Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats - two-volume set

Treat the diseases affecting large animals! Veterinary Medicine, 11th Edition provides up-to-date information on the diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Comprehensive coverage includes the principles of clinical examination and making a diagnosis, along with specific therapy recommendations. For easier use, this edition has been divided into two volumes and restructured into a logical, anatomically based approach to disease. From internationally known veterinary experts Peter Constable, Kenneth Hinchcliff, Stanley Done, and Walter Grünberg, this book is the definitive, one-stop reference for farm animal and equine care. Comprehensive coverage includes information essential to any large-animal veterinarian, especially those working with horses, cattle, sheep, goats, or pigs. Coverage of diseases addresses major large-animal diseases of all countries, including foreign animal and emerging diseases. User-friendly format makes it easier to quickly absorb key information. Quick review/synopsis sections make important information on complex diseases easy to find. NEW! Convenient, easy-access format is organized by organ systems, and divides the content into two compact volumes with the same authoritative coverage. Nearly 200 new color photographs and line drawings are included in this edition. NEW full-color design improves navigation, clarifies subject headings, and includes more boxes, tables, and charts for faster reference. New Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System chapter is added. Updated and expanded chapter on pharmacotherapy lists therapeutic interventions and offers treatment boxes and principles of antibiotic use. Expanded sections on herd health include biosecurity and infection control, and valuable Strength of Evidence boxes. NEW or extensively revised sections include topics such as the Schmallenberg and Bluetongue viral epidemics of ruminants in Europe, Wesselbron disease in cattle, hypokalemia in adult cattle, equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, Hendra virus infection, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, torque teno virus, and numerous recently identified congenital and inherited disorders of large animals. Additional content is provided on lameness in cattle and the diseases of cervids. Volume 1 Front Cover Veterinary Medicine Copyright Page Dr. Otto M. Radostits, August 31, 1934-December 15, 2006, Senior Author, Fifth to Seventh Editions; Lead Author, Eighth to Tenth Editions Dedictaion_Clive Gay 1920–2013 Contributors Preface to the Eleventh Edition Introduction Veterinary Medicine in the Anthropocene Contemporary Livestock Production Veterinary Clinical Epidemiology Veterinary Scientific Literature and How to Use It Quality of Evidence From Evidence to Recommendation Food- and Fiber-Producing Animals Industrialized Animal Agriculture Companion-Animal Practice Equine Practice Contrasting Objectives The Objectives of Food-Producing-Animal Practice Efficiency of Livestock Production Animal Welfare Zoonoses and Food Safety Principles of Food-Producing Animal Practice Regular Farm Visits Clinical Examination and Diagnosis Examination of the Herd Collection and Analysis of Animal Health Data Public Health and Food Safety Economics of Veterinary Practice Veterinary Education Optimal Utilization of the Food-Producing-Animal Practitioner Further Reading References Table Of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations 1 Clinical Examination and Making a Diagnosis Introduction Making a Diagnosis Diagnostic Methods Method 1: the Syndrome or Pattern Recognition Method 2: Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning Method 3: the Arborization or Algorithm Method Method 4: the Key Abnormality Method Determination of the Abnormality of Function Present Determination of the System or Body as a Whole or Organ Affected Determination of the Location of the Lesion Within the System or Organ Affected Determination of the Type of Lesion Determination of the Specific Cause of the Lesion Method 5: the Database Method Clinical Examination of the Individual Animal History Taking History-Taking Method Animal Data Disease History Present Disease Morbidity, Case Fatality, and Population Mortality Rates Prior Treatment Prophylactic and Control Measures Previous Exposure Transit Culling Rate Previous Disease Management History Nutrition Livestock at Pasture Hand-Fed/Stall-Fed Animals Reproductive Management and Performance Breeding History Reproductive History Climate General Management Examination of the Environment Outdoor Environment