Vetiveria: The Genus Vetiveria (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles, 20)

Vetiveria is one of the most versatile genera in plant kingdom. For example, the species Vetiveria zizanoides produces oderous roots from which a precious essential oil is distilled and used in a variety of applications from perfumery to ethnopharmacology. The same roots give the plant particular characteristics that make it a valuable natural barrier against erosion. Vetiveria: The Genus Vetiveria describes the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, essential oil biogenesis and chemical composition, ethnopharmacology and distillation. The book covers the production of plants for oil exploration, the use of Vetiver as an ecological tool against erosion, flood, soil pollution, and many other applications. Booknews The genus Vetivera is economically and ecologically important in plant sciences. This work describes the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of Vetivera , examines its essential oil biogenesis and chemical composition, looks at uses of the essential oil in ethnopharmacology and perfumery, and describes the production of plants for essential oil exploitation and the use of vetiver as an ecological tool against erosion, floods, and soil pollution. B&w photos are included. Maffei is professor of plant physiology at the University of Turin, Italy. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR CRC Vetiveria: The Genus Vetiveria 2 List of Contributing Authors 5 Introduction 6 Contents 4 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Genus Vetiveria 8 Historical Background 8 Description, Taxonomy, Distribution and Cultivation 9 Vetiveria zizanioides technical specification 10 Common names 10 Synonymy 11 Habit, Soil and Climate 11 Distribution 12 Selection and cultivation 12 Pests and Diseases 13 Feed Value 15 Essential Oil Production 15 Other Uses of Vetiveria 18 Vetiver against soil erosion 18 Vetiver and soil conservation 19 Vetiver and soil restoration 20 The Vetiver Network 22 DNA Studies on Vetiver 23 Acknowledgements 24 References 24 Chapter 2: Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology 26 Introduction 26 Anatomy 27 General considerations 27 Leaf anatomy 28 Cross section of the blade 28 Leaf ultrastructure 30 Rubisco immunolocalization 31 Root anatomy 31 Biochemistry and Physiology 35 General consideration 35 Photosynthetic mechanism: biochemical determination 36 Characterization of the photosynthetic variant 38 NADP + inhibition of NADP-MDH 40 pH and temperature dependence of NADPH-MDH and NADP-ME 41 CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance measurements 43 Concluding Remarks 47 Acknowledgements 47 References 47 Chatper 3: Collection, Harvesting, Processing, Alternative Uses and Production of Essential Oil 51 Introduction 51 Uses and Economic Importance of Vetiver 51 Erosion control 51 Production of essential oil 52 Other uses 53 The use of vetiver in the prevention of toxic contamination of water sources 53 Animal feed 53 Compost 55 Biomass 55 Handicraft 55 Different uses of vetiver in the Mediterranean area 55 Planting Techniques 60 Planting for soil conservation 60 Localized 60 Linear 60 Extensive 61 Plantation density 61 Preparation of the soil 62 Planting and management 63 Planting for oil extraction 64 Preparing the soil 64 Planting density 64 Planting 64 Cultivation 64 Root harvesting 65 Reproduction Technique 66 Reproduction of vetiver by separating the clumps 66 Rooting in a pot 66 Storing 67 Oil Extraction 67 General comments 67 Extraction technique 68 Trituration of the roots 68 Distillation of the oil 69 Distillation process 73 Decantation and dehydration 73 Testing 74 Storage 76 Uses of vetiver oil 76 Vetiver in perfumery 77 Conclusions 77 Indirect advantages 78 Direct advantages 78 Chapter 4: Chemical Constituents and Essential Oil Biogenesis in Vetiveria Zizanioides 80 Introduction 80 Chemical Composition 80 A. Monocyclic sesquiterpenes 81 (i) Bisabolane group 81 (ii) Elemol group 81 B. Bicyclic sesquiterpenes 84 (i) Eudesmane group 84 (ii) Nootkatane group 85 (iii) Spirane group 91 (iv) Cadinane group 91 (v) Cadinane norsesquiterpene group 99 C. Tricyclic sesquiterpenes 100 (i) Cedrane group 100 (ii) Zizaane and prezizaane group 100 D. Tetracyclic sesquiterpenes 109 (i) Cyclocopacamphene group 109 References 111 Chapter 5: Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacological Properties of Vetiveria Zizanioides Including Pharmacologic and Pharmacokinetic Properties 