Varcarolis's Canadian psychiatric mental health nursing : a clinical approach

Gain the knowledge and skills you need to provide psychiatric mental health nursing care in Canada! Varcarolis's Canadian Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 3rd Edition uses a practical clinical perspective to provide a clear understanding of this often-intimidating subject. It provides a foundation in nursing techniques and a guide to psychobiological disorders such as bipolar and depressive disorders, trauma interventions, and interventions for distinct populations such as children and older adults. Adapted to meet the needs of Canadian nurses by Cheryl L. Pollard and Sonya L. Jakubec, this market-leading text prepares you for practice with real-world examples presented within a Canadian legal, ethical, and cultural context. Canadian focus throughout includes key considerations such as our nation's cultural and social diversity with federal/provincial/territorial distinctions. Canadian research and statistics reflect mental health and mental health practice in Canada. Research Highlight boxes are updated with examples of Indigenous research methodologies by Indigenous researchers and settler allies. DSM-5 boxes provide criteria for disorders covered by the American Psychological Association. Learning features include key terms and concepts, learning objectives, key points to remember, critical thinking, and chapter reviews, reinforcing important information and helping to apply textbook content to the clinical setting. Assessment Guidelines boxes summarize the steps of patient assessment for various disorders. Drug Treatment boxes feature the most current generic and trade names for drugs used in Canada. Patient and Family Teaching boxes provide important details that should be discussed with patients and care givers. Integrative Therapy boxes highlight the different types of therapy may be used to enhance treatment. Considering Culture boxes discuss the importance of cultural safety in providing competent care to diverse populations within various clinical... Cover IFC HALF TITLE BRIEF CONTENTS TITLE COPYRIGHT DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTRIBUTORS CONTRIBUTORS TO US NINTH EDITION REVIEWERS TO THE INSTRUCTOR TO THE STUDENT CONTENTS SHERPATH ADD UNIT 1 1 - Mental Health and Mental Illness MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL ILLNESS Two Conceptualizations of Mental Health and Mental Illness Contributing Factors Resilience Mental health recovery. Culture Perceptions of Mental Health and Mental Illness Mental Illness Versus Physical Illness Nature Versus Nurture Human Genome Project Social Influences on Mental Health Care Self-Help Movement Decade of the Brain Mental Health for Canadians: Striking a Balance Changing Directions, Changing Lives: The Mental Health Strategy for Canada EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MENTAL DISORDERS CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual The DSM-5 Organizational Structure The ICD-11 PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH NURSING What Is Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing? Classification of Nursing Diagnoses, Outcomes, and Interventions DSM-5 and Nursing Diagnoses Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) Evidence-Informed Practice Levels of Psychiatric Mental Health Clinical Nursing Practice Future Challenges and Roles for Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses Aging Population Cultural Diversity, Decolonization, and Antiracism Expanding Technology Inequities and Social Determinants of Health KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW ~ REFERENCES 2 - Historical Overview of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing EARLY MENTAL ILLNESS CARE Early Canadian Asylums EARLY PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENTS THE INTRODUCTION OF NURSES TO ASYLUM CARE SHIFTS IN CONTROL OVER NURSING Eastern and Atlantic Canada Western Canada DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION AND THE NURSING ROLE IN PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH CARE UNIVERSITY-BASED NURSING CURRICULUM NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH NURSING AND CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION CERTIFICATION ADVANCED-PRACTICE NURSING IN PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH CARE THE FUTURE OF PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH NURSING KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 3 - Overview of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Care Within Various Settings FUNDING PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH CARE THE CONTINUUM OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE Evolving Venues of Practice PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH CARE SETTINGS Community Mental Health Centres Mobile Crisis Intervention Teams Disaster Response Teams Partial Hospitalization Programs Inpatient Psychiatric Mental Health Programs Entry to Inpatient Care Preparation for Discharge to the Community Assertive Community Treatment Ensuring Safety PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH NURSING: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Community Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Biopsychosocial Assessment Treatment Goals and Interventions Interprofessional Team Member Biopsychosocial Care Manager Treatment Team Nursing Care Establishing a Therapeutic