Vascular Diagnosis with Ultrasound: Clinical Reference with Case Studies Volume 1: Cerebral and Peripheral Vessels (v. 1)

Features more than 500 line drawings and images The critically acclaimed Vascular Diagnosis of Ultrasound returns in a new two-volume second edition, offering the most comprehensive information available on the broad spectrum of vascular ultrasound applications. Volume 1: Cerebral and Peripheral Vessels retains the accessible design and structure of the first edition to discuss the available ultrasound technologies, including continuous and pulsed-wave Doppler mode, b-mode, and conventional and color-coded duplex analysis in frequency and amplitude power modes. This text covers anatomy, physiology, normal and abnormal findings, test accuracy and sensitivity, providing the reader with the information essential to managing common clinical situations. Highlights: Provides comprehensive coverage of vascular ultrasonography in the arteries and veins of the cerebral circulation and the peripheral upper and lower limb circulation Compares other diagnostic methods used in each region, such as conventional and noninvasive MR angiography Assesses recent developments in ultrasound technology, including tissue perfusion studies, 3D and 4D imaging, contrast enhancement and microbubble applications, and their diagnostic, technological, and therapeutic implications Challenging case studies for both the novice and the expert to review With contributions from experts in the field and more than 500 line drawings and images, this text is an indispensable reference for radiologists, vascular surgeons, and residents and students in these specialties. Vascular Diagnosis with Ultrasound: Clinical Reference with Case Studies Title Page Copyright Preface Table of Contents Important Abbreviations and Symbols 1 Physics and Technology of Ultrasound Basic Ultrasound Physics Properties of Waves Reflection Refraction Scattering and Diffraction Attenuation Intensity and Power The Doppler Effect Ultrasound Technology Doppler Systems Continuous-Wave Doppler Sonography Pulsed-Wave Doppler Sonography B-Mode Imaging Color Doppler Flow Imaging Power Doppler Imaging Duplex Systems Compound Imaging B-Flow Imaging Transducers Signal Analysis Audio Signal Analysis Zero-Crossing Counter Time-Interval Histograms Spectral Analysis Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Image Acquisition Monitoring Spatial Position Computerized Motor-Driven Systems Semiregistration Techniques POM Scanhead Tracking Reconstruction Techniques Visualization Techniques Four-Dimensional Applications Contrast Imaging Nonlinear Characteristics of Microbubbles Microbubble Destruction Low Mechanical Index Imaging Stimulated Acoustic Emission Harmonic Imaging Pulse Inversion Harmonic Imaging Power Pulse Inversion Imaging Microvascular Imaging Microbubble Refill Kinetics References 2 Extracranial Cerebral Arteries Examination Special Equipment and Documentation Examination Conditions Patient and Examiner Conducting the Examination Examination Sequence Orbital Arteries Neck Arteries Common Carotid Artery Internal and External Carotid Arteries Vertebral−Subclavian System Vertebral Artery Subclavian Artery Innominate Artery (Brachiocephalic Trunk) Thoracic Aorta Normal Findings Orbital Arteries Principle Anatomy and Findings Anatomy Findings Evaluation Sources of Error Neck Arteries Principle Anatomy and Findings Carotid System Anatomy Common Carotid Artery Internal Carotid Artery External Carotid Artery Vertebral−Subclavian System Anatomy Vertebral Artery Subclavian Artery Innominate Artery−Aortic Arch Evaluation Sources of Error Ultrasound Incident Angle Cardiac Arrhythmia Vascular Width Anomalies in the Vascular Course Venous Superimposition Echogenicity Postintervention Diagnostic Effectiveness Pathological Findings Orbital Arteries Principle Findings Evaluation Sources of Error Diagnostic Effectiveness Carotid System Principle Findings Common Carotid Artery Internal Carotid Artery External Carotid Artery Evaluation Vascular Degeneration and Atherogenesis Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion Carotid Bifurcation Stenosis Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion and Ipsilateral External Carotid Artery Stenosis External Carotid Artery Occlusion and Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Sequential