Vertebrate and Invertebrate Respiratory Proteins, Lipoproteins and other Body Fluid Proteins (Subcellular Biochemistry Book 94)

This book focuses on respiratory proteins, the broad hemoglobin family, as well as the molluscan and arachnid hemocyanins (and their multifunctional roles). Featuring 20 chapters addressing invertebrate and vertebrate respiratory proteins, lipoproteins and other body fluid proteins, and drawing on the editors’ extensive research in the field, it is a valuable addition to the Subcellular Biochemistry book series. The book covers a wide range of topics, including lipoprotein structure and lipid transport; diverse annelid, crustacean and insect defense proteins; and insect and vertebrate immune complexes. It also discusses a number of other proteins, such as the hemerythrins; serum albumin; serum amyloid A; von Willebrand factor and its interaction with factor VIII; and C-reactive protein. Given its scope, the book appeals to biologists, biomedical scientists and clinicians, as well as advanced undergraduates and postgraduates in these disciplines. Available as a printed book and also as an e-book and e-chapters, the fascinating material included is easily accessible. Preface Contents 1 Annelid Coelomic Fluid Proteins The Coelomic Fluid Compartment Coelomic Cells Granulocytes Chloragocytes and Eleocytes Lipoproteins Vitellogenin Control of Vitellogenin Synthesis Multiple Functions of Vitellogenin The Large Discoidal Lipoprotein Proteins Involved in Defense Reactions Lysenin and Fetidin Eiseniapore Coelomocyte Cytolytic Factor 1 Phenoloxidases Lysozyme Proteinases Antimicrobial Peptides Metal Binding Proteins Hemerythrins Metallothioneins Ferritin Hemocyanin Conclusions References 2 Crustacean Hemolymph Lipoproteins Introduction Large Discoidal Lipoprotein High Density Lipoprotein/β-Glucan Binding Protein Structure of HDL-BGBP Lipid Content Expression of HDL-BGBP Role of the HDL-BGBP in the Innate Immune Defense Are dLP and HDL-BGBP Proteins Restricted to the Malacostraca? Apolipocrustacein/Vitellogenin Processing of Apolipocrustacein Clotting Protein Clotting Systems and Clotting Proteins of Invertebrates The Crustacean Clotting Proteins Tissue Expression and Additional Functions of Crustacean Clotting Proteins References 3 The Anti-lipopolysaccharide Factors in Crustaceans Discovery of Anti-lipopolysaccharide Factors Classification Structure and Function Mechanism of Antibacterial Activity Mechanism of Antiviral Activity Expression and Regulation Applications and Prospects Drug Development Disease-Resistant Genetic Breeding References 4 Insect Defense Proteins and Peptides Introduction Insect Immune-Related Peptides Antimicrobial Peptides as Effectors of Insect Immunity Peptide Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases Immune-Related Hemolymph Proteins Lysozyme—A Basal Factor of Immunity Fibrinogen-Domain Containing Proteins Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules Hemolin—A Bifunctional Protein Lipophorins Heat Shock Proteins Conclusions References 5 Insect Hemolymph Immune Complexes Introduction The Mosquito TEP1 Convertase System—A Multifaceted Protein Network Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) Proteins Clip-Domain Serine Proteases (CLIP-SPs) Mosquito Serine Protease Homologs (SPHs) CLIPA8 SPCLIP1 CLIPA2 CLIPA14 Melanization Importance of the Enzymatic Mechanism PPO Processing to PO; Is This the End of the PO Cascade? Does PO, a Tyrosinase, Metabolize Tyr? What Is the Form of PO That Uses Tyr? Coagulation and Immune Complexes Coagulation Lipophorins PO Involvement in Clot Formation Other Clot Proteins Cross-Linking by Transglutaminase (TG) Immune Complexes in Lepidoptera and Mosquitos Inhibition of IC Formation by EGF1.0 Plasmatocyte Spreading Peptide Discussion TEP Convertase The MC and SPHs PO/Hexamerins IC Formation and Coagulation