Relationship Mental and Physical Health Assessment Milieu Management Structured Group Activities Documentation Medication Administration Medication adherence Pain management Crisis Management Medical crises Behavioural crises FUTURE ISSUES Barriers to Treatment Meeting Changing Demands KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 4 - Relevant Theories and Therapies for Nursing Practice PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES AND THERAPIES Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Levels of Awareness Conscious Preconscious Unconscious Personality Structure Id Ego Superego Defence Mechanisms and Anxiety Psychosexual Stages of Development Classical Psychoanalysis Psychodynamic Therapy Implications of Psychoanalytic Theory for Nursing Practice DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES Cognitive Development Theory of Psychosocial Development Stages of Moral Development Preconventional Level Stage 1: Obedience and punishment Stage 2: Individualism and exchange Conventional Level Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships Stage 4: Maintaining the social order Postconventional Level Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights Stage 6: Universal ethical principles Ethics of Care Theory Implications of Developmental Theories for Nursing Practice INTERPERSONAL THEORIES AND THERAPIES Theory of Object Relations Interpersonal Theory Interpersonal Psychotherapy Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations Implications of Interpersonal Theories for Nursing Practice BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES AND THERAPIES Classical Conditioning Theory Behaviourism Theory Operant Conditioning Theory Behavioural Therapy Modelling Operant Conditioning Systematic Desensitization Aversion Therapy Biofeedback Implications of Behavioural Theories for Nursing Practice COGNITIVE THEORIES AND THERAPIES Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Dialectical Behavioural Therapy Implications of Cognitive Theories for Nursing Practice HUMANISTIC THEORIES Abraham Maslow’s Humanistic Psychology Theory Hierarchy of Needs Implications of Motivation Theory for Nursing Practice BIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND THERAPIES The Advent of Psychopharmacology The Biological Model Implications of the Biological Model for Nursing Practice ADDITIONAL THERAPIES Milieu Therapy Implications of Milieu Therapy for Nursing Practice KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 5 - Understanding Responses to Stress RESPONSES TO AND EFFECTS OF STRESS Early Stress Response Theories Neurotransmitter Stress Responses Immune Stress Responses MEDIATORS OF THE STRESS RESPONSE Stressors Perception Personality Social Support Self-Help Groups Low- and High-Quality Support Diet Culture Spirituality and Religious Beliefs NURSING MANAGEMENT OF STRESS RESPONSES Measuring Stress Adverse Childhood Experiences Assessing Coping Styles Managing Stress Through Relaxation Techniques Relaxation Exercises Meditation Guided Imagery Breathing Exercises Physical Exercise Biofeedback Cognitive Reframing Mindfulness Journaling Humour KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES UNIT 2 6 - The Nursing Process and Standards of Care for Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing ASSESSMENT Age Considerations Assessment of Children Assessment of Adolescents Assessment of Older Adults Language Barriers Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Assessment Gathering Data Review of systems Laboratory data Mental status examination Psychosocial assessment Spiritual or religious assessment Cultural and social assessment Validating the Assessment Using Rating Scales NURSING DIAGNOSIS OUTCOMES IDENTIFICATION PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION Basic-Level Interventions Coordination of Care Health Teaching and Health Promotion Milieu Therapy Pharmacological, Biological, and Integrative Therapies Advanced-Practice Interventions EVALUATION DOCUMENTATION KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 7 - Ethical Responsibilities and Legal Obligations for Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Practice ETHICAL CONCEPTS MENTAL HEALTH LEGISLATION ESTABLISHING BEST PRACTICE Standards of Practice Standards of Care Policies and Procedures Traditional Practice Knowledge GUIDELINES FOR ENSURING ADHERENCE TO STANDARDS OF CARE PATIENTS’ RIGHTS UNDER THE LAW Authorization of Treatment Autonomy Consent The Right to Refuse Treatment Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Involuntary Admission Criteria Provision of the Least Restrictive Type of Mental Health Care Advance Directives Nursing responsibilities with advance directives Guardianship Rights Regarding Confidentiality Duty to Warn and Protect Third Parties Collaboration of Treatment Team Documentation of care Guidelines for electronic documentation Organizational use of medical records Medical records as evidence Reporting Suspected Child Abuse Confidentiality and Communicable Diseases Confidentiality After Death CIVIL OBLIGATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES Tort Law Intentional Torts Unintentional Torts Duty Breach of duty Cause in fact, proximate cause, damages, and foreseeability KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 8 - Cultural Implications for Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: A Critical Cultural Perspective UNDERSTANDING THE LANDSCAPE OF CULTURE IN MENTAL