Utilization of Thermal Potential of Abandoned Wells : Fundamentals, Applications and Research

Utilization of Thermal Potential of Abandoned Wells: Fundamentals, Applications and Research is a lucid treatment of the fundamental concepts related to the energy harvesting of abandoned wells. The book provides a journey through recent technological developments to harvest energy from abandoned geothermal wells and allows the reader to view the process from a thermodynamic and numerical modeling perspective. Various applications and future prospects are also discussed to help inform reader’s future work and research. Students, researchers and engineers will gain a thorough understanding on how to harvest energy from abandoned geothermal wells, particularly to make sound thermodynamic and economic evaluations. System designers and others engaged in the energy sector will understand how to design and choose the most appropriate technology, how to determine its efficiency, monitor the facility, and how to make informed physical and economical decisions for necessary improvements and environmental assessments. * Logically works through fundamentals, with various examples throughout * Provides instruction to simulate thermodynamic models and design efficient systems * Presents feasibility studies and applications Front Cover Utilization of Thermal Potential of Abandoned Wells: Fundamentals, Applications and Research Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Part I: Introduction to geothermal energy Chapter 1: Historical overview of geothermal energy 1. Introduction 2. First traces of usage of geothermal energy 3. Geothermal energy and ancient Mediterranean civilizations 4. Etruscans and developments in geothermal energy 5. Geothermal energy and Roman period 6. Up to 1000CE 7. Middle ages of geothermal energy (from 1000CE) 8. Developments of technology of chemical productions in 18th century 9. Geothermal energy in 19th century 10. Modernization period 11. Summary References Chapter 2: Fundamentals of geothermal energy extraction 1. Introduction 2. Geophysics of the Earths regions 2.1. Core 2.2. Crust 2.3. Mantle 2.4. Mesosphere 2.5. Asthenosphere 2.6. Lithosphere 2.7. Troposphere 2.8. Stratosphere 2.9. Mesosphere 2.10. Thermosphere 2.11. Exosphere 2.12. Ionosphere 3. Sources of Earths internal energy 4. Classes of global geothermal regions 5. Harvesting the geothermal heat 5.1. Heat extracted from dry rock 5.2. Heat extracted from the hot aquifer 6. Geothermal heat extraction techniques 7. Applications of geothermal energy 7.1. Geothermal power generation 7.2. Geothermal direct heating 7.2.1. Greenhouse heating 7.2.2. Space and district heating 7.2.3. Ground source heating and cooling 7.2.4. Crop drying 7.2.5. Snow melting 7.2.6. Aquacultural heating 7.2.7. Industrial process heat 7.2.8. Other uses 8. Conclusions References Chapter 3: Optimal simulation of design and operation of geothermal systems 1. Introduction 2. Mathematical model and numerical algorithm 3. Numerical simulation of GCS exploitation 4. Different seasonal regimes 5. Multiple productive well systems 6. Two injection well systems 7. Multiple injection well systems 8. Future prospects 9. Conclusions Conflicts of interest References Part II: Abandoned wells and its global thermal potential Chapter 4: Harvesting geothermal energy from mature oil reservoirs using downhole thermoelectric generation technology 1. Executive summary 2. Review of geothermal energy development in oil fields 3. Introduction of thermoelectric technology 4. Downhole power generation in oil wells 4.1. Design for a vertical well 4.2. Design for a horizontal well 5. Summary References Chapter 5: A brief survey on case studies in geothermal energy extraction from abandoned wells 1. Introduction 2. Features of the stored geothermal energy in oil fields 3. Utilizations of the stored geothermal energy in oil fields 3.1. Direct utilizations 3.2. Indirect utilization method and power generation 4. Methods of harnessing geothermal energy from oil fields 4.1. Converting oil wells (active and abandoned) to borehole heat exchangers 4.2. Geothermal energy extraction from the coproduced water 5. Further studies 6. Opportunities and challenges 7. Conclusions References Part III: Energy Extraction from abandoned wells Chapter 6: Energy Extraction from abandoned wells 1. Introduction 2. Stimulation of abandoned geothermal wells 2.1. Hydraulic fracturing 2.2. Acidizing 2.2.1. Matrix acidizing 2.2.2. Acid fracturing 2.3. Thermal fracturing 2.4. Casing perforation 2.5. High-energy gas fracturing (HEGF) or explosive stimulation 2.6. Acoustic stimulation (active cavitation and ultrasonic) 2.7. Electric stimulation 2.8. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) using CO2 as a working fluid 3. Lessons for the reclamation of abandoned geothermal wells from reclamation of petroleum wells 4. Potential environmental impacts of reclamation of abandoned geothermal wells 5. Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 7: Productivity evaluation of geothermal energy production system based on abandoned oil and gas wells 1. Introduction 2. Mathematical model 2.1. Model assumption 2.2. Governing equations 2.3. Coupling process 2.4. Models with different wells 3. Capacity analysis 4. Parameter analysis 4.1. Effect of rock mass parameters 4.1.1. Thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of rock mass 4.1.2. Rock mass permeability 4.1.3. Rock mass porosity 4.2. Effect of fracture parameters 4.2.1. Fracture permeability 4.2.2. Fracture aperture 4.2.3. Fracture thermal conductivity 4.3. Effect of injection temperature 5. Conclusions References Chapter 8: Simulation and thermodynamic modeling of heat extraction from abandoned wells 1. Introduction 2. Definition of modeling 3. The ways for modeling different parameters 3.1. Well temperature 3.2. Properties of materials 3.3. Temperature distribution in the wellbore 3.4. Continuity (mass conversion) equations 3.4.1. Case #1: Ahwaz oil field in southern Iran 3.4.2. Case #2: South Texas oil wells in the United States 3.5. Momentum equation 3.5.1. Case #1: Ahwaz oil field in southern Iran 3.5.2. Case #2: South Texas oil wells in the United States 3.6. Energy equations 3.6.1. Case #1: Ahwaz oil field in southern Iran 3.6.2. Case #2: South Texas oil wells in the United States 3.7. Turbulence intensity 4. Different possibilities for used mesh in numerical simulation 5. Literature review 6. Conclusions Acknowledgment References Part IV: Feasibility, economic, and environmental analysis Chapter 9: The main utilization forms and current developmental status of geothermal energy for building cooling/heating i 1. Introduction 2. Literature review and categories of geothermal energy utilization 2.1. Literature review on geothermal energy development for building cooling/heating in the developing countries 2.2. Categories of geothermal energy utilization for building cooling/heating 3. Common utilization of the GSHP system and its current application and development 3.1. GCHP system 3.2. GWHP system 4. Common utilization of the UDS system and its current application and development 4.1. Horizontal UDS system 4.2. Vertical UDS system 4.3. UDS-PCM system 4.4. UDS-advanced energy-saving technology system 5. Common utilization of the abandoned wells energy system and its current application and development 5.1. Application of the AWE system 5.1.1. Geothermal heat pump system 5.1.2. Geothermal power generation system (GPGS) 5.1.3. Desalinating produced water system 5.2. Influential of geothermal utilization efficiency 6. The existing issues and in-depth analysis on the practical application of geothermal energy for building cooling/heating References Chapter 10: Desalination design using geothermal energy of abandoned oil wells 1. Introduction 1.1. Desalination using renewable energies 1.2. Geothermal energy and desalination 1.3. Desalination and abandoned Wells 2. Multistep desalination method 3. Methods and materials 4. Results 4.1. Scenario 1: Conventional multistage geothermal desalination process 4.2. Scenario 2: Multistage geothermal desalination process with secondary preheating 4.3. Scenario 3: Geothermal desalination process with secondary preheating and external flash box 4.4. Scenario 4: Geothermal desalination process with secondary preheating, external flash box, and internal flash box 4.5. Conventional multistep desalination process simulation results (Scenario 1) 4.6. Multistage desalination simulation results with secondary preheating (Scenario 2) 4.7. Multistage desalination simulation results with secondary preheating and external flash box (Scenario 3) 4.8. Multistage desalination simulation results with secondary preheating, external flash box, and internal flash box (Sc ... 5. Economic analysis 6. Conclusion References Part V: Applications and case studies Chapter 11: Electricity generation using heat extracted from abandoned wells 1. Introduction 2. Geothermal energy resources 2.1. Vapor-dominated resources 2.2. Liquid/hot water resources 2.3. Geo-pressurized resources 2.4. Hot dry rock resources 2.5. Magma resources or molten rock 2.6. Radiogenic resources 3. Electricity generation 3.1. Dry steam power plant 3.2. Flashed-steam power plants 3.2.1. Single flash steam plants 3.2.2. Double flash steam plants 3.3. Binary cycle power plant 3.4. Combined cycle or hybrid plants 4. Conclusion References Chapter 12: Thermodynamic modeling of an ORC power plant for abandoned geothermal well 1. Introduction 2. System description 3. Case study: Abandoned geothermal well (NWS3) in the Sabalan field 4. Numerical modeling of a geothermal well 4.1. Model validation 5. Geothermal power plant modeling 5.1. Energy analysis 6. Simulation results 7. Remarks References Chapter 13: Application of abandoned wells integrated with renewables 1. Introduction 2. Systematic literature review of abandoned wells for thermal and power generations 2.1. Abandoned wells for thermal energy generation 2.2. Abandoned wells for power generation 2.3. System assessment criteria 3. Renewable integrations with abandoned wells for district