References 6 Hemoglobin in Arthropods—Daphnia as a Model Introduction Hemoglobin Evolution in the Crustacea—A Story of Repeated Duplication Events Hemoglobin in Daphnia Biochemical Properties of Daphnia Hemoglobin Differential Isoform Expression—Response to Oxygen Changes Differential Isoform Expression—Response to Temperature Changes Mechanisms of Hemoglobin Induction—The Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor Functional Properties Physiological Benefits Variability of Hemoglobin Induction Potential Consequences of Altered Hemoglobin Status for Limits of Distributions in the Animals’ Habitat References 7 Molluscan Hemocyanins Introduction Classification of Molluscan Hemocyanins Molecular Structures Structure of the FU Structure of Wall Region Type 1 (Keyhole Limpet-Type) Type 2 (Mega-Hemocyanin) Type 3 (Nautilus-Type) Type 4 (Squid-Type) Glycosylation Evolutionary Significance Physiology Closing Remarks References 8 Arachnid Hemocyanins Introduction Structure and Organization of Hemocyanins Different Functions of Hemocyanin Transport of O2 and Binding of Hydrophobic Molecules Hemocyanin-Derived Phenoloxidase Activity Hemocyanin as Precursor of Antimicrobial Peptides Conclusions References 9 Multifunctional Roles of Hemocyanins Introduction Hemocyanin and Invertebrate Innate Immunity Phenoloxidase Activities Cryptide Formation Microbial Agglutination and Immunoglobulin-Like Domains Toxin Attenuation Antiviral Properties (Virustatic) Hemocyanin and Invertebrate Homeostasis Concluding Remarks References 10 Recent Insights into the Diversity and Evolution of Invertebrate Hemerythrins and Extracellular Globins Introduction Hemerythrins Hexagonal Bilayer Hemoglobins References 11 Embryonic and Fetal Human Hemoglobins: Structures, Oxygen Binding, and Physiological Roles Introduction Hemoglobin Ontogeny Subunit Assembly Oxygen Binding Comparisons Fetal Hemoglobin–Oxygen Binding Without DPG Different Responses of Fetal and Adult Hemoglobins to DPG Effect of Fetal Hemoglobin in Sickle Cell Anemia Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH) Manipulating Fetal Hemoglobin Gene in Sickle Cell Anemia Other Genetic Approaches in Sickle Cell Anemia Treatment Fetal Hemoglobin, Malaria, and Thalassemia Fetal Hemoglobin, a Strong Tetramer Sources of Fetal Hemoglobin Enhanced Strength Hemoglobin Felix Acetylated Fetal Hemoglobin Embryonic Hemoglobins Are Weak Tetramers with Increased Oxygen Affinity Linkage Between Oxygen Binding Affinity and Dimer Interface Strength Cooperativity and the Bohr Effect Relationship Between Dimer Interface Strength and Ontogeny Conclusions References 12 Sickle Cell Hemoglobin Introduction Sickle Cell Anemia Characterization of HbS Oxygen Binding Equilibrium of HbS Polymerization of HbS Inhibition in HbS Polymerization Inhibition in Polymerization of Glutathionyl Sickle Hemoglobin Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia Methods Used Purification and Characterization of HbS Oxygen Binding Glutathionylation of HbS Conformational Dynamics of HbS and GSHbS Using H/D Exchange Kinetics Analysis of H/D Exchange Data Turbidity Experiments to Monitor Polymerization Kinetics References 13 Multiplicity and Polymorphism of Fish Hemoglobins Diversity of Vertebrate Hemoglobins Multiplicity of Fish Hemoglobins Hemoglobins in Air-Breathing Fish Loss of Hemoglobins in Antarctic Fish Genomic Organization of Fish Hemoglobins Hemoglobin Polymorphisms in Atlantic Cod Large Repertoire of Salmonid Hemoglobins Hemoglobins and the Extreme Lifestyle of Eels Hemoglobins of the Bottom-Dwelling Flatfishes References 14 Hemoglobin: Structure, Function and Allostery Introduction Structure and Function of Hemoglobin Allosteric Models of Hemoglobin Multi States that Lie Along the T to R Transition Fully Liganded Hb Structure Trapped in a Tense Conformation Multi Relaxed States Beyond the T → R Transition