HEALTH Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and the Social Determinants of Health Equity-Oriented Health Care (EOHC): Cultural Safety and Trauma- and Violence-Informed Care Culture and Our Worldviews Critical Thinking: Who Do You Position as Different? Culture of Health Care, Mental Illness, Social and Structural Inequity, and Stigma THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF CANADA Indigenous Peoples, Multi-culturalism, and Equity MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Historical Trauma Suicide Interpersonal and Structural Violence Substance Use MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS OF IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES BARRIERS AND PATHWAYS TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE IN A MULTI-CULTURAL CONTEXT Guidelines for Clinical Practice: Communication Misdiagnosis KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES RESOURCES/NEWS RELEASES UNIT 3 9 - Therapeutic Relationships CONCEPTS OF THE NURSE–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP Therapeutic Use of Self Relationships Social Relationships Therapeutic Relationships Relationship Boundaries Establishing Boundaries Blurring of Boundaries Transference Counter-transference Self-Check on Boundaries VALUES, BELIEFS, AND SELF-AWARENESS PEPLAU’S MODEL OF THE NURSE–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP Pre-orientation Phase Orientation Phase Establishing Rapport Parameters of the Relationship Formal or Informal Contract Confidentiality Planning for Terms of Termination Working Phase Termination Phase WHAT HINDERS AND WHAT HELPS THE NURSE–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE AND PROMOTE PATIENTS’ GROWTH Genuineness Empathy Empathy Versus Sympathy Positive Regard Attitudes Actions Attending Suspending value judgements Helping patients develop resources KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 10 - Communication and the Clinical Interview THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS FACTORS THAT AFFECT COMMUNICATION Personal Factors Environmental Factors Relationship Factors VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Verbal Communication Non-verbal Communication Interaction of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR NURSES Therapeutic Communication Strategies Silence Active Listening Listening with empathy Clarifying Techniques Paraphrasing Restating Reflecting Exploring Asking Questions and Eliciting Patient Responses Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions Non-therapeutic Communication Techniques Excessive Questioning Giving Approval or Disapproval Giving Advice Asking “Why” Questions Cultural Considerations Communication Style Eye Contact Touch Cultural Filters Assertive Communication Evaluation of Communication Skills THE CLINICAL INTERVIEW Preparing for the Interview Pace Setting Seating Introductions Initiating the Interview Tactics to Avoid Helpful Guidelines Attending Behaviours: The Foundation of Interviewing Eye Contact Body Language Vocal Quality Verbal Tracking Clinical Supervision Process Recordings KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 11 - Psychotropic Drugs STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN Functions and Activities of the Brain Maintenance of Homeostasis Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System Control of Biological Drives and Behaviour Cycle of sleep and wakefulness. Circadian rhythms. Conscious Mental Activity Memory Social Skills Cellular Composition of the Brain Organization of the Brain Brainstem Cerebellum Cerebrum Visualizing the Brain Disturbances of Mental Function Drugs Used to Treat Anxiety and Insomnia Benzodiazepines Short-Acting Sedative–Hypnotic Sleep Drugs Buspirone Treating Anxiety Disorders With Anti-depressant Drugs Drug Treatment for Depression Tricyclic Anti-depressants Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin Modulator and Stimulator Serotonin and Norepinephrine Disinhibitors Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Other Drugs Used to Treat Depression Is the Monoamine Theory of Depression Still Valid? Suicide Risk and Anti-depressant Drugs Drug Treatment for Bipolar Disorders Lithium Carbonate Other Drugs Used to Treat Bipolar Disorders Carbamazepine Valproate Lamotrigine Other Anti-seizure Drugs Drugs Used to Treat Psychosis First-Generation (Conventional) Antipsychotic Drugs Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs Clozapine. Risperidone. Quetiapine. Other second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Drug Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Drug Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease Natural Health Products KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES Unit 4 12 - Anxiety and Related Disorders KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS ANXIETY Levels of Anxiety Mild Anxiety Moderate Anxiety Severe Anxiety Panic Defences Against Anxiety Clinical Picture Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder Agoraphobia Phobias Generalized Anxiety Disorder Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder Anxiety Due to Nonpsychiatric Medical Conditions Epidemiology Comorbidity SOMATIC SYMPTOM AND RELATED DISORDERS Clinical Picture Illness Anxiety Disorder Conversion Disorder Epidemiology Comorbidity OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDERS Epidemiology Comorbidity TRAUMA- AND STRESSOR-RELATED DISORDERS