Vegetable Oil based Bio-lubricants and Transformer Fluids: Applications in Power Plants (Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology)

This book is discusses vegetable oil based biolubricants and their applications in the power distribution industry. Vegetable oil based lubricants offer significant advantages over petroleum-based lubricants, including biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, renewability, and lower environmental effects. This book provides a detailed literature survey of modified vegetable oils. It discusses the physical and chemical properties of vegetable oil, and their effects on its applications in tribology. The book discusses additives and enhancements to make vegetable oils suitable for use as lubricating oils and transformer oils in power plants and power distribution grids. The contents of the book will be useful to researchers and professionals as well as policy makers and standards agencies. Preface 6 Acknowledgments 9 Contents 10 About the Authors 14 Part I: Introduction 15 Chapter 1: Green Fluids from Vegetable Oil: Power Plant 16 1.1 Introduction 16 1.2 Chemical Structure of Vegetable Oil and Its Suitability as Lubricants 19 1.3 Scenario of Vegetable Oil as Lubricants 21 1.4 Scenario of Vegetable Oil as Insulating Fluids in Transformer 25 1.5 Conclusion 29 References 35 Part II: Lubricants from Vegetable Oil 40 Chapter 2: Biodegradable, Renewable, and Eco-friendly Vegetable Oil: Lubricants 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.1.1 Biodegradable Nature of Vegetable Oil 41 2.2 Biodegradation Mechanism of Vegetable Oil 44 2.2.1 Methods of Biodegradation Mechanism 44 2.2.1.1 ASTM D5864 Test Method Determines Biodegradation of Lubricant 44 2.2.1.2 ASTM D6139 Test Method Determines Biodegradation of Lubricant 45 2.2.1.3 Method CEC-L-33-A-94 45 2.2.1.4 Method OECD 301B (CO2 Evolution) 45 2.2.1.5 Method EPA 560/6-82-003 45 2.3 Vegetable Oil: A Nontoxic 46 2.4 Environmental Friendly Lubricating Oil 47 2.4.1 Environmental Friendly Lubricants: Vegetable Oil as Bio-lubricants 48 2.4.2 Suitable Structure and Lubrication Properties of Vegetable Oil: A Environmental Friendly Lubricants 50 2.5 Literature Survey of Vegetable Oil as a Lubricant 53 2.5.1 Vegetable Oil as a Base Stock for Lubricants 53 2.6 Status of Vegetable Oil 56 2.6.1 Action Mechanism of Vegetable Oil in Lubricating Process 56 2.7 Conclusion 57 References 57 Chapter 3: Vegetable Oil as a Multifunctional and Multipurpose Green Lubricant Additive 60 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Homo- and Copolymers of Soybean Oil with Methyl Acrylate, 1-Decene, and Styrene as Multipurpose Additives (PPD, VII) 63 3.3 Homo- and Copolymers of SBO and Sunflower Oil with MA and MMA as Multipurpose Additives (PPD, VII) 64 3.4 Homo- and Copolymers of Jojoba Oil as a Multipurpose Additive (PPD, VII) 66 3.5 Natural Garlic Oil as an Extreme Pressure Additive 67 3.6 Palm Oil Methyl Ester as an Antiwear Additive 68 3.7 Lipoate Esters as a Multipurpose Additive (VII, AO, EP) 69 3.8 Rapeseed Oil as a ​Friction Modifier Additive 70 3.9 Conclusion 71 References 71 Chapter 4: Biodegradable Polymers as Lubricant Additives 74 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Oleates, DIDA, PAO-2, and PMMA as Pour Point (PP) Depressant 75 4.3 Homo- and Copolymers of Sunflower Oil as VII, PPD, and AW Additive 77 4.4 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and Ethyl Cellulose as VII and PPD Additive 78 4.5 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) as a VII Additive 82 4.6 Polysulfide and Biodegradable Polyester as an a Extreme Pressure Additive 83 4.7 Methyl Methacrylate, Decyl Acrylate, and Styrene as a PPD Additive 85 4.8 Biodegradable