UV-B Radiation and Crop Growth (Plant Life and Environment Dynamics)

This book is an inclusive collection of topics on research on UVB for its impact on plants with a focus on its use as an emerging technology for crop growth and protection. This book covers role of UV-B on biological systems, and its transformation from generic stressor to specific regulator. It also explores the past research in UVB studies and the changing mind-sets regarding UV-B in recent time with respect to the plant growth. It also explores the discovery of specific UV-B photoreceptor, UVR8 and UVR8 mediated plants responses. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, agriculture scientists and plant physiologists. Also the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, forestry, ecology, soil science, and environmental sciences Preface Contents About the Editors 1: Introduction to UV-B Radiation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of UV Radiations 1.3 History of UV-B Radiation 1.4 Ozone 1.5 Effect of UV-B on Terrestrial Ecosystem 1.5.1 Plants 1.5.1.1 Photosynthesis 1.5.1.2 Growth and Development 1.5.1.3 Nucleic Acid 1.6 Effect of UV-B on Skin 1.7 Effect of UV-B on Aquatic System 1.7.1 Phytoplanktons 1.7.2 Zooplanktons 1.8 Conclusion References 2: UV-B and Its Climatology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 UV-B Measurements 2.3 UV Irradiations and Its Dependency on Ozone and Other Climate Variables 2.4 Models for UV-B Radiation Estimations and Predictions 2.5 Conclusion References 3: UV-B: Boon or Curse? 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Why UV-B Is a Curse? 3.3 Why UV-B Is a Boon? 3.4 UV-B and Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystem 3.4.1 Effects of UV-B Radiation on Terrestrial Ecosystem 3.4.2 Effects of UV-B Radiation on Aquatic Ecosystem 3.4.3 Effects of UV-B Radiation on Secondary Metabolites 3.4.3.1 Effects of UV-B Radiation on Alkaloids 3.4.3.2 Effects of UV-B Radiation on Terpenes/Terpenoids 3.4.3.3 Effects of UV-B Radiation on Phenolic Compounds 3.4.3.4 Effects of UV-B Radiation on Glucosinolates 3.4.3.5 Effects of UV-B on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Metabolic Profile 3.5 Some Medicinal Compounds Under UV-B 3.6 Effect on Human Health 3.6.1 Harmful Effects of UV-B Radiation on Human Health 3.6.2 Beneficial Effects of UV-B on Human Health 3.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 4: Major Influence on Photosynthetic Apparatus Under UV-B Exposure 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Effect of UV-B on Phytochrome 4.3 Effect of UV-B on Ultra-Structure of Leaves 4.4 Effect of UV-B on Photosynthetic Pigments 4.4.1 Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, and Other Pigments 4.4.2 Photosystem II 4.4.3 Oxygen-Evolving Complex 4.4.4 Plastoquinones and Redox-Active Tyrosines 4.4.5 D1 and D2 Proteins 4.4.6 Photosystem I 4.4.7 Cytochrome B6F Complex 4.4.8 ATP Synthase 4.4.9 Rubisco 4.5 Effect of UV-B on Photosynthesis 4.6 Effect of UV-B on Photosynthetic Gene Expression 4.7 Stomatal Regulation 4.8 Effect of UV-B on Plant Productivity 4.9 UV-B-Induced Plant Responses 4.10 Protection, Adaptation, and Repair 4.11 Conclusion and Future Perspective References 5: Solar UV-B and Primary Producers in Aquatic Ecosystems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Stress Factors for Aquatic Primary Producers 5.3 UV Penetration into the Water Column 5.4 UV-B Effects on Aquatic Primary Producers 5.4.1 UV-B Effects on Photosynthesis 5.4.2 DNA Damage by UV-B 5.4.3 Motility and Orientation 5.5 Mitigating Strategies Against Solar UV Radiation 5.5.1 UV-Absorbing Pigments 5.5.2 Scytonemin 5.5.3 Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids 5.