Varying Dimensions of India’s National Security: Emerging Perspectives (India Studies in Business and Economics)

This book engages a comprehensive approach to understand both traditional and non-traditional security issues in addressing dimensions of India{u2019}s national security. The issues highlighted in the book through fourteen distinct, yet inter-related, chapters offer insightful reading to India{u2019}s national security. This edited book explores the criticalities of various security issues in India, internal and external, and digs deep into the government responses to each of these issues. Stepping away from merely focusing on the state-centric understanding of national security, this book also includes human security perspectives. In this process, this book also offers set of policy recommendations which could be used for effectively dealing with the national security challenges. The themes covered in this edited book range from offering a conceptual framework of national security to issues such as energy security, maritime security, nuclear security, internal security, neighborhood policy, dumping, terrorism, economic security, cyber security, role of media, defense preparedness, and use of GIS in security domain. This book highlights some of the important security issues around the larger perspective of India{u2019}s national security. This book will be highly useful for the students and scholars of security and strategic studies and international relations and also to the policymakers in the region Acknowledgements 6 Contents 7 Editors and Contributors 9 Acronyms 11 Part I Introduction 16 1 India’s National Security Discourse: A Conceptual Introduction 17 Introduction 17 National Security Discourse: Conceptual Engagement 19 How Mainstream Theories of IR Understand National Security? 20 Reasoning Importance of National Security 21 Development of National Security Discourse 22 Approaches to Study of National Security 23 National Security Discourse in India 25 Major Themes of the Book 26 References 29 Part II State-Centric Security Concerns 31 2 India’s National Security Narratives: Scope and Challenges 32 Introduction 32 External Security and Border Management 33 Internal Security 36 Dominant Non-Traditional Security 41 Emerging Challenges of India’s National Security 43 Conclusion 45 References 46 3 India’s Quest for Security Through Its Neighbourhood Policy 48 Introduction 48 Foreign/Neighbourhood Policy 49 The Nature of Threats to India’s Security 50 External Threats 50 Internal Threats 53 Socio-Historical Explanation of Importance of the Neighbourhood 54 Contours of India’s Neighbourhood (First) Policy 56 Current Phase 58 References 59 4 ‘Secrecy as Security Strategy’ in India’s Nuclear Governance 60 Introduction 60 The Security Framework 63 The Link Between Doctrine and Strategy 65 Is India’s Case Exceptional? 66 Private Players Participation 66 Security of Nuclear Scientists and Engineers 67 A Contemplation 68 Policy Prescriptions 70 References 71 5 India’s Higher Defence Organisation: Recent Reforms and the Way Ahead 74 Introduction 74 India’s Higher Defence Organisation 75 Recent Changes in India’s Higher Defence Organisation 76 Establishment of the Chief of Defence Staff 76 Setting up of the Defence Planning Committee 79 Reforming India’s Higher Defence Organisation 80 Establishment of a Specialised Defence, National Security Cadre of Bureaucrats 80 Strengthening and Statutory Recognition of the Office of the National Security Advisor (NSA) 82 Conclusion 84 References 85 6 India’s Cyber Security Landscape 87 Introduction 87 Global Cyber Security Canvas 88 Sources and Nature of India’s Cyberthreats 89 Critical Infrastructure Protection 92 Securing Digital Payment Systems 93 Tackling the Threat of Digital Black Markets 95 Cyber Security as a Policy Priority 96 India’s Cyber Diplomacy 98 Conclusion 99 References 99 7 Competitive, Cooperative and Convergent Maritime Security and India’s National Security 103 Introduction 103 Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean Region 105 Traditional Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean Region 106 Non-Traditional Security Threats in the Indian Ocean Region 112 India’s Maritime Security and National Security 114 Conclusion 115 References 117 8 India's Internal Security: Issues, Challenges and Options 119 Introduction 119 Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) 121 Evolution of the Maoist Conflict 121 Left-Wing Extremism: Cause, Spread and Activities 122 State Response 123 Ethnic Conflicts and Insurgency in Northeastern State 125 Causes of Northeast Insurgency 125 Issues and Concerns in Northeast Insurgency 126 Inconclusive Peace Talks 126 Militant Groups’ Indulgence