Acute Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Clinical Picture Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder Epidemiology Comorbidity ETIOLOGY OF ANXIETY-RELATED DISORDERS Biological Factors Genetic Neurobiological Psychological Factors Psychodynamic Theories Behavioural Theory Cognitive Theory Learning Theory Environmental Factors Sociocultural Factors Culture-Bound Syndromes APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment General Assessment Rating Scales Psychosocial Factors Coping skills Spirituality and religion Secondary gains Self-Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Determining Levels of Distress Mild to moderate levels of anxiety Severe to panic levels of anxiety Psychosocial Interventions Counselling Health Teaching and Health Promotion Milieu Therapy Promotion of Self-Care Activities Nutrition and fluid intake Personal hygiene and grooming Elimination Sleep Pharmacological Interventions Antidepressants Antianxiety drugs Other classes of medications Integrative Therapy Advanced Interventions Behavioural therapy Cognitive therapy Cognitive behavioural therapy Somatic therapy Evaluation KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 13 - Depressive Disorders CLINICAL PICTURE Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Persistent Depressive Disorder Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder Depressive Disorder due to Another Medical Condition Depression and Grieving EPIDEMIOLOGY Children and Adolescents Older Persons COMORBIDITY ETIOLOGY Biological Factors Genetic Biochemical Hormonal Inflammation Diathesis–Stress Model Psychological Factors Cognitive Theory Learned Helplessness APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment General Assessment Assessment tools Assessment of Suicide Potential Suicidal ideation Key Assessment Findings Areas to Assess Affect Thought processes Mood Feelings Cognitive changes Physical behaviour Communication Religious beliefs and spirituality Age Considerations Assessment of children and adolescents Assessment of older persons Self-Assessment Unrealistic expectations of self Feeling what the patient is feeling DIAGNOSIS OUTCOMES IDENTIFICATION The Recovery Model PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION Counselling and Communication Techniques Health Teaching and Health Promotion Promotion of Self-Care Activities Milieu Management: Teamwork and Safety Pharmacological Interventions Antidepressant Drugs Choosing an antidepressant Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Indications. Common adverse reactions. Potential toxic effects. Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Other newer antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants. Indications. Common adverse reactions. Potential toxic effects. Adverse drug interactions. Contraindications. Patient and family teaching. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Indications. Common adverse reactions. Potential toxic effects. Contraindications. Use of antidepressants by pregnant people Use of antidepressants by children and adolescents Use of antidepressants by older persons Biological Interventions Electroconvulsive Therapy Indications Risk factors Procedure Adverse reactions Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Indications Risk factors Procedure Potential adverse reactions Nerve Stimulation Indications Procedure Potential adverse reactions Advanced-Practice Interventions Psychological interventions Psychotherapy. Group therapy. Future of Treatment EVALUATION KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 14 - Bipolar Disorders CLINICAL PICTURE Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar II Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder Other Bipolar Disorders EPIDEMIOLOGY Children and Adolescents Cyclothymic Disorder COMORBIDITY Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar II Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder ETIOLOGY Biological Factors Genetic Neurobiological Brain Structure and Function Neuroendocrine Environmental Factors Psychological Factors APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment General Assessment Mood Behaviour Thought processes and speech patterns Cognitive function Self-Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Acute Phase Continuation Phase Maintenance Phase Planning Acute Phase Continuation Phase Maintenance Phase Implementation Acute Phase Depressive episodes Manic episodes Acute phase. Continuation phase. Maintenance phase. Pharmacological Interventions Mood Stabilization Lithium carbonate. Indications. Therapeutic and toxic levels. Maintenance therapy. Contraindications. Anticonvulsant drugs. Valproate Divalproex sodium (Epival). Carbamazepine. Lamotrigine Antianxiety drugs Atypical antipsychotics Electroconvulsive Therapy Milieu Management Support Groups Health Teaching and Health Promotion Psychotherapy Advanced-Practice Interventions Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy Family-focused therapy EVALUATION KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 15 - Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders CLINICAL PICTURE EPIDEMIOLOGY COMORBIDITY ETIOLOGY Biological Factors Genetic Factors Neurobiological Factors Dopamine theory Other neurochemical hypotheses Brain Structure Abnormalities Psychological, Social, and Environmental Factors Pre-natal Stressors Psychological Stressors Environmental Stressors Course of the Disorder Phases of Schizophrenia Prognosis Early