heating 3.1. Solar-geothermal energy system integration 3.2. Abandoned wells with waste heat recovery 3.3. Abandoned wells and renewable systems for district heating 4. Strategies for performance enhancement 4.1. Optimal system design 4.2. Smart system operation 5. Applications, challenges, and future prospects 5.1. Techno-economic and environmental performance analysis 5.2. Geothermal integrated energy systems 5.3. Potential assessment of abandoned wells for carbon-neutrality transition Acknowledgments References Chapter 14: Integration of heat extraction from abandoned wells with renewables 1. Introduction 2. Different ways for integration of heat extraction from abandoned wells with renewables 2.1. Solar and geothermal 2.2. Biomass and geothermal 2.3. Wind and geothermal 2.4. Poly-generation 3. Literature review 4. Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 15: A Kalina cycle for low and medium enthalpy abandoned oil and gas reservoirs incorporated with solar technolog ... 1. Introduction 2. Related works 3. Theory and working principle 4. Comparison of Kalina cycle with other cycles 5. Proposed idea 6. Challenges and future scope 7. Conclusion References Chapter 16: Abandoned oil and gas wells for geothermal energy: Prospects for Pakistan 1. Introduction 2. Geothermal play types 3. Geothermal reservoir characterization 3.1. Porosity/permeability 3.2. Thermal gradient 3.3. Lithofacies 3.4. Fault/fractures 4. Geothermal energy extraction through AOGW 5. Geothermal energy potential of Pakistan 5.1. Upper Indus Basin 5.2. Central Indus Basin 5.3. Lower Indus Basin 6. Conclusions References Chapter 17: Mandaree, North Dakota: A case study on oil and gas well conversion to geothermal district heating systems for 1. Geothermal district heating for the oil patch 2. Innovations in district heating 3. Description of the study site 4. Characterizing Mandaree energy demand 5. Classifying the geothermal resource 6. Geological setting of the Williston Basin 7. Using thermostratigraphy to assess aquifer temperatures 8. Aquifer access through existing wells 9. Decarbonizing Mandarees heat demand with geothermal energy 10. Refining the heat network service area 11. Downhole pump flow rates 12. Production test case 13. Determining industrial heat loads 14. Peak heating source sizing and load allocations 15. Geothermal well energy utilization factor 16. Changing patterns of energy use 17. Economics 18. Hedging against the uncertainty with contingency planning 19. Available funding vehicles for Mandaree geothermal 20. Recompletion and heat network costs 21. Fluid chemistry and maintenance considerations 22. Regulatory conditions 23. Completed design, production costs, tariffs, and payback periods 24. Limitations and future work 25. Conclusions References Chapter 18: Geothermal energy from abandoned oil and gas wells in India 1. Introduction 2. Indian petroliferous basins and scope for utilization of abandoned wells for geothermal energy 2.1. Cambay basin 2.2. Krishna-Godavari basin 2.3. Cauvery basin 2.4. Assam-Arakan basin 3. Implementation methodologies adopted by other countries for geothermal energy extraction 3.1. Heat exchange from a single well 3.2. Doublet well system 3.3. Coaxial wellbore heat exchanger (WHE) in abandoned oil and gas wells 3.4. Simulation studies on Earth energy designer model 3.5. Thermal impact graph 3.6. In situ combustion 4. Heat recovery methodologies for Indian AOGWs 5. Conclusions Acknowledgments References Part VI: Revitalization of abandoned oil and gas wells Chapter 19: Pragmatic steps to the revitalization of abandoned oil and gas wells for geothermal applications 1. Introduction 2. Prefeasibility features favoring geothermal exploitation of abandoned oil and gas wells 3. Main components of thorough feasibility studies 3.1. Thermodynamic feasibility of the project 3.2. Economic feasibility of the project 3.3. Environmental feasibility 4. Viable conversion technologies for power generation 5. Short review of practical case studies 6. Summary References Chapter 20: Exploration techniques for the identification of thermal potential zones 1. Introduction 2. Remote sensing techniques 3. Geochemical study 4. Geophysical techniques 4.1. Micrometer survey method (MSM) 4.2. Seismic methods 4.2.1. Acquisition 4.2.2. Interpretation: Velocity and layer thickness calculations 4.3. Gravity methods 4.3.1. Bouguer gravity anomalies 4.3.2. Regional and residual gravity fields 4.3.3. Derivatives of the gravity field 4.3.4. Upward and downward continuation 4.4. Resistivity and magnetotellurics 4.5. Magnetics References Chapter 21: Comparative analysis and evaluation of the geothermal system potential to recover thermal resources of&spi 1. Introduction 2. Review of geothermal system application at mining sites 3. Methods 4. Geological and geothermal conditions of the Donetsk coal-mining area 5. Results and discussion 6. Conclusions Acknowledgment References Index Back Cover The leading integrated chemical process design guide: Now with extensive new coverage and more process designs

