.3 Effect of Collective Acceptance of an Impermissible Reservation......Page 409 3.6.1 Permissibility of Approvals of Interpretative Declarations......Page 410 4.1.3 Establishment of a Reservation to a Constituent Instrument of an International Organization......Page 411 4.2.4 Effect of an Established Reservation on Treaty Relations......Page 412 4.3.3 Non-entry into Force of the Treaty for the Author of a Reservation When Unanimous Acceptance Is Required......Page 413 4.3.6 Effect of an Objection on Provisions Other than Those to Which the Reservation Relates......Page 414 4.5.1 Nullity of an Invalid Reservation......Page 415 4.7.1 Clarification of the Terms of the Treaty by an Interpretative Declaration......Page 416 5.1.1 Newly Independent States......Page 417 5.1.4 Establishment of New Reservations Formulated by a Successor State......Page 418 5.1.6 Territorial Scope of Reservations in Cases Involving a Uniting of States......Page 419 5.2.1 Maintenance by the Successor State of Objections Formulated by the Predecessor State......Page 420 5.2.4 Reservations of the Predecessor State to Which No Objections Have Been Made......Page 421 5.3.2 Maintenance by a Successor State Other than a Newly Independent State of Express Acceptances Formulated by the Predecessor State......Page 422 5.4.1 Interpretative Declarations Formulated by the Predecessor State......Page 423 Section 3 Entry into Force and Provisional Application of Treaties......Page 424 A. Purpose and Function......Page 425 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 426 III. Agreement on the Entry into Force (para 1)......Page 428 IV. Lack of Agreement: Consent to Be Bound by the Treaty......Page 434 V. Ratification After Entry into Force (para 3)......Page 435 VI. Matters Arising Before Entry into Force (para 4)......Page 436 D. The Role of the Depositary in the Determination of the Exact Date of Entry into Force......Page 438 Selected Bibliography......Page 439 A. Purpose and Function......Page 441 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 445 I. Treaty......Page 447 II. Some Other Manner (para 1 litb)......Page 448 III. Negotiating States......Page 449 V. Unilateral Termination of the Provisional Application (para2)......Page 450 VI. Provisional Application and National Law......Page 451 Selected Bibliography......Page 454 Part III: Observance, Application and Interpretation of Treaties......Page 456 Section 1 Observance of Treaties......Page 457 A. Purpose and Function......Page 458 I. Historical Background......Page 459 II. Negotiating History......Page 461 C. Will, Consent and Obligation......Page 463 D. Foundation......Page 464 II. Good Faith......Page 465 III. Basic Norm, Rule of Recognition......Page 466 IV. International Customary Law......Page 467 V. General Principle of Law......Page 468 3. Internationalized Contracts......Page 469 II. In Force......Page 470 III. Legally Binding Force (Obligations)......Page 471 1. Reciprocal Obligations......Page 472 2. Non-reciprocal Obligations......Page 473 3. Obligations erga omnes partes......Page 475 1. Good Faith Performance of the Treaty......Page 476 2. Duty Not to Defeat Object and Purpose of the Treaty......Page 477 V. Compliance (International Relations Theories)......Page 478 F. The Rule pacta sunt servanda Within Domestic Law......Page 479 G. Member States and Treaty Obligations of International Organizations......Page 480 Selected Bibliography......Page 482 A. Purpose and Function......Page 483 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 484 I. Treaties in Force......Page 485 II. Provisions of Internal Law......Page 486 2. Reservations Safeguarding Internal Law......Page 487 3. 1986 Convention: Conflicting Rules of International Organizations......Page 488 I. No Recognized Ground of Justification......Page 490 E. International Treaties Within the National Legal Order......Page 492 I. Doctrinal Foundations: Monism and Dualism......Page 493 II. Domesticated Treaties: Dualistic Approach......Page 495 III. Direct Application of Treaties: Monistic Approach......Page 497 IV. Mixed Approach: Transformation à la carte......Page 498 V. Placement Within the National Legal Order......Page 499 VI. Pro-treaty Interpretation: Avoiding Conflicts......Page 501 II. Placement Within the Hierarchy of International Organization Rules......Page 502 Selected Bibliography......Page 503 Section 2 Application of Treaties......Page 504 A. Purpose and Function......Page 505 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 506 I. Unless a Different Intention Appears from the Treaty or Is Otherwise Established......Page 508 III. Act/Fact......Page 510 V. Took Place/Ceased to Exist......Page 511 Selected Bibliography......Page 515 A. Purpose and Function......Page 516 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 517 I. Unless a Different Intention Appears from the Treaty or Is Otherwise Established......Page 518 II. Treaty......Page 521 III. Bind......Page 