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 6: UV-B and Crop Research from Past to New Age 6.1 Introduction 6.2 UV-B, Plant Growth, and Development 6.3 UV-B and Plant Biochemistry 6.4 UV-B and Plant Hormones 6.5 UV-B and Photosynthesis 6.6 UV-B and DNA Damage 6.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective References 7: Plant Responses: UV-B Avoidance Strategies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Solar UV Exclusion as a Strategy to Avoid the Effects of UV-B Stress 7.2.1 Plant Growth, Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Defense, and Yield Under Solar UV-B Exclusion 7.3 Magneto-priming as a Strategy to Avoid UV-B Stress 7.3.1 Effect of Magneto-priming on Seed Germination, Growth, Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Fixation, Antioxidant Defense, and Yield... 7.4 Synchrotron Radiation and Its Use for Leaf Venation Imaging After Solar UV Exclusion and SMF Pretreatment 7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 8: Interaction of Salicylate and Jasmonate on the UV-B Induced Changes in Physiological and Biochemical Activities of Crop Pla... 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Role of UV-B in Plant Defense 8.3 UV-Induced Expression of Pathogen Defense 8.4 Role of Hormones in Plants Under Stress 8.4.1 Salicylates 8.4.1.1 Interaction of UV-B and SA on Morphological Parameters 8.4.1.2 Interaction of UV-B and SA on Pigment Content 8.4.1.3 Interaction of UV-B and SA on Biochemical Constituents 8.4.1.4 Interaction of UV-Band SA on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities 8.5 Jasmonates 8.5.1 Effect of JA on Plant Morphology and Growth 8.5.2 Interaction of UV-B and JA on Pigment Composition 8.5.3 Interaction of UV-B and JA on Biochemical Constituents 8.5.4 Interaction of UV-B and JA on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities 8.5.5 Role of SA and JA in Resistance to Plant Pathogens 8.6 Conclusion References 9: UVR8 Discovery: A New Vision in UV-B Research 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Discovery of UVR8 9.3 UVR8 Structure 9.4 UVR8-Mediated Signaling in Plants 9.5 UVR8 in Diverse Plants Species 9.6 Role of UVR8 in UV-B-Mediated Responses of Plants 9.7 Integration of UVR8 Signaling and Other Pathways 9.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 10: UVR8 Signaling, Mechanism, and Integration with Other Pathways 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 UV Radiations 10.1.2 UVR8 10.2 UVR8-Mediated Signaling 10.2.1 CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 and Photomorphogenesis 10.2.2 HY5 and HYH 10.2.3 Cryptochromes (CRYs) 10.2.4 Repressor of UV-B Photomorphogenesis 1 (RUP1) and RUP2 10.2.5 MYB (Myeloblastosis) Transcription Factors and Regulation of Root Growth and Development 10.2.6 The UVR8-BES1 (BRI1-EMS Suppressor1)/BIM1 Pathway 10.3 Molecular Mechanism of Photoreceptor-Mediated Signaling 10.3.1 DNA Alterations and Damage Repair 10.3.2 Plant Defense 10.4 Inhibition of Plant Shade Avoidance and Thermomorphogenesis 10.4.1 Regulation of Leaf Morphogenesis 10.4.2 Phototropism 10.4.3 Circadian Clock 10.4.4 Flavonoid and Alkaloid Pathways 10.4.5 Protection from Photoinhibition and Photooxidative Stress 10.4.6 Other Pathways 10.5 Conclusion References 11: Acclimation of Photosynthetic Apparatus to UV-B Radiation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 General Effects of UV-B Radiation on Plants 11.2.1 UV-B as a Regulatory Factor 11.2.2 UV-B as a Stress Agent 11.3 The Effects of UV-B Radiation on Plant Photosynthesis 11.4 The Effects on Plant Leaf Area and Leaf Anatomy 11.5 The Effects