in Criminal Activities 127 Poor Implementation of Ceasefire Agreements 127 Active Insurgent Groups in Myanmar 128 Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 128 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 130 References 131 9 Illicit Drug Trafficking and Dumping of Chinese Goods in India via Myanmar: A Case Study of Manipur 133 Introduction 133 Dumping of Chinese Goods in India 135 Dumping of Chinese Goods in Manipur via Myanmar 137 Drug Trafficking 140 Drug Trafficking Issues in Manipur 142 Conclusion 145 References 146 10 National Security and the Role of Media in India 148 Introduction 148 Media, National Security, and Conflict Resolution 150 The CNN Effect, Now a Global Phenomenon 151 India Media and Its Penchant for Sensationalism 151 Media and Increasing Use of Soft Power by States 152 National Security and Indian Media: A Perspective 152 Doing a Tight Rope Walk Between Elites and the Masses 154 The Avalanche of Narratives and Counter Narratives, and the Role of Media in Clearing the Maze 155 Ways Ahead for Indian Media 158 References 159 Part III Human-Centric Security Issues 161 11 Economic Security of India: Position, Policies, and Prospects 162 Introduction 162 State of India’s Economy 164 Reforms in India and Economic Security: Some Selective Assessments 173 Social Welfare 173 MGNREGA and Social Security 174 AADHAAR-Linked Digital PDS and Social Security 174 Fiscal Policies 175 FRBM and Fiscal Security 176 GST and Fiscal Security 176 Monetary Policies 177 Multiple Indicator Approach (MIA) and Monetary Security 178 Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT) and Monetary Security 178 Demonetization and Monetary Security 179 Industrial and Commercial Policies 179 NMP and Industrial Security 180 MII and Business Security 180 SUI and Entrepreneurial Security 181 International Trade and Investment Policies 181 Trade Policies and External Security 181 FDI Policies External Security 182 Conclusion 183 References 184 12 India’s Energy Security at the Macro and Micro Levels 187 Introduction 187 Novel Method to Assess Energy Security 190 Operationalizing the 3A Framework 191 Energy Security Assessment for Households 192 Energy Security Assessment for a Country 192 Demand and Supply Side Security 193 A Big Dilemma: Renewable and Non-renewable 194 Non-renewable and Renewable Share in India’s Energy Mix 195 Falling Power Deficit 195 Dilemma at the National Level 196 Low-Capacity Utilization of Thermal Power Plants 197 Lack of Manufacturing Capacity in Solar 198 Dilemma at the Household Level 198 Burdening the Poor with Renewable 198 Ignoring the Ease of Use by Consumers 198 Potential Trade-Offs 199 Sufficiency, not Efficiency 199 Urban Institutional Rooftop Solar 200 Augmentation of Solar in Thermal Plants 200 Concluding Remarks 201 References 202 13 Climate Change and Human Security in India Evidence, Opportunities, and Challenges 205 Introduction 205 Climate Change, Agriculture, and Infrastructure 207 Loss and Damages from Extreme Events 208 Vulnerability, Poverty, and Human Development 213 Major Policy Challenges to Address Climate Change 215 Major Challenges for Adaptation 217 Concluding Remarks 218 References 218 14 Stunted Food Security: Time for Universal Entitlements 222 Nutrition Insecurity 222 Hunger Amidst Plenty 224 History of Food Policies 226 Famine Codes 226 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 227 National Food Security Act, 2013 228 Mid-Day Meals, Integrated Child Development Scheme, and Mission Poshan 2.0 232 History of Agricultural Policies 233 Green Revolution 233 Three Farm Laws 233 Universal Food Security 235 References 237 15 Corruption and National Security: Insights from the Indian Experience 242 Exploring Corruption and National Security Linkages 243 Corruption and Trust 243 Corruption and Economy 244 Corruption and Extremism 245 The Indian Case 246 How Corruption in Impinging India’s National Security 247 Corruption, Governance and Internal Security Threats 248 Democratic Politics, Money Power and Corruption 249 Key Measures to Check Corruption 250 Conclusion 251 References 252 16 Geographic Information System (GIS) for National Security 255 Introduction 255 Methodology 256 Traditional and Non-traditional Elements of National Security 256 Challenges to GIS for National Security 258 Challenges in Integrated GIS Structure 258 Stated Response 259 Use of GIS in Traditional Security 260 GIS Challenges in Traditional Security—Defence 260 GIS Developments for Traditional Security 261 GIS for Non-traditional Areas of Security 263 GIS in Infrastructure Security 265 Physical Infrastructure 266 GIS for Cyber Security 267 Methods in Infrastructure Security 268 Conclusions and Recommendations 270 References 270