Ipsilateral Stenoses in the Carotid System Multivessel Disease Carotid Artery Dissection Postoperative Findings Postinterventional Findings (Stenting) Sources of Error Diagnostic Effectiveness Vertebral Artery System Principle Findings Increased Flow Velocities Decreased Flow Velocities Slosh Phenomenon Intermediate Blood Flow Absent Signal Retrograde Blood Flow Evaluation Sources of Error Diagnostic Effectiveness Supra-Aortic System Principle Findings Subclavian Artery Obstruction Proximal to the Origin of the Vertebral Artery Obstruction Distal to the Origin of the Vertebral Artery Innominate Artery Aortic Arch Evaluation Sources of Error Diagnostic Effectiveness References 3 Intracranial Cerebral Arteries Examination Special Equipment and Documentation Examination Conditions Patient and Examiner Conducting the Examination Ultrasound Application and Probe Position Transtemporal Ultrasound Transorbital Ultrasound Transnuchal Ultrasound Ophthalmic Artery and Internal CarotidArtery (Siphon) Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery and T-Junction Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) Vertebral Artery (VA) Basilar Artery (BA) Functional Tests Compression Tests Vasomotor Reactivity Tests CO2 Reactivity Test Autoregulation Tests Vasoneural Coupling Posterior Cerebral Artery Stimulation Middle Cerebral Artery Stimulation Techniques Transcranial Monitoring (TCM) Ultrasound Contrast Administration Normal Findings Principle Anatomy and Findings Carotid Siphon—Ophthalmic Artery Anatomy Findings Middle Cerebral Artery Anatomy Findings Anterior Cerebral Artery and Anterior Communicating Artery Anatomy Findings Normal Values Posterior Cerebral Artery and Posterior Communicating Artery Anatomy Findings Vertebral Artery and Basilar Artery Anatomy Findings Functional Tests Compression Tests Vasomotor Reactivity Test CO2 Reactivity Tests Autoregulation Tests Vasoneural Coupling Monitoring Evaluation Sources of Error Weak or Absent Signals Anatomical Reasons for Error Technical Artifacts Hemodynamic Causes Pathophysiological Causes Identification Problems Diagnostic Effectiveness Pathological Findings Principle Findings Stenoses Occlusions Collateralization of Extracranial Carotid Artery Obstructions Evaluation Dilative Arteriopathy Carotid Cavernous Fistula Arteriovenous Malformation Spasms and Aneurysms Extracranial−Intracranial Bypass Increased Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Circulatory Arrest Intracranial Findings in Steal Phenomena Functional Disturbances Monitoring Acute Stroke Spontaneous Microemboli (MES) and High-Intensity Signals (HITS) Monitoring During Interventional Procedures Right-to-Left Shunt Detection TCD and Migraine TCD and Epilepsy Sources of Error Incorrect Anatomic Identification of FlowAccelerations Absent Signal Inadequate Control − Of orthopnea, hematocrit, hypoglycemia Normal Variants Special Applications Brain Structure Imaging Hemorrhage, Midline Shift Tissue Perfusion Diagnostic Effectiveness References 4 Cerebral Veins Examination Special Equipment and Documentation Examination Conditions Patient and Examiner Conducting the Examination Functional Tests (Provoked Flow Signals) Normal Findings Anatomy and Findings Extracranial Veins—Internal Jugular Vein Intracranial Veins Evaluation Pathological Findings Principle Findings Extracranial Veins Jugular Vein Thrombosis Ectasias and Aneurysms Venous Congestion Arteriovenous Fistulas Intracranial Veins Sinus Thrombosis Cavernous Sinus Fistula Arteriovenous Malformations Venous Malformations Evaluation Sources of Error Diagnostic Effectiveness References 5 Peripheral Arteries Systolic Blood-Pressure Measurement Examination Special Equipment and Documentation Examination Conditions Patient and Examiner Conducting the Examination Examination Sequence Pelvic and Leg Arteries Measurement of Pressure at Rest Measurement of Pressure Post Exercise Measurement of Segmental Pressure Measurement of Toe Pressure Upper Extremity Arteries Measurement of Digit Pressure Normal Findings Principle Findings Pelvic and Leg Arteries Measurement of Pressure at Rest Measurement of Pressure Post Exercise Measurement of Segmental Pressure Upper Extremity Arteries Evaluation Measurement of Ankle Pressure Measurement of Toe Pressure Measurement of Digit Pressure Pathological Findings