117 Foreword to the chapter 117 Introduction 117 Processing 118 Differential Treatments 118 Antibiotic actions 118 Antimalarial action 118 Anti-inflammatory action 119 Control of diabetes 119 Lotion 119 Side Effects 119 Shelf Life 119 Precaution and Contra-indications 119 Conclusion 120 Chapter 6: Vetiver Grass Technology 121 Introduction 121 Special Characteristics of Vetiver Grass 121 Morphological characteristics 121 Physiological characteristics 122 Ecological characteristics 122 Weed potential 122 Genetic characteristics 123 Main Applications of Vetiver Grass Technology 123 Vegetative barriers as water spreaders and sediment filter 123 Hydraulic properties of vetiver hedges 123 Soil erosion and sediment control on sloping farmlands 124 Erosion and sediment control on floodplain 125 Rehabilitation Saline and Acid Sulfate Soils 126 Infrastructure protection 126 Batter stabilisation 127 Landslide remediation 128 Floods mitigation 128 Land rehabilitation 128 Mine rehabilitation 128 Landfill and contaminated lands rehabilitation 130 Waste water treatment 130 Purification of polluted water 130 Control of algal growth in rivers and dams 130 Effluent disposal 132 Trapping agrochemicals and nutrients 132 Wetland application 133 Planting Materials and their Suitability 133 Appropriate Designs and Techniques 137 Conclusion 137 References 137 Chapter 7: Biotechnology 140 Introduction 140 Genetic Variability in Vetiver 141 In Vitro Biotechnologies 142 Tissue cultures and micropropagation 142 Explanting and micropropagation of vetiver 142 Callus culture 144 Callus induction and culture in vetiver 144 Plant regeneration through embryogenesis 147 Embryogenesis and plant regeneration in vetiver 148 Direct plant regeneration 151 Direct regeneration in vetiver 152 Embryogenic cell suspension cultures 152 Cell suspensions establishment in vetiver 153 Plant regeneration from suspension cultures of vetiver 158 Nutrient medium composition: studies on sugar uptake in liquid cultures of vetiver 159 Morphological aspects of embryogenesis and plant regeneration 162 Concluding Remarks 166 Acknowledgements 167 References 168 Chapter 8: Economic Importance, Market Trends and Industrial Needs, and Environmental Importance 171 Introduction 171 Costs 171 Benefits 173 Cash value 173 Essential oil 173 Handicrafts 174 Domestic and medicinal use 174 Pulp production for paper manufacturing 174 Crop yield enhancement 174 Fruit Tree Yield Enhancement 175 Immediate substitution value (quantifiable) 175 Livestock fodder 175 Mulch and substrate 175 Fish food 176 Fuel briquettes 176 Livestock bedding 176 Shade value for lambs 176 Thatch for roofing material 176 Mattress stuffing 176 Insect repellent 176 Biomass production 177 Immediate cost savings 177 Stabilisation of engineered structures i.e. roads, highways, culverts, bridges and dams 177 Stabilisation of dam walls 177 Unquantified long-term environmental benefits 177 Control of soil erosion 177 Control of water run-off and groundwater recharge 178 Reduction in loss of plant nutrients 178 Reduction in silting of dams and rivers 178 Control of leachate and heavy metal toxins from industrial and municipal waste dumps 178 River bank stabilisation and drainage way protection 179 Boundary demarcation 179 Stabilisation of dam spillways, surrounds and inside of walls against wind and lap erosion 179 Stabilisation of urban or industrial development lands 179 Stabilisation of dune lands and cliff tops from landward-side erosion 179 Eutrophication of polluted waters, notably from inorganic fertilisers, pesticides, animal manures and algae build-up 180 As a pioneer plant on disturbed lands bare of vegetation, encouraging ingress of indigenous species 180 Conclusions 180 References 180 Chapter 9: Beyond the Vetiver Hedge Organizing Vetiver’s Next Steps to Global Acceptance 183 Introduction 183 Initiatives 184 The Soil-Erosion Initiative 184 The everglades 184 Lake Victoria 184 The East African coast 185 The Extreme-Soil Initiative 185 The Water-Management Initiative 186 Watershed management 186 Waterway stabilization 186 Reinforcing 186 Sediment control 187 Engineering water flow 187 Wastewater treatment 187 The Pollution-Control Initiative 187 Underground flows 188 Soil 188 Industrial spills 188 Run-off 188 Natural waters 188 Industrial wastewater 189 The Farmer-Support Initiative 189 The Disaster-Prevention Initiative 190 Mudslides 190 Floods 190 Fires 190 Droughts 191 Earthen structures 191 The Basic-Science Initiative 191 Conclusions 192 9780415275866