The R and R2 State Controversy Hemoglobin Variants with Altered Oxygen Affinity Hemoglobin Modulators Endogenous Modulators Exogenous Modulators Allosteric Effectors that Target the Same Site but Induce Opposite Equilibrium Shifts Concluding Remarks References 15 Serum Albumin, Lipid and Drug Binding Introduction Human Albumin Other Mammalian Albumins Bovine Horse (Equine) Dog (Canine) Role of Albumin in the Transport of Fatty Acids Conclusion References 16 High-Density Lipoproteins and Apolipoprotein A1 Introduction Sub-types of HDL HDL Metabolism General Functions of HDL Carrier in Reverse Cholesterol Transport Anti-inflammatory Effects Antioxidant Activity Anti-thrombotic Effects Other Activities Role of HDL in Pathologies Cardiovascular Disease Cancer Diabetes Mellitus Dysfunctional HDL HDL Therapies Closing Remarks References 17 Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Proteins Introduction Monomer and Fibril Structure Molecular Biology Acute Phase Response SAA “Receptors” SAA Physiology Lipophilicity and Lipid Interactions Tissue Remodeling Cancer Intestinal Immunology Lung Disease and Sarcoidosis Maternal/Fetal Health Pregnancy and Delivery Mammary-Derived SAA Perspective References 18 Physiological Roles of the von Willebrand Factor-Factor VIII Interaction Introduction Synthesis, Processing and Clearance of Von Willebrand Factor VWF in Platelet Activation, Adhesion and Inflammation The Von Willebrand Factor-Glycoprotein Ibα Interaction The von Willebrand Factor-Integrin αIIbβ3 Interaction Willebrand Factor as an Acute Phase Protein and Its Involvement in Vascular Inflammation Synthesis, Processing and Clearance of Anti-haemophilic Coagulation Factor VIII Physiological Roles of the Von Willebrand Factor-Factor VIII Interaction Relevance of the Von Willebrand Factor-Factor VIII Interaction in Von Willebrand Factor Disease and Haemophilia A Conclusion References 19 Antigen–Antibody Complexes Introduction to Antibodies Immunoglobulins Antibody Classes and Functions Antigen–Antibody Complexes Structural Methods to Study Antigen–Antibody Complexes Other Methods to Study Antigen–Antibody Interactions Antigen–Antibody Interactions Complementarity Determining Regions Paratopes and Epitopes Structural Characterization of Paratopes and Epitopes Other Non-CDR Components Important for Antigen Binding Conformational Changes Associated with Antigen–Antibody Binding Antigen Recognition and Interactions in Heavy Chain-Only Antibodies Antigen–Antibody Complexes in Human Health Superantigens Closing Remarks References 20 C-Reactive Protein and Its Structural Isoforms: An Evolutionary Conserved Marker and Central Player in Inflammatory Diseases and Beyond Introduction The Discovery of CRP CRP Clinical Use CRP Production CRP Structure CRP Isoforms The Pro-inflammatory and Prothrombotic Properties of CRP CRP and Monocytes CRP and Endothelial Function CRP and Platelet Activation CRP and the Complement Cascade CRP and Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury CRP and Burns Wounds CRP and Atherosclerosis CRP and Alzheimer’s Disease CRP and Age-Related Macular Degeneration CRP and Immune Thrombocytopaenic Purpura CRP as a Therapeutic Target References Index This book focuses on respiratory proteins, the broad hemoglobin family, as well as the molluscan and arachnid hemocyanins (and their multifunctional roles). Features 20 chapters addressing invertebrate and vertebrate respiratory proteins, lipoproteins and other body fluid proteins. The book covers a wide range of topics, including lipoprotein structure and lipid transport; diverse annelid, crustacean and insect defense proteins; and insect and vertebrate immune complexes. It also discusses a number of other proteins, such as the hemerythrins; serum albumin; serum amyloid A; von Willebrand factor and its interaction with factor VIII; and C-reactive protein