Detection APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment During the Pre-psychotic Phase General Assessment Positive symptoms. Alterations in thinking. Alterations in speech. Alterations in perception. Alterations in behaviour. Negative symptoms Cognitive symptoms Affective symptoms Self-Assessment DIAGNOSIS OUTCOMES IDENTIFICATION Phase I—Acute Phase II—Stabilization Phase III—Maintenance PLANNING Phase I—Acute Phase II—Stabilization and Phase III—Maintenance IMPLEMENTATION Phase I—Acute Settings Interventions Phase II—Stabilization and Phase III—Maintenance Milieu Management Activities and Groups Safety Counselling and Communication Techniques Hallucinations Delusions Associative Looseness Health Teaching and Health Promotion Pharmacological Interventions Additional Medication Administration Issues Atypical Antipsychotic Medication Conventional Antipsychotic Medication Potentially Dangerous Responses to Antipsychotic Medication Adjuncts to Antipsychotic Medication Therapy When to Change an Antipsychotic Regimen Specific Interventions for Paranoia, Catatonia, and Disorganization Paranoia Communication guidelines Self-care needs Milieu needs Catatonia: Withdrawn Phase Communication guidelines Self-care needs Milieu needs Catatonia: Excited Phase Communication guidelines Self-care needs Disorganization Communication guidelines Self-care needs Milieu needs Advanced-Practice Interventions Family Therapy EVALUATION KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 16 - Eating and Feeding Disorders CLINICAL PICTURE Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Pica Rumination Disorder EPIDEMIOLOGY COMORBIDITY ETIOLOGY Biological Factors Genetic Neurobiological Psychological Factors Environmental Factors ANOREXIA NERVOSA Application of the Nursing Process Assessment General Assessment Self-Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Acute Care Psychosocial Interventions Pharmacological Interventions Health Teaching and Health Promotion Milieu Management: Reconceptualized as an Optimal Healing Environment Advanced-Practice Interventions Psychotherapy Evaluation BULIMIA NERVOSA APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment General Assessment Self-Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Acute Care Pharmacological Interventions Counselling Health Teaching and Health Promotion Advanced-Practice Interventions Psychotherapy Evaluation BINGE EATING DISORDER KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 17 - Neurocognitive Disorders DELIRIUM Clinical Picture Epidemiology Comorbidity and Etiology APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment General Assessment Cognitive and perceptual disturbances Physical needs Moods and physical behaviours Self-Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Evaluation MILD AND MAJOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS Clinical Picture Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease Epidemiology Etiology Biological Factors Neurobiological Genetic Head injury and traumatic brain injury Cardiovascular disease Environmental Factors APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment General Assessment Diagnostic Tests Self-Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Counselling and Communication Techniques Health Teaching and Health Promotion Referral to community supports Pharmacological Interventions Cholinesterase inhibitors N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist Medications for behavioural symptoms The future of drug therapy Alternative Treatment for Alzheimer Disease Evaluation KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 18 - Psychoactive Substance Use and Treatment les. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN AN ADDICTION AND A COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOUR The Process of Addiction Development No Contact Experimentation Integrated Use Excessive Use Addiction Epidemiology Comorbidity Psychiatric Comorbidity Medical Comorbidity Etiology Biological Factors Psychological Factors Sociocultural Factors APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment Assessment of Substance Use and Substance-Induced Disorders Assessment of Acute Intoxication and Active and Historical Substance Use Signs of Intoxication and Withdrawal Central nervous system depressants. Alcohol poisoning Alcohol withdrawal Alcohol intoxication Alcohol withdrawal delirium Inhalants Opioids Central nervous system stimulants. Cocaine and crack Amphetamines and methamphetamine Bath salts (methylenedioxypyrovalerone and mephedrone) Caffeine Nicotine Cannabis Hallucinogens Helping Patients Change Self-Assessment and Self-Awareness Psychological Changes The Transtheoretical Model of Change Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance/adaption Evaluation/termination Motivational Interviewing Communication Techniques for Assessment and Interventions Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Withdrawal Initial and Active Treatment Health Maintenance Planning Implementation Substance Use Interventions Pharmacological Interventions Alcohol Opioids Nicotine Benzodiazepines (sedative-hypnotics) Stimulants Implementation at Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Levels of Prevention Primary prevention Secondary prevention Harm reduction Needle exchange programs Opioid substitution therapy: methadone treatment and methadone maintenance/Suboxone treatment and Suboxone maintenance Heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) Supervised consumption sites (SCS) Controlled drinking Managed alcohol programs (MAPs) Relapse prevention and aftercare Self-help groups for the patient and family or friends Tertiary prevention Assessment and referral Withdrawal management services: daytox and detox Community-based (outpatient) treatment Day treatment Concurrent disorder programs Short-term residential treatment Recovery homes Alternative living environment Addiction supportive housing (ASH) Onen’tó:kon Healing Lodge: an Indigenous treatment approach Nurses and addiction in the workplace Evaluation KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 19 - Personality Disorders CLINICAL PICTURE EPIDEMIOLOGY COMORBIDITY ETIOLOGY Biological Factors Genetics Neurobiology and Neurochemistry Psychological Factors Environmental Factors System Factors Diathesis–Stress Model CLUSTER A PERSONALITY DISORDERS Paranoid Personality Disorder Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment Schizoid Personality Disorder Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment Schizotypal Personality Disorder Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment CLUSTER B PERSONALITY DISORDERS Borderline Personality Disorder Pathological Personality Traits Seen in People With BPD Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment Anti-social Personality Disorder Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment Histrionic Personality Disorder Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment Narcissistic Personality Disorder Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment CLUSTER C PERSONALITY DISORDERS Avoidant Personality Disorder Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment Dependent Personality Disorder Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Guidelines for Nursing Care Treatment APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment Assessment Tools Patient History Self-Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Safety and Teamwork Pharmacological Interventions Case Management Advanced-Practice Interventions Psychotherapy Evaluation KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 20 - Sleep–Wake Disorders SLEEP CONSEQUENCES OF SLEEP LOSS NORMAL SLEEP CYCLE REGULATION OF SLEEP FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP SLEEP REQUIREMENTS SLEEP PATTERNS SLEEP–WAKE DISORDERS CLINICAL PICTURE Insomnia Disorders Hypersomnia Disorders Hypersomnia Narcolepsy Confusional Arousal Disorders Sleepwalking Sleep Terrors Nightmare Disorder Sleep Paralysis Rapid Eye Movement Behaviour Disorder Kleine–Levin Syndrome Sleep–Wake Disorders Related to Breathing Obstructive Sleep Apnea–Hypopnea Syndrome Primary Central Sleep Apnea Primary Alveolar Hypoventilation Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Restless Legs Syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease) EPIDEMIOLOGY COMORBIDITY Sleep–Wake Disorders and Mental Illness Sleep and General Health APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment General Assessment Sleep patterns Identifying sleep–wake disorders Functioning and safety Sleep Studies Self-Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Counselling Health Teaching and Health Promotion Pharmacological Interventions Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia Advanced-Practice Interventions Evaluation KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES UNIT 5 21 - Crisis and Disaster sis. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRISIS THEORY Types of Crisis Maturational Crisis Situational Crisis Adventitious Crisis Phases of Crisis Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment General Assessment Self-Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Counselling Primary care Secondary care Tertiary care Critical incident stress debriefing Evaluation KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 22 - Suicide and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury ng. EPIDEMIOLOGY Indigenous Peoples Statistics Risk Factors Suicide Among Older Persons Risk Factors Warning Signs Interventions ETIOLOGY Biological Factors Psychosocial Factors Societal Considerations Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS Assessment Verbal and Non-verbal Clues Lethality of Suicide Plan Assessment Tools Self-Assessment Implementation Primary Intervention Secondary Intervention Tertiary Intervention Milieu Management Suicide precautions Counselling Health Teaching and Health Promotion Case Management Pharmacological Interventions Postvention for Survivors of Suicide Evaluation NON-SUICIDAL SELF-INJURY Epidemiology Comorbidity Risk Factors Biological Factors Psychosocial Societal Clinical Picture Assessment Self-Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Criteria Planning Interventions Evaluation KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER CRITICAL THINKING CHAPTER REVIEW REFERENCES 23 - Anger, Varcarolis' Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: A Clinical Approach, 9th Edition makes it easy to understand the complexities of psychiatric disorders and how to provide quality mental and behavioral health care. Clinical chapters follow the nursing process framework and progress from theory to application, preparing you for practice with real-world examples. Other notable features include illustrated explanations of the neurobiology of disorders, DSM-5 criteria for major disorders, and nursing care plans. -- Résumé de l'éditeur