Topography and Soil Type Stocking Rate (Population Density) Feed and Water Supplies Pasture and Feed Water Waste Disposal Indoor Environment Hygiene Ventilation Flooring Floor Plan Lighting Examination of the Animal General Inspection (Distant Examination) Behavior and General Appearance Behavior Excitation States Voice Eating Defecation Urination Posture Gait Body Condition Body Conformation Skin Inspection of Body Regions (Particular Distant Examination) Head Neck Thorax Respiratory Rate Respiratory Rhythm Prolongation of Phases Respiratory Depth Type of Respiration Thorax Symmetry Respiratory Noises or Stridors Abdomen External Genitalia Mammary Glands Limbs Close Physical Examination Palpation Percussion Ballottement Auscultation Percussion and Simultaneous Auscultation of the Abdomen Succussion Other Techniques Sequence Used in the Close Physical Examination Vital Signs Temperature Pulse Rate Rhythm Amplitude State of Hydration Examination of Body Regions Thorax Cardiac Area Lung Area Abdomen Auscultation Auscultation of the Rumen of Cattle and Sheep Intestinal Sounds of the Horse Palpation and Percussion Through the Abdominal Wall Percussion and Simultaneous Auscultation Tactile Percussion of the Abdomen Abdominal Pain Nasogastric Intubation Head and Neck Eyes Examination of the Conjunctiva Corneal Abnormalities Size of the Eyeball Abnormal Eyeball Movements Examination of the Deep Structures Vision Tests Nostrils Mouth Teeth Tongue Pharynx Submaxillary Region Neck Rectal Examination Feces and Defecation Color of the Feces. Fecal Odor. Composition. Frequency of Defecation. Other Observations Paracentesis of the Abdomen Urinary System Reproductive Tract Mammary Gland Musculoskeletal System and Feet Nervous System Skin Including Ears, Hooves, and Horns Diagnostic Imaging Further Reading References Interpretation of Laboratory Data Why Collect Laboratory Data? Properties of Diagnostic Tests Utility Reference Range (Interval) Problems With Reference Ranges Sensitivity and Specificity Likelihood Ratio Positive and Negative Predictive Value Further Reading References Computer-Assisted Diagnosis Reference Prognosis and Therapeutic Decision Making Systematic Reviews Decision Analysis Further Reading References 2 Examination of the Population Approach to Examining the Population Examination Steps Step 1: Defining the Abnormality Step 2: Defining the Pattern of Occurrence and Risk Factors Temporal Pattern Spatial Examination Step 3: Defining the Etiologic Group Step 4: Defining the Specific Etiology Techniques in Examination of the Herd or Flock Clinical Examination Sampling and Laboratory Testing Numerical Assessment of Performance Intervention Strategies and Response Trials Role of the Integrated Animal Health and Production Management Program Further Reading References 3 Biosecurity and Infection Control Definitions and Concepts Development of a Biosecurity Plan Initial Planning Practices to Aid in Maintaining Biosecurity Testing and/or Isolation of Newly Introduced Animals Controlling Contact by Visitors to the Operation Controlling Contact by Wildlife, Neighboring Livestock, and Pets Separating Groups of Animals Based on Risk Cleaning and Disinfection Disease Monitoring and Record Keeping Communication, Training, and Assessment Further Reading References 4 General Systemic States Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, and Fever Body Temperature Heat Production Heat Loss Balance Between Heat Loss and Gain Breed Differences Hypothermia Etiology Excessive Loss of Heat Insufficient Heat Production Combination of Excessive Heat Loss and Insufficient Heat Production Epidemiology Neonatal Hypothermia Thermoregulation in Neonatal Farm Animals Response to Cold Stress Cold-Induced Thermogenesis Control of Heat Loss Tissue Insulation. External Insulation. Thermoregulating Mechanisms Heat Production Cold Thermogenesis Shivering Thermogenesis. Nonshivering Thermogenesis. Summit Metabolism. Birth Weight and Summit Metabolism. Factors Affecting Cold Thermogenesis Malnutrition of the Dam During Late Gestation. Postnatal Changes in Cold Thermogenesis Risk Factors for Neonatal Hypothermia Calves Lambs Piglets Foals Postshearing Hypothermia in Sheep Cold Environments and Animal Production Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Neonatal Hypothermia Shorn Sheep Hypothermia Hypothermia Secondary to Other Diseases Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Hypothermic Newborn Lambs Hypothermic Newborn Calves Hypothermic Newborn Foals Hypothermic Newborn Piglets Control Lambs and Calves Piglets Sick Foals Further Reading Reference Cold Injury (Frostbite and