Principle Findings Pelvic and Leg Arteries Measurement of Pressure at Rest Measurement of Pressure Post Exercise Measurement of Segmental Pressure Measurement of Toe Pressure Upper Extremity Arteries Measurement of Pressure at Rest Measurement of Pressure Post Exercise Measurement of Digit Pressure Evaluation Sources of Error Diagnostic Effectiveness Color Flow Duplex Sonography and Continuous-Wave Doppler Sonography Examination Special Equipment and Documentation Examination Conditions Patient and Examiner Conducting the Examination Examination Sequence Pelvic and Leg Arteries Upper Extremity Arteries Normal Findings Principle Findings and Anatomy Pelvic Level Thigh Level Calf and Foot Arteries Upper Extremity Arteries Evaluation Pathological Findings Grading of Stenoses Principle Principle of the Continuity Equation Principle of the Bernoulli Equation Findings Pelvic Level Thigh Level Calf and Foot Arteries Upper Extremity Arteries Subclavian Artery and Arm Arteries Arteries of the Hand and Fingers Special Sets of Findings Neurovascular Compression Syndrome of the Shoulder Girdle Examination and Findings Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome Endothelial Dysfunction Inflammatory Vascular Diseases Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Winiwarter−Buerger Disease) Takayasu Arteritis Entrapment Syndrome Cause Classification Findings Effects of Compression Provocation Maneuvers Cystic Adventitial Degeneration Findings Aneurysms True Aneurysm Findings False Aneurysm Findings Compression Therapy Arteriovenous Fistulas Principle and Etiology Findings Hemodialysis Shunt Temporary Shunts Monitoring Lumen Recanalization Techniques Angioplasty and Stenting Vascular Prostheses and Bypasses Iatrogenic Arterial Dissection Arterial Locks Evaluation Sources of Error Diagnostic Effectiveness References 6 Peripheral Veins Examination Special Equipment and Documentation Examination Conditions Patient and Examiner Deep Pelvic and Leg Veins Superficial Leg Veins Upper Extremity Veins Conducting the Examination Pelvic and Leg Veins Spontaneous Respiration (S-sounds) Augmented Sounds (A-sounds) Testing for Insufficiency of Perforating Veins Upper Extremity Veins Spontaneous Respiration (S-sounds) Augmented Sounds (A-sounds) Examination Sequence Pelvic and Leg Veins Upper Extremity Veins Normal Findings Principle Anatomy and Findings Pelvic and Leg Veins Deep Venous System Superficial Venous System Perforating Veins Upper Extremity Veins Deep Venous System Superficial Venous System Perforating Veins Evaluation Patency Examination Valvular Function Pathological Findings Principle Findings Pelvic and Leg Veins Deep Venous System Thrombotic Processes Muscle Vein Thromboses Valvular Insufficiency Superficial Venous System Collateral Veins Thrombophlebitis Perforating Veins Upper Extremity Veins Deep Venous System Thrombotic Processes Superficial Venous System Special Sets of Findings Congenital Venous Dysplasias Klippel−Trénaunay Syndrome F.P. Weber Syndrome Servelle−Martorell Syndrome Atypical Varicosis Pelvic Venous Syndrome Hemangiomas Arteriovenous Fistulas Venous Hypoplasia and Aplasia Venous Valve Agenesis and Hypoplasia Venous Aneurysms Secondary Arteriovenous Fistulas Acquired Venous Aneurysms Evaluation Thrombotic Processes Valvular Insufficiency Sources of Error Diagnostic Effectiveness Thrombotic Processes Thrombosis of the Shoulder and Arm Veins Post-Thrombotic Venous System Age of Venous Thrombosis Valvular Insufficiency Insufficient Perforating Veins Thrombophlebitis Special Sets of Findings References 7 Case Histories Anatomical Overview Documentation and Examination Report Extracranial Cerebral Arteries 1 Plaques (Right) and Mild Degree of Stenosis (Left) in the Internal Carotid Artery 2 Moderate Degree of Stenosis of the Right Internal Carotid Artery 3 Dissection of the Left Internal Carotid Artery 4 Findings after Stent Placement 5 Multivessel Disease 6 Severe Stenosis of the Innominate Artery 7 Ipsilateral Multilevel Carotid Disease: Stenosis at the Siphon and the Bifurcation of the Left Internal Carotid Artery in the Neck 8 Permanent Subclavian Steal Phenomenon on the Left 9 Takayasu’s Aortic Arch Arteritis 10 Dissection of Both Vertebral Arteries 11 Stenosis of the Vertebrobasilar Arteries Intracranial Arteries 12 Stenosis of the Middle Cerebral Artery (Right M1 Segment) 13 MCA Occlusion due to Carotid Stenosis 14 Basilar Aneurysm due to Dolichoectasia 15 Transient Internal Carotid Artery Fistula on the Left 16 Acute Stroke due to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with Spontaneous Recanalization Peripheral Arteries Pelvic Level 17 Stenosis of the Iliac Artery  50% 18 Stenosis of the Iliac Artery 50% 19 Occlusion of the Iliac Artery Thigh Level 20 Stenosis of the Femoral Artery 21 Occlusion of the Femoral Artery (Short) 22 Occlusion of the Femoral Artery ](Longer) 23 Occlusion of the Popliteal Artery 24 Aneurysm of the Femoral Artery 25 Aneurysm of the Popliteal Artery 26 False Aneurysm of the Common Femoral Artery (Spontaneous Course) 27 False Aneurysm(Compression Therapy) 28 Stenosis at a Bypass Insertion Point 29 Stent Stenosis in the Superficial Femoral Artery (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty) 30 Bypass Rupture 31 Dissection of the Common Femoral Artery Arteries of the Lower Leg and Foot 32 Stenosis of the Tibiofibular Trunk (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty) 33 Occlusions of the Lower Leg Arteries Shoulder and Arm Arteries 34 Stenosis of the Brachial Artery 35 Occlusions of the Brachial Artery and Arteries of the Lower Arm (Neurovascular Compression Syndrome) 36 Occlusions of the Digital Arteries Peripheral Veins Thrombotic Processes 37 Iliac Vein Thrombosis 38 Thrombosis of the Femoral Vein 39 Partially Occluded Thrombosis of the Popliteal Vein 40 Thrombosis of the Iliac and Leg Veins (Spontaneous Palma-like Shunt) Aneurysm 41 Aneurysm of a Great Saphenous Vein Bypass Valvular Insufficiency 42 Varicosis of the Great Saphenous Vein 43 Insufficient Perforating Veins Upper Extremities 44 Subclavian Vein Thrombosis 8 Glossary Index The Critically Acclaimed Vascular Diagnosis Of Ultrasound Returns In A New Two-volume Second Edition, Offering The Most Comprehensive Information Available On The Broad Spectrum Of Vascular Ultrasound Applications. Volume 1:cerebral And Peripheral Vessels Retains The Accessible Design And Structure Of The First Edition To Discuss The Available Ultrasound Technologies, Including Continuous And Pulsed-wave Doppler Mode, B-mode, And Conventional And Color-coded Duplex Analysis In Frequency And Amplitude Power Modes. This Text Covers Anatomy, Physiology, Normal And Abnormal Findings, Test Accuracy And Sensitivity, Providing The Reader With The Information Essential To Managing Common Clinical Situations. Highlights: Provides Comprehensive Coverage Of Vascular Ultrasonography In The Arteries And Veins Of The Cerebral Circulation And The Peripheral Upper And Lower Limb Circulation Compares Other Diagnostic Methods Used In Each Region, Such As Conventional And Noninvasive Mr Angiography Assesses Recent Developments In Ultrasound Technology, Including Tissue Perfusion Studies, 3d And 4d Imaging, Contrast Enhancement And Microbubble Applications, And Their Diagnostic, Technological, And Therapeutic Implications Cchallenging Case Studies For Both The Novice And The Expert To Review With Contributions From Experts In The Field And More Than 500 Line Drawings And Images, This Text Is An Indispensable Reference For Radiologists, Vascular Surgeons, And Residents And Students In These Specialties. This first volume describes new vascular ultrasound applications and focuses on cerebral and peripheral vessels, while the second volume is devoted to abdominal and renal vessels. Hennerici (neurology, U. of Heidelberg) et al. discuss the physics and technology of ultrasound, examination, normal and pathological findings in extracranial and intracranial cerebral arteries, cerebral and peripheral veins, and peripheral arteries. The book concludes with 44 case histories. The new edition has been separated into two volumes and includes peripheral angiology and other new technology. The original edition from 1988, was in German, and has since been updated in both English and German. Annotation :2006 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com) Covering the entire venous and body circulation as examined by vascular ultrasound, this unique text/atlas is invaluable for diagnosing arterial and venous disease. You will find in-depth sections on ultrasound procedures, descriptions of all arteries and veins, and 120 pages of illuminating case studies. (Midwest)