Valorisation of Agro-industrial Residues – Volume II: Non-Biological Approaches (Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future Book 2)

The world’s population is expected to reach the eight billion mark very soon. As a result, there is a need for increased industrial and agricultural production to ensure human wellbeing. This in turn generates huge amounts of waste. Current waste treatment solutions are effective, but usually require huge capital investment, are labour intensive and potentially lead to hazardous by-products. This book presents the latest non-biological approaches to address issues related to the abundance of waste, offering insights into best practices in various regions around the globe. It highlights techniques such as chemical extraction, pyrolysis and ultrasonics, and a number of chapters include individual case studies to further enhance readers’ understanding. This comprehensive reference resource is intended for graduate students, researchers and scientists, and is also a valuable addition to all agriculture and biotechnology libraries. Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Reducing Sugar Production 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Chemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 1.2.1 Dilute Acid Pretreatment 1.2.2 Alkaline Pretreatment 1.2.3 Autohydrolysis Pretreatment 1.3 Parameters Affecting Chemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 1.3.1 Chemical Loading Concentration 1.3.2 Temperature 1.3.3 Incubation Time 1.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis in Production of Reducing Sugar 1.5 Parameters Affecting Enzymatic Hydrolysis 1.5.1 Enzyme Loading 1.5.2 Substrate Concentration 1.5.3 Temperature 1.5.4 Hydrolysis Time 1.6 Optimization Analysis for Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 1.6.1 Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken 1.6.1.1 Design (BBD) for Optimization Process 1.6.2 Kinetic Coefficients Determination of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 1.7 Summary References Chapter 2: Mangosteen Peel Antioxidant Extraction and Its Use to Improve the Stability of Biodiesel B20 Oxidation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Composition of Mangosteen Peel Antioxidant Extract 2.3 Antioxidant Extraction of Mangosteen Peel 2.3.1 Antioxidant Extraction of Mangosteen Peel Using Soxhlation Method 2.3.2 Antioxidant Extraction Using MAE Method 2.4 Kinetics on Antioxidant Extraction of Mangosteen Peel Using MAE 2.4.1 Mathematical Model for Intra-particle Diffusion-Controlled Rate of Antioxidant Extraction of Mangosteen Peel Using MAE (... 2.4.2 Mathematical model for Intra-particle Diffusion and Mass Transfer-Controlled Rate of Antioxidant Extraction of Mangostee... 2.4.2.1 The Correlation Between Microwave Power (P) and Diffusion Coefficient (De) as Well as Microwave Power (P) and Mass Tra... 2.4.3 Mathematical Model for Mass Transfer-Controlled Rate of Antioxidant Extraction of Mangosteen Peel Using MAE (Model 3) 2.5 Antioxidant Performance of Mangosteen Peel Extract on Biodiesel B20 Oxidation 2.5.1 Oxidation Experiment of Biodiesel B20 Using Mangosteen Peel Antioxidant Extract 2.5.2 The Oxidation Kinetics of Biodiesel B20 and the Mixture of Biodiesel B20 and Mangosteen Peel Extract Antioxidant References Chapter 3: Biotechnological Potential of Cottonseed, a By-Product of Cotton Production 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Cotton Production 3.3 Chemical Composition of Cottonseed 3.3.1 Lipid Content 3.3.2 Gossypol 3.3.3 Flavonoids 3.3.4 Cottonseed Proteins 3.4 Extraction Methods 3.4.1 Oil-Cottonseed Meal 3.4.1.1 Mechanical Extraction 3.4.1.2 Solvent Extraction 3.4.1.3 Supercritical Fluid 3.4.1.4 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 3.4.2 Bioactive Compounds 3.5 Cottonseed By-Products Applications 3.5.1 Oil 3.5.2 Proteins 3.5.3 Gossypol 3.6 Future Work 3.7 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Bioprocessing with Cashew Apple and Its By-Products 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Cashew Apple as a Promising Substrate for Bioprocessing 4.3 Types of By-Products from Bioprocessing of Cashew Apple 4.3.1 Bioethanol 4.3.1.1 Raw Materials 4.3.1.2 Extraction of Cashew Apple Juice 4.3.1.3 Inoculum Preparation 4.3.1.4 Process in Bioethanol Production 4.3.2 Enzymes 4.3.2.1 Tannase 4.3.2.2 Pectinase 4.3.3 Wine 4.3.3.1 Preparation of the Cashew Apple Juice 4.3.3.2 Preparation of the Starter Culture 4.3.3.3 Fermentation Process 4.3.3.4 Racking 4.3.3.5 Clarification and Ageing 4.3.4 Biosurfactant 4.3.4.1 Applications of Biosurfactants 4.3.4.2 Production of Biosurfactants 4.3.5 Prebiotic Oligosaccharide 4.3.6 Lactic Acid 4.3.7 Mannitol and Xylitol 4.3.8 Single-Cell Protein 4.3.9 Fiber 4.3.10 Others 4.3.10.1 Antioxidants 4.4 