Chilblains) Etiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke or Heat Exhaustion) Etiology High Environmental Temperature Other Causes of Hyperthermia Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Fever (Pyrexia) Etiology Septic Fevers Aseptic Fevers Pathogenesis Endogenous Pyrogens Effect of Pyrogens on the Hypothalamus Febrile Response Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Antimicrobial Agents Antipyretics Further Reading Acute Phase Response Further Reading References Sepsis, Septicemia, and Viremia Etiology: All Species Neonatal Septicemias Calves Piglets Foals Lambs Cattle Sheep (Young Lambs) Pigs Horses, Donkeys, and Mules Secondary Septicemias Epidemiology Pathogenesis Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Clinical Findings Neonatal Septicemia Clinical Sepsis Score Clinical Pathology Blood Culture Hemogram Immunoglobulin Status Biomarkers Serology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Toxemia, Endotoxemia, and Septic Shock Etiology Antigenic Toxins Exotoxins Enterotoxins Endotoxins Metabolic Toxins Pathogenesis Biochemical Mediators Cardiopulmonary Function Activation of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and Dysfunction of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Leukocytes and Platelets Hemostatic System Thermoregulation Gastrointestinal Function Carbohydrate Metabolism Protein Metabolism Mineral Metabolism Reproduction and Lactogenesis Combined Effects on Body Systems Endotoxin Tolerance Hypersensitivity Other Infectious Toxins Clinical Findings Acute Toxemia Endotoxemia Chronic Toxemia Localized Infection Clinical Pathology Hematology Serum Biochemistry Endotoxin Necropsy Findings Treatment Removal of Foci of Infection Antimicrobial Agents Aggressive Fluid Therapy Hypertonic Solutions Glucose and Insulin Administration Inotropic Agents, Vasopressors, and Local Anesthetics Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Glucocorticoids Polymyxin B Hyperimmune Serum and Plasma Transfusion Pentoxifylline and Ethyl Pyruvate Anticoagulants Control of Endotoxemia Further Reading References Toxemia in the Recently Calved Cow Puerperal Metritis in Cattle Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hematology Vaginal/Uterine Fluid Other Samples and Tests Necropsy Findings Fat Cow Syndrome Acute Diffuse Peritonitis Peracute and Acute Mastitis Treatment Conservative Therapy Antimicrobial Agents Intrauterine Medication Ancillary Treatment and Control Identification of Affected Cows Further Reading References Hypovolemic, Hemorrhagic, Maldistributive, and Obstructive Shock Etiology Hypovolemic Shock Hemorrhagic Shock Cattle, Sheep, and Goats Horses Pigs Maldistributive Shock Obstructive Shock Pathogenesis Hypovolemic Shock Hemorrhagic Shock Maldistributive Shock Obstructive Shock Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Monitoring in Shock Necropsy Findings Treatment Identification of Cause Hypovolemic and Maldistributive Shock Isotonic Crystalloid Solutions Hypertonic Saline Solution Colloids Hemorrhagic Shock Obstructive Shock Ancillary Treatment Corticosteroids Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Antibiotic Therapy Vasoconstrictors and Vasodilators Immunotherapy Further Reading References Localized Infections Etiology Bacterial Causes of Localized Infection Portal of Entry Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Hemogram Sample of Lesion for Culture and Staining Necropsy Findings Treatment Drainage of Abscesses Antimicrobial Agents References Pain The Problem of Pain Advances in Attitude Toward Pain Etiology Cutaneous or Superficial Pain Visceral Pain Musculoskeletal (Somatic) Pain Pathogenesis Central Hypersensitivity and Preemptive Analgesia Clinical Findings Physiologic Responses Behavioral Responses Elicitation of Pain by the Veterinarian Periodicity and Duration of Pain Treatment Analgesia Analgesic Agents Local Anesthetic Agents Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Flunixin Meglumine Ketoprofen Phenylbutazone Meloxicam Salicylates Carprofen Diclofenac α2-Agonists Xylazine Narcotic Analgesics N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists Vanilloids γ-Aminobutyric Acid Analogs Balanced (Multimodal) Analgesia Administration Routes Supportive Therapy Further Reading References Stress Causes of Stress Pathogenesis Stress and Road Transportation Other Possible Sources of Stress Clinical Pathology Stress Syndromes Stress-Related Psychosomatic Disease Stress and Susceptibility to Infection Stress and Animal Welfare Stress and Metabolic Disease Stress and Its Effect on Economic Performance Management of Stress Further Reading References Disturbances of