Variation in Metonymy: Cross-linguistic, Historical and Lectal Perspectives (Cognitive Linguistics Research [CLR], 59)

The monograph presents new findings and perspectives in the study of variation in metonymy, both theoretical and methodological. Theoretically, it sheds light on metonymy from an onomasiological perspective, which helps to discover the different conceptual or lexical "pathways" through which a concept or a group of concepts has been designated by going back to the source concepts. In addition, it broadens the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics research on metonymy by looking into how metonymic conceptualization and usage may vary along various dimensions. Three case studies explore significant variation in metonymy across different languages, time periods, genres and social lects. Methodologically, the monograph responds to the call in Cognitive Linguistics to adopt usage-based empirical methodologies. The case studies show that quantification and statistical techniques constitute essential parts of an empirical analysis based on corpus data. The empirical findings demonstrate the essential need to extend research on metonymy in a variationist Cognitive Linguistics direction by studying metonymy s cultural, historical and social-lectal variation. " Contents 12 Introduction 16 Part One: THEORETICAL PRELIMINARY 20 1 Demarcation and variability of metonymy 22 1.1 Conceptual metonymy 22 1.1.1 Definition/demarcation of metonymy 22 1.1.2 Internal typology of metonymy 35 1.1.3 The conventionalization of metonymy 41 1.2 Metonymy: A variationist CL view 42 1.2.1 The cross-linguistic dimension 42 1.2.2 The historical dimension 46 1.2.3 The lectal dimension 48 1.3 Metonymy: Semasiology and onomasiology 50 1.3.1 The semasiological perspective 51 1.3.2 The onomasiological perspective 52 1.4 The methodological state of the art in metonymy research 55 1.4.1 Why CL research needs an empirical approach 56 1.4.2 Overview of methods in CL metonymy research 57 1.5 Summary: Research gaps 61 2 Metonymy in expressions 62 2.1 Models for analyzing figurative composite expressions 63 2.1.1 Compositionality and analyzability 63 2.1.2 Fauconnier and Turner’s blending model 65 2.1.3 Benczes’s analysis of noun-noun compounds 68 2.1.4 Geeraerts’s prismatic model 71 2.2 Metonymic mappings in Chinese expressions 78 2.2.1 Bringing the prismatic model to Chinese metonymic expressions 78 2.2.2 Various paths of metonymy in Chinese expressions 80 2.3 Some criteria for classification 94 2.3.1 Global metonymy versus parallel local metonymies 94 2.3.2 Internal metonymy versus external metonymy 100 2.3.3 Differentiation between alternative prismatic structures 104 2.4 Summary 107 Part Two: CASE STUDIES 108 3 The cross-linguistic perspective: Metonymies for PERSON 112 3.1 Methodology 113 3.1.1 The Chinese data resources 113 3.1.2 The English data resource 125 3.1.3 Summary of the methodology 134 3.2 Results 136 3.2.1 Variation in metonymic patterns for PERSON in general 136 3.2.2 Variation in metonymic patterns for different kinds of person 142 3.2.3 Variation in metonymic sources of a particular pattern 152 3.3 Discussion 167 3.3.1 Paragons in Chinese culture 168 3.3.2 The carriage-clothing system in Chinese culture 170 3.3.3 The residence system in Chinese culture 183 3.3.4 Culture-bound conceptualizations of body parts 187 3.3.5 Collectivism versus individualism 191 3.3.6 Section summary 193 3.4 Summary 194 4 The diachronic perspective: Metonymies for WOMAN 196 4.1 Methodology 197 4.1.1 The Corpus of Historical Chinese 197 4.1.2 Metonymy identification 200 4.1.3 Metonymy quantification and analysis 203 4.2 Diachronic variation in metonymic patterns 205 4.2.1 Exploring and visualizing the data 206 4.2.2 Targets with relatively stable diachronic variation 221 4.2.3 Targets with a dominant trend in diachronic variation 245 4.2.4 Targets with highly fluctuating diachronic variation 257 4.2.5 Section summary 278 4.3 Interactions with stylistic variation 280 4.3.1 Stylistic variation in metonymic patterns 282 4.3.2 Introduction of new metonymic items 291 4.3.3 Section summary 296 4.4 Summary 299 5 The lectal perspective: Metonymies for GOVERNMENT 301 5.1 Methodology 302 5.1.1 Data collection 302 5.1.2 The variables 313 5.1.3 The mixed-effects logistic regression model 318 5.2 The general regression model for GOVERNMENT 323 5.2.1 General impact of the predictors 324 5.2.2 Specific influence of fixed effects 325 5.2.3 The random-effect variable of verbs 328 5.3 The separate regression model for MAINLAND CHINESE GOVERNMENT 330 5.3.1 The separate mixed-effects model 331 5.3.2 The lectal variation between Mainland and Taiwan Chinese 332 5.4 Summary 334 Conclusion 337 Main