Test Methods of Lubricants and Its Additives 86 4.9 Conclusion 88 References 89 Chapter 5: Nanomaterials as an Additive in Biodegradable Lubricants 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Literature Review 93 5.3 Research Scenario 95 5.3.1 CuO and ZnO Nanoparticles as an Additive 95 5.3.1.1 Friction and Wear Behavior 96 5.3.1.2 Worn Surface Analysis 98 5.3.2 Boron Nitride Nanoparticles as an Additive 99 5.3.3 CuO, WS2, and TiO2 Nanoparticles as an Additive 101 5.3.4 Nanoparticles of Graphene Platelets (NGPs) as an Additive 102 5.4 Conclusion 104 References 104 Part III: Insulating Fluids from Vegetable Oil 108 Chapter 6: Vegetable Oil: An Eco-friendly Liquid Insulator 109 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Natural Esters 110 6.2.1 Chemistry of Natural Esters 111 6.2.2 Extraction Technique 112 6.2.3 Refining Technique 113 6.2.4 Processing Technique 113 6.2.4.1 Blending Process 115 6.2.4.2 Fractionation Process 116 6.2.4.3 Hydrogenation Process 116 6.3 Vegetable Oil as a Transformer Insulating Fluid 117 6.3.1 Soybean Oil 119 6.3.2 Palm Oil 120 6.3.3 Coconut Oil 122 6.3.4 Castor Oil 123 6.3.5 Sunflower Oil 123 6.4 Natural Ester Oil as a Liquid Insulator: A Historic Evaluation 123 6.5 Natural Esters vs. Mineral Oil 125 6.6 Research Scenario 127 6.7 Conclusion 128 References 129 Chapter 7: Properties of Vegetable Fluids: A Green Insulator for Power Sector 133 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Properties of Natural Ester Fluids 134 7.2.1 Electrical Properties 136 7.2.1.1 Electric Strength (BDV) 136 7.2.1.2 Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) 137 7.2.1.3 Specific Resistance 138 7.2.1.4 Gassing Tendency 139 7.2.2 Chemical Properties 140 7.2.2.1 Water Content 140 7.2.2.2 Neutralization Value 141 7.2.2.3 Oxidation Stability 141 7.2.2.4 Aging Characteristics 142 7.2.2.5 Corrosive Sulfur 143 7.2.3 Physical Properties 144 7.2.3.1 Density 144 7.2.3.2 Kinematic Viscosity 144 7.2.3.3 Pour Point 146 7.2.3.4 Flash and Fire Point 147 7.2.4 Miscellaneous Properties 147 7.2.4.1 Heat Transfer 147 7.2.4.2 Thermal Properties 147 7.2.4.3 Environmental Safety and Biodegradability 148 7.3 Additives for Vegetable Fluids 149 7.3.1 Antioxidant Additives 149 7.3.1.1 Mechanism of Antioxidant Additives 151 7.3.2 Pour Point Depressants 153 7.4 Performance and Evaluation of Vegetable oil as Insulating Fluids 153 7.5 Challenges and Technical Difficulties 154 7.5.1 Challenges 154 7.5.1.1 Fault Detection Using DGA Results for Alternative Oils 154 7.5.1.2 Interaction Between Natural Esters and Cellulose Paper 156 7.5.1.3 Impregnation of Solid Insulation with Ester Fluids 157 7.5.2 Technical Issues 157 7.5.3 Dielectric Issues 157 7.5.4 Thermal Issues 158 7.6 Conclusion 158 References 159 Front Matter ....Pages i-xv Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Green Fluids from Vegetable Oil: Power Plant (Dhorali Gnanasekaran, Venkata Prasad Chavidi)....Pages 3-26 Front Matter ....Pages 27-27 Biodegradable, Renewable, and Eco-friendly Vegetable Oil: Lubricants (Dhorali Gnanasekaran, Venkata Prasad Chavidi)....Pages 29-47 Vegetable Oil as a Multifunctional and Multipurpose Green Lubricant Additive (Dhorali Gnanasekaran, Venkata Prasad Chavidi)....Pages 49-62 Biodegradable Polymers as Lubricant Additives (Dhorali Gnanasekaran, Venkata Prasad Chavidi)....Pages 63-79 Nanomaterials as an Additive in Biodegradable Lubricants (Dhorali Gnanasekaran, Venkata Prasad Chavidi)....Pages 81-97 Front Matter ....Pages 99-99 Vegetable Oil: An Eco-friendly Liquid Insulator (Dhorali Gnanasekaran, Venkata Prasad Chavidi)....Pages 101-124 Properties of Vegetable Fluids: A Green Insulator for Power Sector (Dhorali Gnanasekaran, Venkata Prasad Chavidi)....Pages 125-155