Appetite, Food Intake, and Nutritional Status Thirst Polyphagia Anophagia or Aphagia Further Reading Reference Pica or Allotriophagia Cannibalism Infantophagia Significance of Pica Starvation Inanition (Malnutrition) Further Reading References Weight Loss or Failure to Gain Weight (Ill-Thrift) Nutritional Causes Excessive Loss of Protein and Carbohydrates Faulty Digestion, Absorption, or Metabolism Shortfalls in Performance Further Reading References Unthriftiness in Weaner Sheep (Weaner Ill-Thrift) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical and Necropsy Findings Further Reading References Porcine Failure to Thrive Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Pathology Treatment Control References Physical Exercise and Associated Disorders Further Reading Exercise-Associated Diseases Exhaustion Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Treatment Prevention References Poor Racing Performance and Exercise Intolerance in Horses Approach to the Horse With Exercise Intolerance History Clinical Examination Laboratory Testing Exercise Stress Testing Causes of Exercise Intolerance or Poor Performance Musculoskeletal System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Upper Airways (See Obstructive Diseases of the Equine Larynx) Lower Airways Hematologic and Biochemical Abnormalities Anemia Hypoproteinemia Electrolyte Abnormalities Nervous System Disease Miscellaneous Treatment Further Reading References Sudden or Unexpected Death Sudden or Unexpected Death in Single Animals Spontaneous Internal Hemorrhage Rupture of Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm Peracute Endogenous Toxemia Transportation Stress Trauma Gastrointestinal Conditions Iatrogenic Deaths Sudden Death in Horses Sudden or Unexpected Death in a Group of Animals Lightning Strike or Electrocution Nutritional Deficiency and Poisoning Access to Potent Poisons Diseases Associated With Infectious Agents Neonatal and Young Animals Anaphylaxis Procedure for Investigation of Sudden Death Further Reading References Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Toxicosis Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Pathogenesis Microcystins Anatoxins Anatoxin-a Homoanatoxin-a Anatoxin-a(s) Various Freshwater Toxins Clinical Findings Microcystins Anatoxins Clinical Pathology Microcystins Anatoxins Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control Prevent the Ingestion of Toxins Prevent the Addition of Nutrients to Water Further Reading References Plants Causing Sudden Death Without Cardiomyopathy Diseases Associated With Physical Agents Lightning Strike and Electrocution Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Treatment Control Further Reading References Stray Voltage Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Behavioral Changes Effects on Production and Disease Further Reading References Environmental Pollutants and Noise Pollution From Outside the Farm Pollution From Farms Noise References Wind Farms and Electric and Magnetic Fields Further Reading Radiation Injury Etiology Epidemiology Incidence and Case Fatality Risk Factors Animal Nature of Radiation Zoonotic Implications Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Syndrome Subacute Syndrome Chronic Exposure Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis Control References Volcanic Eruptions Blast and Gas Damage Ash Hazards Toxic Chemicals Physical Properties Long-Term Effects References Bushfire (Grass fire) Injury (Thermal Burns) Etiology Epidemiology Forest Fires Grass Fires Barn Fires Clinical Findings Burn Injury Treatment Decision Criteria Skin Burns Smoke Inhalation Further Reading Diagnosis of Inherited Disease Diagnosis Control of Inherited Disease Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals References 5 Disturbances of Free Water, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Balance, and Oncotic Pressure Dehydration Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Water Intoxication Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Postmortem Findings Treatment Control Further Reading References Electrolyte Imbalances Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Hypochloremia Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia Hypophospatemia Hypomagnesemia Further Reading References Acid-Base Imbalance Acidemia Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Alkalemia Etiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Oncotic Pressure and Edema Etiology Decreased Plasma Oncotic Pressure Increased Hydrostatic Pressure Increased Capillary Permeability Obstruction to Lymphatic Flow Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Further