522 IV. Entire Territory of Each State Party......Page 523 V. `Moving Treaty Frontiers ́ Rule......Page 525 VI. Extra-Territorial Application of Treaties......Page 529 Selected Bibliography......Page 530 Article 30 Application of successive treaties relating to the same subject matter......Page 531 A. Purpose and Function......Page 532 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 533 I. Successive Treaties......Page 535 II. Relating to the Same Subject Matter......Page 536 III. Primacy of the UN Charter (para1)......Page 537 IV. Conflict Clauses (para2)......Page 538 V. Treaties Lacking a Conflict Clause (paras3 and 4)......Page 540 VI. State Responsibility (para5)......Page 542 VII. Unresolved Treaty Conflicts......Page 543 Selected Bibliography......Page 544 Section 3 Interpretation of Treaties ......Page 545 Article 31 General rule of interpretation......Page 546 A. Purpose and Function......Page 547 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 551 I. Interpretation Is Always Required......Page 554 III. Who Is Competent to Interpret a Treaty?......Page 555 IV. The Temporal Element of Interpretation......Page 558 V. Does One Size Fit All?......Page 561 VI. Rules of Interpretation Outside the VCLT?......Page 563 1. Ordinary Meaning of the Terms......Page 566 2. Context......Page 568 3. Object and Purpose......Page 570 4. In Good Faith......Page 573 II. Certain Elements of `Context ́ (para2)......Page 574 III. Interpretative Means Additional to the Context (para3)......Page 577 1. Subsequent Agreements (lit a)......Page 578 2. Subsequent Practice (litb)......Page 579 3. Relevant Rules of International Law: The Systemic Approach (litc)......Page 585 IV. Special Instead of Ordinary Meaning (para4)......Page 593 Selected Bibliography......Page 595 A. Purpose and Function......Page 596 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 597 1. Preparatory Work of the Treaty......Page 599 2. Circumstances of Conclusion......Page 603 3. Other Supplementary Means......Page 605 II. Admissible Use of the Supplementary Means......Page 606 1. Confirm the Meaning......Page 607 2. Determine the Meaning......Page 608 3. Recourse......Page 610 Selected Bibliography......Page 611 A. Purpose and Function......Page 612 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 614 1. Authentic Languages......Page 616 2. The General Rule of Equal Authority......Page 618 3. Different Agreement of the Parties......Page 620 III. Presumption of Identical Meaning (para3)......Page 622 IV. Reconciling Different Meanings (para4)......Page 624 Selected Bibliography......Page 626 Section 4 Treaties and Third States......Page 627 A. Purpose and Function......Page 628 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 629 II. Third State......Page 632 III. Obligations......Page 635 3. Indirect Obligations......Page 636 IV. Rights......Page 643 D. Legal Consequences of Violations......Page 644 E. Third States and Objective Regimes......Page 645 I. Negotiating History......Page 647 II. Treaties Giving Rise to erga omnes Obligations......Page 651 III. Dispositive or `Real ́ Treaties......Page 653 IV. Constitutive or Semi-legislative and Status Treaties......Page 658 V. Conclusion......Page 665 Selected Bibliography......Page 666 A. Purpose and Function......Page 667 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 668 V. Intention to Establish an Obligation......Page 669 VI. Consent......Page 670 VII. In Writing......Page 673 D. Legal Consequences......Page 675 Selected Bibliography......Page 676 A. Purpose and Function......Page 677 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 678 I. Right......Page 682 V. Intention to Accord a Right......Page 683 VI. Assent......Page 685 I. Time of Emergence of the Right......Page 690 III. Compliance with the Conditions for the Exercise of the Right (para2)......Page 691 Selected Bibliography......Page 693 A. Purpose and Function......Page 694 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 695 C. Scope of the Provision......Page 698 IV. Revocation or Modification (para 1)......Page 700 V. Consent (para1)......Page 701 VI. Unless It Is Established That They Had Otherwise Agreed (para1)......Page 702 X. By the Parties (para2)......Page 703 XII. Intended Not to Be Revocable or Subject to Modification (para2)......Page 704 Selected Bibliography......Page 705 A. Purpose and Function......Page 706 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 708 II. A Rule Set Forth in a Treaty......Page 709 III. Becoming Binding upon a Third State......Page 711 IV. Customary Rule of International Law......Page 712 V. Recognized as Such......Page 715 Selected Bibliography......Page 717 Part IV: Amendment and Modification of Treaties......Page 718 A. Purpose and Function......Page 719 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 720 II. Agreement......Page 722 V. Except Insofar as the Treaty May Otherwise Provide......Page 726 Selected