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Agro-processing Residues for the Production of Fungal Bio-control Agents 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Bio-Control Agents: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Plant Disease Management 5.2.1 Filamentous Fungi as Bio-Control Agents 5.3 Production of Fungal Bio-Control Agents Under SSF 5.3.1 Agro-Processing Residues as a Substrate/Support on SSF 5.3.2 Principal Agro-Residues Used in Bio-Control Agent Production by SSF 5.3.2.1 Coffee Husk/Coffee Pulp: A Promising Agro-Processing Residue for Biomass Production 5.3.2.2 Sugarcane Bagasse/Molasses 5.3.2.3 Wheat Bran 5.3.2.4 Beer Waste 5.3.2.5 Cassava Bagasse/Peels 5.3.2.6 Oil Cakes 5.3.2.7 Fruit and Vegetable Wastes 5.4 Lab Scale In Vitro Mass Production of Trichoderma harzianum 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Production of Activated Carbon from Agro-industrial Wastes and Its Potential Use for Removal of Heavy Metal in Text... 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Textile Industrial Wastewater Problem 6.1.2 Potential of Indonesia ́s Agro-Industrial Waste 6.1.3 Elephant Foot Yam (Amorhophallus campanulatus) 6.1.4 Petai 6.1.5 Rice Husk 6.1.6 Corncob 6.1.7 Empty Coconut Palm Oil Fruit Bunch 6.2 Preparation of Bio-Based Activated Carbon Made from Agricultural Waste 6.2.1 Carbonization 6.2.2 Activation 6.3 Properties of Adsorbents 6.3.1 Morphology of Adsorbents 6.3.2 Chemical Bonding in Various Agricultural Waste-Based Adsorbents 6.3.3 Adsorption Performance of Adsorbents 6.3.3.1 Adsorption Capacity of Pb Ion with Corncob and Petai Hull Adsorbent 6.3.3.2 Adsorption Capacity of Pb Ion with Water Hyacinth 6.3.3.3 Adsorption Capacity of Pb Ion with Petai Hull and Corncob for Lead Removal 6.3.4 Isotherm Adsorption 6.3.4.1 Lead Isotherm Adsorption into Corncob and Petai Hull Adsorbents 6.3.4.2 Magnesium and Calcium Isotherm Adsorption of Elephant Foot Yam Skin References Chapter 7: Utilization of Glycerol from Biodiesel Industry By-product into Several Higher Value Products 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Triacetin 7.2.1 Physical Properties 7.2.2 Raw Material 7.2.3 Type of Catalyst 7.2.4 Operating Conditions 7.2.5 Continuous Process 7.3 Polyglycidyl Nitrate 7.3.1 The Process to PGN from Glycerol 7.3.1.1 Nitration 7.3.1.2 Cyclization 7.3.1.3 Polymerization References Chapter 8: Potential Application of Native Fruit Wastes from Argentina as Nonconventional Sources of Functional Ingredients 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fruit Wastes as Ingredient for New Functional Foods with the Ability to Modulate Oxidative Processes, Inflammatory Process... 8.2.1 Polyphenols as Functional Ingredients 8.2.2 Proteins and Peptides as Functional Ingredients 8.2.3 Sugars and Derivatives as Functional Ingredients 8.2.4 Procedures for Bioactive Compounds Extraction 8.3 Native Fruit Wastes from Argentina 8.3.1 Solanum betaceum 8.3.2 Prosopis alba 8.3.3 Ziziphus mistol 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Conventional and Alternative Strategies of Pretreatment of Chili Postharvest Residue for the Production of Differen... 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pretreatment Strategies Adopted for Chili Postharvest Residue 9.2.1 Comparison of Different Pretreatment Strategies Adopted for Chili Postharvest Residue 9.2.2 Compositional Data of Native and Pretreated CPHR 9.2.3 Enzymatic Saccharification 9.2.4 Inhibitor Profile of Hydrolysate Obtained After Enzymatic Saccharification of Different Pretreated Chili Postharvest Res... 9.2.5 Fermentation of the Hydrolysate for the Production of Various Value-Added Products from CPHR 9.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 10: Valorization of Sugarcane-Based Bioethanol Industry Waste (Vinasse) to Organic Fertilizer 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Vinasse 10.3 Organic Fertilizer 10.4 Case Study: Formulation of Vinasse, Filter Cake, and Agricultural Wastes to Liquid Organic Fertilizer 10.4.1 Methods 10.4.2 Characterization of Liquid Organic Fertilizers (LOFs) 10.4.3 Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizers (LOFs) on Tomato Plants 10.5 Future Trend: Slow Release Solid Organic Fertilizer 10.5.1 Vinasse-Based Slow Release Organo-Mineral Fertilizer 10.5.2 Methods 10.5.3 Nitrogen Release Pattern of SR-OMF 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Pyrolytic Products from Oil Palm Biomass and Its Potential Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Oil Palm and Palm Oil Industry 11.3 Oil Palm Biomass and Current Management Scenario 11.4 Pyrolysis Process 11.4.1 Pyrolysis Product 11.5 Pyrolytic Product of Oil Palm Biomass 11.5.1 Biochar 11.5.2 Bio-Oil 11.5.3 Pyroligneous Acid 11.6 Future Prospects of Oil Palm Biomass Pyrolysis 11.7 Conclusion References