Reading References Naturally Occurring Combined Abnormalities of Free Water, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance, and Oncotic Pressure Nature of the Disease and History Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Packed Cell Volume and Total Serum Protein or Plasma Protein Total CO2 Blood Gas and pH Analysis Blood or Plasma l-Lactate Concentration Serum Electrolytes Urea and Creatinine Blood or Plasma Glucose Anion Gap Strong Ion Gap Osmolal Gap Arterial, Jugular, or Central Venous Blood Pressure Total Body Water Further Reading References Principles of Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy Calculation of Electrolyte Requirements Types of Intravenous Fluid Crystalloid Solutions Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic Crystalloid Solutions Hypotonic Crystalloid Solutions Isotonic Crystalloid Solutions Hypertonic Crystalloid Solutions Colloid Solutions Practical Administration of Electrolyte Solutions Quantity of Fluids Required and Routes of Administration Parenteral Fluid Therapy Rate of Administration Intravenous Catheters and Complications Auricular Vein of Cattle and Calves Cecal Catheters in Horses Thrombophlebitis Oral Fluid Therapy Oral Fluid Therapy in Calves and Adult Cattle Oral Fluid Therapy in Horses Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy in Newborn Piglets and Lambs Parenteral Nutrition Further Reading References 6 Practical Antimicrobial Therapeutics Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Identification of the Infection by Clinical Examination Taking Samples for Diagnosis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests Rationale Susceptibility Test Methods Tube Susceptibility Tests Disk Susceptibility Tests Microtiter Techniques Other Considerations Flaws and Limitations of Culture Susceptibility Testing Further Reading Antibiotic Resistance Further Reading Ways to Minimize or Avoid the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance Avoiding Antimicrobial Resistance (Three Ds Approach) Antibiotic Metaphylaxis to Control Respiratory Disease Further Reading Practical Usage of Antimicrobial Drugs Antibiotic Dosage: the Recommended Dose Routes of Administration Intravenous Injection Intramuscular Injection Intraperitoneal Injection Subcutaneous Injection Oral Administration Contamination of Feedstuffs Water Medication of Pigs Water Medication in Cattle Dietary Medication Ionophores Other Routes Further Reading Drug Distribution Absorption Distribution Pharmacokinetic Principles for Antimicrobial Usage Duration of Treatment Drug Combinations Further Reading Additional Factors Determining Selection of Agents Cost Ease of Administration Toxicity Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic Antimicrobials Postantibiotic Effect Concentration-Dependent Killing Time-Dependent Killing Drug Deterioration Unfavorable Response to Therapy Drug Withdrawal Requirements and Residue Avoidance Label Dose and Extralabel Use Extralabel Use Withdrawal Periods Residue Testing Testing for Compliance Causes of Residue Violations in Milk Causes of Residue Violations in Beef Cattle Causes of Residue Violations in Swine Type of Therapy Approved Drugs Classification of Antimicrobial Agents: Mechanisms of Action and Major Side Effects Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols Mechanism of Action Toxicity β-Lactam Antibiotics: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and β-Lactamase Inhibitors Mechanism of Action Toxicity and Clinical Considerations Toxicity Chloramphenicol Mechanism of Action Toxicity Chloramphenicol Analogs Toxicity Fluoroquinolones Mechanism of Action Toxicity Lincosamides Mechanism of Action Toxicity Macrolides Mechanism of Action Toxicity Sulfonamides Mechanism of Action Toxicity and Clinical Considerations Precautions and Contraindications Tetracyclines Mechanism of Action Toxicity Miscellaneous Antibiotics Bacitracin Carbadox Dapsone Metronidazole Nitrofurans (e.g., Nitrofurantoin, Nitrofurazone, Furazolidone) Novobiocin Polymyxins Rifampin Vancomycin Virginiamycin Further Reading 7 Diseases of the Alimentary Tract Principles of Alimentary Tract Dysfunction Motor Function Normal Gastrointestinal Motility Hypermotility and Hypomotility Distension Abdominal Pain Dehydration and Shock Secretory Function Digestive Function Absorptive Function Manifestations of Alimentary Tract Dysfunction Abnormalities of Prehension, Mastication, and Swallowing Causes of Dysphagia and Inability to Swallow Drooling of Saliva and Excessive Salivation Local Causes of Drooling Systemic Causes of Excessive Salivation Vomiting and Regurgitation Vomiting Projectile Vomiting