More than ever, effective design is the focal point of sound chemical engineering. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fourth Edition, presents design as a creative process that integrates both the big picture and the small details–and knows which to stress when, and why. Realistic from start to finish, this updated edition moves readers beyond classroom exercises into open-ended, real-world process problem solving. The authors introduce integrated techniques for every facet of the discipline, from finance to operations, new plant design to existing process optimization.

This fourth edition adds new chapters introducing dynamic process simulation; advanced concepts in steady-state simulation; extensive coverage of thermodynamics packages for modeling processes containing electrolyte solutions and solids; and a concise introduction to logic control. “What You Have Learned” summaries have been added to each chapter, and the text’s organization has been refined for greater clarity.

Coverage Includes

• Conceptualization and analysis: flow diagrams, batch processing, tracing, process conditions, and product design strategies
• Economic analysis: capital and manufacturing costs, financial calculations, and profitability analysis
• Synthesis and optimization: principles, PFD synthesis, simulation techniques, top-down and bottom-up optimization, pinch technology, and software-based control
• Advanced steady-state simulation: goals, models, solution strategies, and sensitivity and optimization studies
• Dynamic simulation: goals, development, solution methods, algorithms, and solvers
• Performance analysis: I/O models, tools, performance curves, reactor performance, troubleshooting, and “debottlenecking”
• Societal impact: ethics, professionalism, health, safety, environmental issues, and green engineering
• Interpersonal and communication skills: improving teamwork and group effectiveness

This title draws on more than fifty years of innovative chemical engineering instruction at West Virginia University and the University of Nevada, Reno. It includes suggested curricula for single-semester and year-long design courses, case studies and practical design projects, current equipment cost data, and extensive preliminary design information that can be used as the starting point for more detailed analyses.

About the CD-Rom and Web Site

The CD contains the newest version of CAPCOST, a powerful tool for evaluating fixed capital investment, full process economics, and profitability. The heat exchanger network software, HENSAD, is also included. The CD also contains an additional appendix presenting preliminary design information for fifteen key chemical processes, including four new to this edition: shift reaction; acid-gas removal via physical solvent; H2S removal from a gas stream using the Claus process; and coal gasification. The CD also includes six additional projects, plus chapters on outcomes assessment, written and oral communications, and a written report case study. Sixty additional projects and twenty-four more problems are available at www.che.cemr.wvu.edu/publications/projects.

Descripción del editor: "The Leading Integrated Chemical Process Design Guide: With Extensive Coverage of Equipment Design and Other Key Topics More than ever, effective design is the focal point of sound chemical engineering. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Fifth Edition, presents design as a creative process that integrates the big-picture and small details, and knows which to stress when and why. Realistic from start to finish, it moves readers beyond classroom exercises into open-ended, real-world problem solving. The authors introduce up-to-date, integrated techniques ranging from finance to operations, and new plant design to existing process optimization. The fifth edition includes updated safety and ethics resources and economic factors indices, as well as an extensive, new section focused on process equipment design and performance, covering equipment design for common unit operations, such as fluid flow, heat transfer, separations, reactors, and more. Conceptualization and analysis: process diagrams, configurations, batch processing, product design, and analyzing existing processesEconomic analysis: estimating fixed capital investment and manufacturing costs, measuring process profitability, and moreSynthesis and optimization: process simulation, thermodynamic models, separation operations, heat integration, steady-state and dynamic process simulators, and process regulationChemical equipment design and performance: a full section of expanded and revamped coverage of designing process equipment and evaluating the performance of current equipmentAdvanced steady-state simulation: goals, models, solution strategies, and sensitivity and optimization resultsDynamic simulation: goals, development, solution methods, algorithms, and solversSocietal impacts: ethics, professionalism, health, safety, environmental issues, and green engineeringInterpersonal and communication skills: working in teams, communicating effectively, and writing better reportsThis text draws on a combined 55 years of innovative instruction at West Virginia University (WVU) and the University of Nevada, Reno. It includes suggested curricula for one- and two-semester design courses, case studies, projects, equipment cost data, and extensive preliminary design information for jump-starting more detailed analyses." (Pearson) "Process design is the focal point of chemical engineering practice: the creative activity through which engineers continuously improve facility operations to create products that enhance life. Effective chemical engineering design requires students to integrate a broad spectrum of knowledge and intellectual skills, so they can analyze both the big picture and minute details - and know when to focus on each. Through three previous editions, this book has established itself as the leading resource for students seeking to apply what they've learned in real-world, open-ended process problems. The authors help students hone and synthesize their design skills through expert coverage of preliminary equipment sizing, flowsheet optimization, economic evaluation, operation and control, simulation, and other key topics. This new Fourth Edition is extensively updated to reflect new technologies, simulation techniques, and process control strategies, and to include new pedagogical features including concise summaries and end-of-chapter lists of skills and knowledge."--Pub. desc