Bibliography......Page 727 A. Purpose and Function......Page 728 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 730 I. Unless the Treaty Otherwise Provides (para 1)......Page 731 II. Proposal and Rights of Other Contracting States (para 2)......Page 732 IV. States Parties Not Becoming a Party to the Amending Agreement (para 4)......Page 734 V. State Becoming a Party to the Treaty After the Entry into Force of the Amending Agreement (para 5)......Page 735 Selected Bibliography......Page 736 A. Purpose and Function......Page 737 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 739 I. Modification Provided for by the Treaty (para 1 lit a)......Page 741 II. Modification Not Prohibited by the Treaty (para 1 lit b)......Page 742 III. Notification (para 2)......Page 744 SelectedBibliography......Page 745 Part V: Invalidity, Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties......Page 746 Section 1 General Provisions......Page 747 A. Purpose and Function......Page 748 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 751 I. Validity of a Treaty or of the Consent of a State to Be Bound by a Treaty (para 1)......Page 752 II. Application of the Present Convention (para 1)......Page 753 III. Termination, Denunciation or Withdrawal (para 2)......Page 754 IV. Application of the Provisions of the Treaty (para 2)......Page 755 V. Application of the Present Convention (para 2)......Page 756 VI. Suspension of the Operation of a Treaty (para 2)......Page 758 Selected Bibliography......Page 759 A. Purpose and Function......Page 760 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 761 II. Shall Not in Any Way Impair the Duty of Any State to Fulfil Any Obligation Embodied in the Treaty......Page 763 IV. Independently of the Treaty......Page 764 Selected Bibliography......Page 766 Article 44 Separability of treaty provisions......Page 767 A. Purpose and Function......Page 768 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 769 II. Principle of Integrity in the Case of Invalidity, Termination or Suspension According to the VCLT (para 2)......Page 771 III. Compulsory Separability in the Case of Invalidity, Termination or Suspension According to the VCLT (para 3)......Page 772 IV. Facultative Separability in the Case of Invalidity Due to Fraud or Corruption (para 4)......Page 775 V. Compulsory Integrity in the Case of Invalidity Due to Coercion or Conflict with ius cogens (para 5)......Page 776 Selected Bibliography......Page 777 A. Purpose and Function......Page 778 B. Historical Background and Negotiating History......Page 780 I. Loss of a Right Under Articles 46-50, 60 and 62......Page 781 II. After Becoming Aware of the Facts......Page 782 IV. Implied Acquiescence (lit b)......Page 783 Section 2 Invalidity of Treaties......Page 786 A. Purpose and Function......Page 787 I. Historical Background......Page 788 II. Negotiating History......Page 792 I. Violations of Internal Law May Not Be Invoked......Page 795 II. Exception: Manifest Violation of Internal Law of Fundamental Importance Regarding Competence to Conclude Treaties......Page 796 1. Internal Law......Page 797 2. Regarding Competence to Conclude Treaties......Page 798 3. Fundamental Importance......Page 800 4. Manifest Violation......Page 803 III. Invocation as a Ground for Invalidating Consent......Page 807 I. Extension of Art46 to Treaties Concluded by International Organizations......Page 808 1. Rules of the Organization......Page 809 3. Fundamental Importance......Page 810 4. Manifest Violation......Page 811 E. Customary International Law Status......Page 815 Selected Bibliography......Page 816 A. Purpose and Function......Page 817 I. Historical Background......Page 818 II. Negotiating History......Page 820 1. Specific Restriction Relating to a Particular Treaty......Page 821 2. Restriction on Authority to Express Consent of a State to Be Bound by a Treaty......Page 822 3. Omission to Observe Restriction May Not Be Invoked......Page 823 II. Exception: Notification of the Restriction to the Other Negotiating States Prior to the Representative Expressing Consent......Page 824 D. 1986 Convention......Page 825 Selected Bibliography......Page 826 A. Purpose and Function......Page 827 I. Historical Background......Page 829 II. Negotiating History......Page 830 2. Error in a Treaty......Page 831 3. Error Relating to a Fact or Situation......Page 834 a) Fact or Situation Assumed to Exist at the Time the Treaty Was Concluded......Page 837 b) Fact or Situation Forming an Essential Basis of Its Consent......Page 838 II. Exception: Inexcusable Error......Page 840 1. Contribution to the Error......Page 841 2. Error Despite Being Put on Notice......Page 842 D. 1986 Convention......Page 844 Selected Bibliography......Page 845 A. Purpose and Function......Page 846 I. Historical Background......Page 848 II. Negotiating History......Page 849 I. Fraud......Page 850 a) Misrepresentation......Page 851 b) Intention to Deceive......Page