True Vomiting Regurgitation Diarrhea, Constipation, and Scant Feces Diarrhea Malabsorption Syndromes Constipation Scant Feces Ileus (Adynamic and Dynamic Ileus) Alimentary Tract Hemorrhage Abdominal Pain Horses Cattle Common Causes of Alimentary Tract Pain Horses Cattle Tenesmus Cattle Horses Pigs Shock and Dehydration Abdominal Distension Abnormal Nutrition Special Examination Nasogastric Intubation Rumen of Cattle Decompression of Distended Rumen Decompression of the Horse’s Stomach Medical Imaging Radiography Abdominal Ultrasonography Horse Cattle Endoscopy Laparoscopy Exploratory Laparotomy (Celiotomy) Tests of Digestion and Absorption Glucose Absorption Test Starch Digestion Test Lactose Digestion Test Xylose Absorption Test Sucrose Absorption Test Radioactive Isotopes Abdominocentesis for Peritoneal Fluid Equine and Bovine Peritoneal Fluid Specific Properties of Peritoneal Fluid (Normal and Abnormal) Color Cellular and Other Properties Cells Abdominocentesis in Horses Risks Abdominocentesis in Cattle Intestinal and Liver Biopsy Principles of Treatment in Alimentary Tract Disease Relief of Abdominal Pain Relief of Distension Replacement of Fluids and Electrolytes Correction of Abnormal Motility Increased Motility Decreased Motility Metoclopramide Cisapride Xylazine and Naloxone Bethanechol and Neostigmine Relief of Tenesmus Reconstitution of Rumen Flora and Correction of Acidity OR Alkalinity Further Reading References Diseases of the Buccal Cavity and Associated Organs Diseases of the Muzzle Stomatitis Etiology Physical Agents Chemical Agents Infectious Agents Cattle Sheep Horses Pigs Bullous Stomatitis Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Diseases of the Teeth Etiology Congenital Defects Dental Fluorosis Enamel Erosion Premature Wear and Loss of Teeth in Sheep (Periodontal Disease) Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Treatment and Control References Diseases of the Parotid Salivary Glands Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Diseases of the Pharynx and Esophagus Pharyngitis Etiology Physical Causes Infectious Causes Cattle Horses Pigs Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Pharyngeal Obstruction Etiology Foreign Bodies Tissue Swellings Cattle Horses Pigs Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Pharyngeal Paralysis Etiology Peripheral Nerve Injury Secondary to Specific Diseases Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Reference Esophagitis Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Esophageal Rupture Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Esophageal Obstruction Etiology Intraluminal Obstructions Extraluminal Obstructions Esophageal Paralysis Megaesophagus Esophageal Strictures Other Causes of Obstruction Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Obstruction or Choke Cattle Horse Chronic Obstruction Complications Following Esophageal Obstruction Clinical Pathology Treatment Conservative Approach Sedation Pass a Stomach Tube and Allow Object to Move Into Stomach Removal by Endoscope Manual Removal Through Oral Cavity in Cattle General Anesthesia in the Horse Esophageal Lavage in the Horse Surgical Removal of Foreign Bodies Repeated Siphonage in Chronic Cases Cervical Esophagostomy Alimentation Antimicrobial Administration References Diseases of the Nonruminant Stomach and Intestines Gastritis Etiology Cattle and Sheep Physical Agents Chemical Agents Infectious Agents Metazoan Agents Pigs Physical Agents Chemical Agents Infectious Agents Metazoan Agents Horses Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Gastritis Chronic Gastritis Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Enteritis (Including Malabsorption, Enteropathy, and Diarrhea) Etiology and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Normal Intestinal Absorption Mechanisms of Diarrhea Osmotic Diarrhea Exudative Diarrhea Secretory Diarrhea Abnormal Intestinal Motility Location of Lesion Dehydration, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalance Chronic Enteritis Replacement of Villous Epithelial Cells Role of Neutrophils in Intestinal Mucosal Injury Intestinal Motility in Enteritis Concurrent Gastritis Effects of Enteritis on Pharmacodynamics of Drugs Clinical Findings Systemic Effects Intestinal Sounds in Enteritis Chronic Enteritis Clinical Pathology Fecal Examination Intestinal Tissue Samples Hematology and Serum Biochemistry Digestion/Absorption Tests Necropsy Findings Treatment Removal of Causative Agent Antimicrobials Mass Medication of Feed and Water Supplies Alteration of the Diet Fluids and Electrolytes Intestinal Protectants and Adsorbents Antidiarrheal Drugs Antimotility Drugs