on Stomata Functions 11.6 The Effects of UV-B on Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Content 11.6.1 The Effects of UV-B on Thylakoid Membrane Complexes 11.6.1.1 The Effects of UV-B on PSII Reaction Centers and Oxygen-Evolving Complex 11.6.1.2 The Effects of UV-B on Light-Harvesting Complexes 11.6.1.3 The Effects of UV-B on Photosystem I and Cytochrome b6/f 11.6.1.4 The Effects of UV-B on Photosynthetic Enzymes 11.6.2 Effects of UV-B Radiation on Photosynthetic Apparatus Measured by the Non-invasive Techniques 11.7 Acclimation Responses of Photosynthetic Apparatus to UV-B Radiation 11.7.1 Acclimatory and Protection Mechanisms Against UV-B Stress 11.7.2 Positive Effects of UV-B on Productivity, Stress Resistance, and Quality of Production 11.8 Summary and Conclusions References 12: Role of UV-B in Regulating Performance of Photosystem I and II 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Impact of UV Exclusion on Plant Photosynthesis 12.3 Effects of UV-B Exclusion on Energy Conversion Between Photosystem I and II 12.3.1 Effects of UV Exclusion on the Quantum Yield of Energy Conversion of PSII and PSI 12.3.2 Effects of UV Exclusion on the Electron Transport Rates of PSII and PSI 12.3.3 Effects of UV Exclusion on the Cyclic Electron Flow (CEF) References 13: Relationships of Oxidative Stress and Ultraviolet-B Radiation in Plants 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 13.3 Kinds of ROS 13.4 Antioxidants in Plants 13.5 Targets of UV-B Radiations 13.6 Effects of UV Irradiation on Plants 13.7 Effect on Morphology of Plants 13.8 Effect on Crop Growth and Yield 13.9 Effect on Photosynthesis 13.10 Effect of UV-B on Polyamines 13.11 Signaling During UV-B Radiation 13.12 UVR8 Action at Molecular Level 13.13 ROS in UV-B-Exposed Plants 13.14 UV-B-Dependent Expression of Oxidative Defense Genes 13.15 UV-B Stress, Nanoparticles, etc. 13.16 Conclusions References 14: UV-B Stress and Plant Sexual Reproduction 14.1 General Plant Response to UV Radiation 14.2 UV-B-Induced DNA Damage, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Repair 14.3 UV-B-Induced PCD 14.4 Associated Factors Affecting Plant UV Sensitivity 14.5 Influence of UV-B Radiation on Plant Sexual Reproduction 14.5.1 The Main Ways of Protecting the Reproductive Organs of Angiosperms from UV-B 14.5.2 Pollen Grains as the Main Target of Ultraviolet Radiation 14.5.3 Impact of UV Radiation on the Development of Barley Reproductive System 14.6 Conclusion References 15: Crosstalk Between Melatonin and Nitric Oxide in Plant Development and UV-B Stress Response 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Regulatory Roles of Melatonin in Plants 15.3 Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Signaling Pathways in Plants 15.4 Crosstalk Between Melatonin and Nitric Oxide 15.4.1 Melatonin and Nitric Oxide in Plant Growth and Development 15.4.2 Melatonin and Nitric Oxide in Stress Tolerance 15.5 Melatonin and Nitric Oxide Under UV-B Stress 15.5.1 The Role of Melatonin in Reducing the Negative Effects of UV-B on Plants 15.5.2 Regulatory Role of Melatonin in UV-B Signaling Pathway 15.5.3 Mechanisms of NO Signaling in Plants Under UV-B Stress 15.6 Conclusions and Prospects for Future References 16: Interaction of UV-B with Terrestrial Ecosystem 16.1 Introduction 16.2 UV-B Effects: Types and Levels 16.3 Brief Interaction of UV-B with Plants, Animals, and Microbes 16.4 Effect of UV-B on Seed Germination 16.5 Growth Inhibition Due to UV-B Radiation 16.6 DNA Damage 16.7 Secondary Metabolites 16.8 Plants Herbivore Interaction 16.9 Interaction of UV-B Radiations and Its Effects on Climate Change and Humans 16.10 Conclusion References