findings and contributions 337 Limitations and further directions 341 References 344 Appendix 366 A. Chinese/English metonymic mapping datasets 366 B. Distributions of main patterns for specific targets 367 C. Distributions of sources under a particular pattern for specific targets 372 D. References for meaning identification in the corpus 376 E. Classification of source/target concepts in Case 2 376 F. Contributions of patterns for interpreting the MDS dimensions 377 Index 380 Introduction -- Theoretical Preliminary -- Demarcation And Variability Of Metonymy -- Conceptual Metonymy -- Definition, Demarcation Of Metonymy -- Internal Typology Of Metonymy -- The Conventionalization Of Metonymy -- Metonymy : A Variationist Cl View -- The Cross-linguistic Dimension -- The Historical Dimension -- The Lectal Dimension -- Metonymy : Semasiology And Onomasiology -- The Semasiological Perspective -- The Onomasiological Perspective -- The Methodological State Of The Art In Metonymy Research -- Why Cl Research Needs An Empirical Approach -- Overview Of Methods In Cl Metonymy Research -- Summary : Research Gaps -- Metonymy In Expressions -- Models For Analyzing Figurative Composite Expressions -- Compositionality And Analyzability -- Fauconnier And Turner's Blending Model -- Benczes's Analysis Of Noun-noun Compounds -- Geeraerts's Prismatic Model -- Metonymie Mappings In Chinese Expressions -- Bringing The Prismatic Model To Chinese Metonymic Expressions -- Various Paths Of Metonymy In Chinese Expressions -- Some Criteria For Classification -- Global Metonymy Versus Parallel Local Metonymies -- Internal Metonymy Versus External Metonymy -- Differentiation Between Alternative Prismatic Structures -- Summary -- Case Studies -- The Cross-linguistic Perspective : Metonymies For Person -- Methodology -- The Chinese Data Resources -- The English Data Resource -- Summary Ofthe Methodology -- Results -- Variation In Metonymic Patterns For Person In General -- Variation In Metonymic Patterns For Different Kinds Of Person -- Variation In Metonymic Sources Of A Particular Pattern -- Discussion -- Paragons In Chinese Culture -- The Carriage-clothing System In Chinese Culture -- The Residence System In Chinese Culture -- Culture-bound Conceptualizations Of Body Parts -- Collectivism Versus Individualism -- Section Summary -- Summary -- The Diachronic Perspective : Metonymies For Woman -- Methodology -- The Corpus Of Historical Chinese -- Metonymy Identification -- Metonymy Quantification And Analysis -- Diachronic Variation In Metonymic Patterns -- Exploringand Visualizing The Data -- Targets With Relatively Stable Diachronic Variation -- Targets With A Dominant Trend In Diachronic Variation -- Targets With Highly Fluctuating Diachronic Variation -- Section Summary -- Interactions With Stylistic Variation -- Stylistic Variation In Metonymic Patterns -- Introduction Of New Metonymic Items -- Section Summary -- Summary -- The Lectal Perspective : Metonymies For Government -- Methodology -- Data Collection -- The Variables -- The Mixed-effects Logistic Regression Model -- The General Regression Model For Government -- General Impact Ofthe Predictors -- Specific Influence Of Fixed Effects -- The Random-effect Variable Of Verbs -- The Separate Regression Model For Mainland Chinese Government -- The Separate Mixed-effects Model -- The Lectal Variation Between Mainland And Taiwan Chinese -- Summary -- Conclusion -- Main Findings And Contributions -- Limitations And Further Directions -- References -- Appendix -- Chinese, English Metonymic Mapping Datasets -- Distributions Of Main Patterns For Specific Targets -- Distributions Of Sources Under A Particular Pattern For Specific Targets -- References For Meaning Identification In The Corpus -- Classification Of Source/target Concepts In Case 2 -- Contributions Of Patterns For Interpreting The Mds Dimensions -- Index. Weiwei Zhang. Originally Presented As The Author's Thesis (doctoral--katholieke Universiteit Te Leuven (1970-), 2013) Under The Title: Variation In Metonymy : A Corpus-based Cognitive Linguistic Approach. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Provides new insights into variation in metonymy. In this book, presented case studies delineate how both linguistic and cultural-social factors exert an influence on metonymic conceptualization, and demonstrate the importance of corpus data and quantitative methods in exploring and visualizing metonymic variation. Provides insights into variation in metonymy, focusing especially on changes of naming with respect to a particular concept. This title also includes case studies that delineate how both linguistic and cultural-social factors exert an influence on metonymic conceptualization.