Antisecretory Drugs Control Intestinal Hypermotility Dietary Diarrhea Etiology Milk Replacers Overfeeding of Milk Change of Diet Pathogenesis Digestion of Milk Milk Replacers and Diarrhea Clinical Findings Nursing Beef Calves Hand-Fed Dairy Calves Milk-Replacer Diarrhea Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Alter Diet of Hand-Fed Calves Monitor Beef Calves With Dietary Diarrhea Reference Abdominal FAT Necrosis (Lipomatosis) References Diseases of the Peritoneum Peritonitis Etiology Cattle Horses Pigs Sheep Goats All Species Pathogenesis Toxemia and Septicemia Shock and Hemorrhage Abdominal Pain Paralytic Ileus Accumulation of Fluid Exudate Adhesions Clinical Findings Acute and Subacute Peritonitis Inappetence and Anorexia Toxemia and Fever Feces Alimentary Tract Stasis Abdominal Pain Evidenced by Posture and Movement Abdominal Pain as Evidenced by Deep Palpation Rectal Examination Peracute Diffuse Peritonitis Chronic Peritonitis Cattle Horses Diagnostic Medical Imaging Clinical Pathology Hematology Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid Septic Peritonitis in the Horse Peritonitis in Cattle Necropsy Findings Diagnosis Prognosis Case–Fatality Rate in Horses Treatment Antimicrobials Fluid and Electrolytes Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Lavage Prevention of Adhesions References Abdominal Diseases of the Horse Including Colic and Diarrhea General Principles Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Horse Characteristics Age Sex Breed Diet and Feeding Practices Management Watering Housing Exercise Season and Weather Medical History Parasite Control Importance Pathogenesis Pain Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Ischemia of the Intestinal Wall Endotoxemia Shock Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Overview of the Pathogenesis of Common Colics Simple Obstructive Obstructive and Strangulating Infarctive Inflammatory Clinical Findings Visual Examination Behavior Posture Abdomen Size Vomiting Defecation and Feces Physical Examination Heart and Respiratory Rates Mucous Membranes and Extremities Auscultation and Percussion Rectal Examination Normal Anatomy Abnormal Findings Nasogastric Intubation Ancillary Diagnostic Techniques Ultrasonography Radiology Arterial Blood Pressure Course of the Disease Clinical Pathology Hematology and Serum Biochemistry Acid-Base Status Abdominocentesis Protocol for Evaluating a Colic Patient Behavior Clinical and Clinicopathologic Observations When to Refer the Patient Surgery Prognosis Necropsy Findings Treatment Medical Treatment Analgesia Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs α-2 Agonists Opiates Other Agents Prophylaxis and Treatment of Endotoxemia Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy Intestinal Lubricants and Fecal Softeners Other Treatments Trocarization Management of Field Colic Surgery Prevention Further Reading References Colic in the Pregnant and Postparturient Mare Further Reading References Colic in Foals Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Findings Ancillary Diagnostic Tests Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Surgical Treatment Prevention Further Reading References Gastric Dilation in the Horse Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment References Gastric Impaction IN Horses Further Reading References Gastric (Gastroduodenal) Ulcer in Foals Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Risk Factors Age and Sex Stress and Disease Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Diagnostic Confirmation Treatment Control References Gastric Ulcer in Adult Horses Etiology Epidemiology Occurrence Lesions of the Squamous Versus Glandular Mucosa Risk Factors Animal Risk Factors Management and Environmental Risk Factors Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Clinical Pathology Necropsy Findings Treatment Acid Suppression Omeprazole Cimetidine Ranitidine and Famotidine Gastric Antacids Protectants and Other Treatments Management Changes Overview of Treatment Control Further Reading References Intestinal Obstruction IN Horses Small-Intestinal Obstruction in Horses Etiology Obstruction With Infarction Obstruction Without Infarction Functional Obstruction Epidemiology Intestinal Herniation Through the Epiploic Foramen Pedunculated Lipomas Inguinal Hernias Intussusception Foreign Body Impaction Mesenteric Rents Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Acute Disease: Infarctive Lesions Subacute Cases: Noninfarctive Lesions Intussusception of the Small Intestine Volvulus of the Small Intestine Strangulated Inguinal Hernia Strangulated Diaphragmatic Hernia Epiploic Foramen Entr